UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, DC 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
þ ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009
OR
¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Commission File Number: 001-14057
KINDRED HEALTHCARE, INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Delaware | 61-1323993 | |
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |
(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) | |
680 South Fourth Street Louisville, Kentucky |
40202-2412 | |
(Address of principal executive offices) | (Zip Code) |
(502) 596-7300
(Registrants telephone number, including area code)
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of Each Class |
Name of Each Exchange on which Registered | |
Common Stock, par value $0.25 per share | New York Stock Exchange |
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ¨ No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrants knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K or any amendment of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of large accelerated filer, accelerated filer and smaller reporting company in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer ¨ Accelerated filer þ Non-accelerated filer ¨ Smaller reporting company ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No þ
The aggregate market value of the shares of the registrant held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the closing price of such stock on the New York Stock Exchange on June 30, 2009, was approximately $471,000,000. For purposes of the foregoing calculation only, all directors and executive officers of the registrant have been deemed affiliates.
As of January 31, 2010, there were 39,111,208 shares of the registrants common stock, $0.25 par value, outstanding.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the registrants Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 18, 2010 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Page | ||||
PART I | ||||
Item 1. |
3 | |||
Item 1A. |
41 | |||
Item 1B. |
59 | |||
Item 2. |
59 | |||
Item 3. |
59 | |||
Item 4. |
59 | |||
PART II | ||||
Item 5. |
60 | |||
Item 6. |
62 | |||
Item 7. |
Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |
63 | ||
Item 7A. |
85 | |||
Item 8. |
85 | |||
Item 9. |
Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure |
85 | ||
Item 9A. |
86 | |||
Item 9B. |
86 | |||
PART III | ||||
Item 10. |
87 | |||
Item 11. |
88 | |||
Item 12. |
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters |
88 | ||
Item 13. |
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence |
89 | ||
Item 14. |
89 | |||
PART IV | ||||
Item 15. |
90 |
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PART I
Item 1. | Business |
GENERAL
Kindred Healthcare, Inc. is a healthcare services company that through its subsidiaries operates hospitals, nursing and rehabilitation centers and a contract rehabilitation services business across the United States. At December 31, 2009, our hospital division operated 83 long-term acute care (LTAC) hospitals (6,580 licensed beds) in 24 states. Our health services division operated 222 nursing and rehabilitation centers (27,523 licensed beds) in 27 states. We also operated a contract rehabilitation services business that provides rehabilitative services primarily in long-term care settings. All references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to Kindred, Company, we, us, or our mean Kindred Healthcare, Inc. and, unless the context otherwise requires, our consolidated subsidiaries.
All financial and statistical information presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K reflects the continuing operations of our businesses for all periods presented unless otherwise indicated.
Spin-Off Transaction. On July 31, 2007, we completed the spin-off of our former institutional pharmacy business, Kindred Pharmacy Services, Inc. (KPS), and the immediate subsequent combination of KPS with the former institutional pharmacy business of AmerisourceBergen Corporation (AmerisourceBergen) to form a new, independent, publicly traded company named PharMerica Corporation (PharMerica) (the Spin-off Transaction). Immediately prior to the Spin-off Transaction, KPS incurred $125 million of bank debt, the proceeds of which were distributed to us. Immediately after the Spin-off Transaction, our stockholders and the stockholders of AmerisourceBergen each held approximately 50% of the outstanding common stock of PharMerica.
For accounting purposes, the assets and liabilities of KPS were eliminated from our balance sheet effective at the close of business on July 31, 2007, and beginning August 1, 2007, the future operating results of KPS were no longer included in our operating results. In accordance with the authoritative guidance for accounting for the impairment or disposal of long-lived assets, the historical operating results of KPS are not reported as a discontinued operation of the Company because of the significance of the expected continuing cash flows between PharMerica and the Company under pharmacy services contracts for services to be provided by PharMerica to the Companys hospitals and nursing centers. Accordingly, for periods prior to August 1, 2007, the historical operating results of KPS are included in our historical continuing operations.
In addition to the pharmacy services contracts noted above, we also entered into new agreements with PharMerica for information systems services, transition services and certain tax matters.
Commonwealth Transaction. In February 2006, we acquired the operations of the LTAC hospitals, nursing centers and assisted living facilities operated by Commonwealth Communities Holdings LLC and certain of its affiliates for a total purchase price of $124 million in cash (the Commonwealth Transaction).
The Commonwealth Transaction included five freestanding LTAC hospitals and one hospital-in-hospital with a total of 421 licensed hospital beds. Three of these hospitals also operate co-located sub-acute units and skilled nursing units with a total of 168 licensed beds. In addition, we acquired the operations of nine nursing and rehabilitation centers containing 1,316 licensed beds and four assisted living facilities with a total of 215 licensed beds. In the transaction, we also acquired the right to develop 95 additional licensed hospital beds in Massachusetts. In September 2008, we closed one of the freestanding LTAC hospitals acquired in the Commonwealth Transaction and relinquished the related licensed beds to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. See Discontinued Operations.
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Spin-off from Ventas. On May 1, 1998, Ventas, Inc. (Ventas) completed the spin-off of its healthcare operations to its stockholders through the distribution of our former common stock. Ventas retained ownership of substantially all of its real property and leases a portion of such real property to us. In anticipation of the spin-off from Ventas, we were incorporated on March 27, 1998 as a Delaware corporation. For accounting purposes, the consolidated historical financial statements of Ventas became our historical financial statements following the spin-off.
Risk Factors. This Annual Report on Form 10-K includes forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the Securities Act), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act). See Item 1A Risk Factors.
Discontinued Operations
In recent years, we have completed several transactions related to the divestiture of unprofitable hospitals and nursing centers.
In June 2009, we purchased for resale six under-performing nursing centers (the Nursing Centers) previously leased from Ventas for $55.7 million (the 2009 Facility Acquisitions). In addition, we paid Ventas a lease termination fee of $2.3 million. The Nursing Centers were included in our Master Lease Agreements (as defined) with Ventas and we do not have the ability to terminate a lease of an individual facility under the Master Lease Agreements. The aggregate annual rent for the Nursing Centers was approximately $6 million for the year ended December 31, 2008. The Nursing Centers, which contained 777 licensed beds, generated pretax losses of $0.5 million, $2.5 million and $5.5 million for 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively. We recorded a pretax loss of $39.5 million ($24.3 million net of income taxes) during 2009 related to these divestitures. We disposed of five of the Nursing Centers in 2009 for $26.2 million and intend to dispose of the remaining Nursing Center as soon as practicable.
In September 2008, we purchased for resale a LTAC hospital for $22.3 million that was previously leased. We recorded a pretax loss of $36.9 million ($22.7 million net of income taxes) in 2008 resulting from the losses related to the purchase, closure and planned divestiture of the hospital, including the impairment of a certificate of need intangible asset ($15.2 million), the impairment of property and equipment ($17.3 million) and other costs ($4.4 million).
In September 2008, we also announced our intention to dispose of another LTAC hospital and its related operations. We recorded a pretax loss of $7.4 million ($4.6 million net of income taxes) during 2008 related to the impairment of the hospitals building and equipment.
These two hospitals generated pretax losses of $3.3 million in 2009 and $8.0 million in each of 2008 and 2007.
We also discontinued the operations of a hospital in 2008 after terminating the hospital operating lease and ceasing operations.
In June 2007, we purchased for resale 21 nursing centers and one LTAC hospital (collectively, the Ventas Facilities) previously leased from Ventas for $171.5 million (the 2007 Facility Acquisitions). In addition, we paid Ventas a lease termination fee of $3.5 million.
The Ventas Facilities, which contained 2,634 licensed nursing center beds and 220 licensed hospital beds, generated pretax income of approximately $3 million in 2008 and a pretax loss of approximately $4 million in 2007. During 2008 and 2007, we sold the Ventas Facilities for approximately $95 million. We recorded a pretax gain of $10.5 million ($6.5 million net of income taxes) during 2008 and a pretax loss of $112.7 million ($69.3 million net of income taxes) during 2007 related to the sale of the Ventas Facilities.
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In January 2007, we acquired from HCP, Inc., formerly known as Health Care Property Investors, Inc. (HCP), the real estate related to 11 unprofitable leased nursing centers operated by us for resale in exchange for the real estate related to three hospitals previously owned by us (the HCP Transaction). As part of the HCP Transaction, we continue to operate these hospitals under a long-term lease arrangement with HCP. In addition, we paid HCP a one-time cash payment of approximately $36 million. We also amended our existing master lease with HCP to (1) terminate the current annual rent of $9.9 million on the 11 nursing centers, (2) add the three hospitals to the master lease with a current annual rent of $6.3 million and (3) extend the initial expiration date of the master lease until January 31, 2017 except for one hospital which has an expiration date of January 31, 2022. The 11 unprofitable nursing centers, which contained 1,754 licensed beds, were sold in 2007 and generated a pretax loss of approximately $4 million for 2007. In addition, we terminated a nursing center lease with another landlord during 2007. We recorded a pretax loss related to these divestitures of $13.4 million ($8.3 million net of income taxes) in 2007.
For accounting purposes, the operating results of these businesses and the losses or impairments associated with these transactions have been classified as discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations for all periods presented. Assets not sold at December 31, 2009 have been measured at the lower of carrying value or estimated fair value less costs of disposal and have been classified as held for sale in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. See notes 3 and 4 of the notes to consolidated financial statements.
HEALTHCARE OPERATIONS
We are organized into three operating divisions: the hospital division, the health services division and the rehabilitation division. The hospital division operates LTAC hospitals. The health services division operates nursing and rehabilitation centers. The rehabilitation division primarily provides rehabilitation services primarily in long-term care settings. We believe that the independent focus of each division on the unique aspects of its business enhances its ability to attract patients, residents and non-affiliated customers, improve the quality of its operations and achieve operating efficiencies.
Congress and the White House Administration are currently considering healthcare reform bills, which would initiate significant reforms to the United States healthcare system, including potential material changes to the delivery of healthcare services and the reimbursement paid for such services by the government or other third party payors. The House of Representatives has passed a healthcare reform bill entitled The Affordable Healthcare for America Act and the Senate has passed a healthcare reform bill entitled The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. At this time, we cannot predict if or when one of these bills or similar legislation may be passed and submitted to the President.
The healthcare reforms contained in these bills would impact each of our businesses in some manner. Due to the unsettled nature of the current healthcare reform bills, the substantial regulatory changes that would need to be implemented by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and others, and the numerous processes required to implement these reforms, we cannot predict which healthcare reforms will be implemented at the federal or state level, the timing of any such reforms, or the effect such reforms or any other future legislation or regulation will have on our business.
Several of the proposed reforms are very significant and could ultimately change the nature of our services, the methods of payment for our services and the underlying regulatory environment. The proposed reforms could include modifications to the conditions of qualification for payment, bundling payments to cover both acute and post-acute care and the imposition of enrollment limitations on new providers. In addition, a primary goal of healthcare reform is to reduce costs which could include reductions in the reimbursement paid to us and other healthcare providers. Moreover, healthcare reform could negatively impact insurance companies, other third party payors, our customers, as well as other healthcare providers, which may in turn negatively impact our
5
business. As such, these healthcare reforms or other similar healthcare reforms, if adopted, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
HOSPITAL DIVISION
Our hospital division provides long-term acute care services to medically complex patients through the operation of a national network of 83 hospitals with 6,580 licensed beds located in 24 states as of December 31, 2009. We operate the largest network of LTAC hospitals in the United States based upon fiscal 2009 revenues of approximately $1.9 billion (before eliminations). As a result of our commitment to the LTAC hospital business, we have developed a comprehensive program of care for medically complex patients that allows us to deliver high quality care in a cost-effective manner.
A number of the hospital divisions hospitals also provide skilled nursing, sub-acute and outpatient services. Outpatient services may include diagnostic services, rehabilitation therapy, CT scanning, one-day surgery and laboratory.
In our hospitals, we treat medically complex patients, including the critically ill, suffering from multiple organ system failures, most commonly of the cardiovascular, pulmonary, kidney, gastro-intestinal and cutaneous (skin) systems. In particular, we have a core competency in treating patients with cardio-pulmonary disorders, skin and wound conditions, and life-threatening infections. Prior to being admitted to our hospitals, many of our patients have undergone a major surgical procedure or developed a neurological disorder following head and spinal cord injury, cerebrovascular incident or metabolic instability. Our expertise lies in the ability to simultaneously deliver comprehensive and coordinated medical interventions directed at all affected organ systems, while maintaining a patient-centered, integrated care plan. Medically complex patients are characteristically dependent on technology for continued life support, including mechanical ventilation, total parenteral nutrition, respiratory or cardiac monitors and kidney dialysis machines. During 2009, the average length of stay for patients in our hospitals was approximately 31 days.
Our hospital division patients generally have conditions that require a high level of monitoring and specialized care, yet may not need the services of a traditional intensive care unit. These patients are not clinically appropriate for admission to other post-acute settings because their severe medical conditions are periodically or chronically unstable. By providing a range of services required for the care of medically complex patients, we believe that our LTAC hospitals provide our patients with high quality, cost-effective care.
Our LTAC hospitals employ a comprehensive program of care for their patients that draws upon the talents of interdisciplinary teams, including physician specialists. The teams evaluate patients upon admission to determine treatment programs. Our hospital division has developed specialized treatment programs focused on the needs of medically complex patients. In addition to traditional medical services, most of our patients receive individualized treatment plans in rehabilitation, skin integrity management and clinical pharmacology. Where appropriate, the treatment programs may involve the services of several disciplines, such as pulmonary medicine, infectious disease and physical medicine.
Hospital Division Strategy
Our goal is to be the leading operator of LTAC hospitals in terms of both quality of care and operating efficiency. Our strategies for achieving this goal include:
Maintaining High Quality of Care. The hospital division differentiates its hospitals through its ability to care for medically complex patients in a high quality, cost-effective setting. We are committed to maintaining and improving the quality of our patient care by dedicating appropriate resources at each facility and continuing
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to refine our clinical initiatives and objectives. We continue to take steps to improve our quality indicators and maintain the quality of care at our hospitals, including:
| attracting and retaining high quality professional staff within each market. The hospital division believes that its future success will depend in part upon its continued ability to hire and retain qualified healthcare personnel and to promote leadership and development training, |
| maintaining an integrated quality assurance and improvement program, administered by our chief medical officer and senior vice president of clinical operations, which encompasses utilization review, quality improvement, infection control and risk management, |
| promoting best practices through our hospitals and standardizing products and services to promote better care, |
| expanding our service excellence programs to further embed a culture of caring in each of our hospitals, |
| maintaining clinical outcomes programs, which include concurrent reviews of all of our patient population against quality screenings, outcomes reporting and patient and family satisfaction surveys, |
| maintaining a program whereby our hospitals are reviewed by internal quality auditors for compliance with standards of The Joint Commission, a national commission that establishes standards relating to the physical plant, administration, quality of patient care and operation of medical staffs of hospitals (the Joint Commission), |
| engaging quality councils at the divisional, regional, district and hospital levels to analyze data, set quality goals and oversee all quality assurance and quality improvement activities throughout the division, |
| incorporating the clinical advice of our chief medical officer, medical advisory board and other physicians into our operational procedures, and |
| implementing an integrated risk management plan to improve quality and expand existing patient safety initiatives. |
Improving Operating Efficiency. The hospital division is continually focused on improving operating efficiency and controlling costs while maintaining quality patient care. Our hospital division seeks to improve operating efficiencies and control costs by standardizing key operating procedures and optimizing the skill mix of its staff based upon the clinical needs of each hospitals patients. The initiatives we have undertaken to control our costs and improve efficiency include:
| managing labor costs by adjusting staffing to patient acuity and fluctuations in patient census, |
| increasing the standardization of operating processes, procedures and equipment, |
| improving physician participation in resource consumption, medical record documentation and intensity of service management, |
| managing pharmacy costs through the use of a medication control program and evaluating medical utilization through our pharmacy and therapeutic committees in each hospital, |
| centralizing administrative functions such as accounting, payroll, legal, reimbursement, compliance, tax and information systems, and |
| utilizing management information technology to aid in financial and clinical reporting as well as billing and collections. |
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Growing Through Business Development and Acquisitions. Our growth strategy is focused on the development and expansion of our services:
| Freestanding Hospitals At December 31, 2009, we operated 67 freestanding hospitals (5,888 licensed beds). During 2009, we opened one hospital with 60 licensed hospital beds. During 2008 and 2007, we opened five new freestanding hospitals and one replacement hospital which added a total of 331 licensed hospital beds and 39 licensed sub-acute beds. The maturation of these hospitals is a key component of our growth strategy. We have two new freestanding hospitals under development which will add 100 licensed hospital beds to our capacity. Pursuant to the Medicare, Medicaid and SCHIP Extension Act of 2007 (the SCHIP Extension Act), a three-year moratorium, beginning December 29, 2007, has been imposed on the establishment of a LTAC hospital or satellite facility, subject to exceptions for facilities under development. We believe both of the freestanding hospitals under development are exempt from the three-year moratorium established by the SCHIP Extension Act. We also have two replacement hospitals under development. |
| Sub-Acute Development We are well positioned to develop sub-acute units in several of our hospitals to broaden our scope of services, promote higher quality care and take advantage of unused capacity. We operate seven sub-acute units with 409 licensed beds and we have five hospital-based sub-acute units with approximately 150 licensed beds currently under development. |
| Cluster Market Development We are increasingly focused on the opportunities available to us in markets where we operate multiple hospitals or in which we have affiliated nursing and rehabilitation centers. These cluster markets present opportunities for our hospitals and nursing and rehabilitation centers to share centralized business office operations and collaborate on their sales and marketing and managed care strategies. These cluster markets also allow us to better coordinate and manage the continuum of care for each of our patients as well as implement physician services strategies. We believe a more market focused approach will increase admissions over time, better educate the marketplace on our ability to care for post-acute patients and enhance our capabilities to care for patients across various post-acute settings. |
| Growing Through Selective Acquisitions We seek growth opportunities through strategic acquisitions in selected target markets, particularly where an acquisition may assist us in scaling our operations more rapidly and efficiently than internal growth. |
| Hospital-in-Hospital We have contracts with non-Kindred short-term acute care and other hospitals to operate LTAC hospitals with a host hospital (HIH). Under these arrangements, we lease space and purchase certain ancillary services from the host hospital and provide it with the option to discharge a portion of its clinically appropriate patients into the care of our hospital. These HIHs also receive patients from general short-term acute care hospitals in addition to the host hospital. At December 31, 2009, we operated 16 HIHs with 692 licensed beds. We currently have a 50-bed HIH under development which we believe is exempt from the three-year moratorium established by the SCHIP Extension Act. |
Expanding Program Development. We are a leading provider of long-term acute care to patients with pulmonary dysfunction. In addition, we have developed and continue to expand other inpatient and outpatient service areas such as wound care, post-surgical care, acute rehabilitation, pain management, as well as new intensive care units, where we believe opportunities exist to position our hospitals as centers of excellence in given markets. We continue to broaden our expertise beyond pulmonary services and to leverage our leadership position in pulmonary care to expand our market strength to other clinical services. We also continue to expand our sub-acute programs in selected markets.
Increasing Patient Volume, Particularly Commercial Patients. We continue to expand our sales and marketing function to grow same-store admissions and to take advantage of available capacity. We generally receive higher reimbursement rates from commercial insurers as a group than from the Medicare and Medicaid
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programs. As a result, we work to expand relationships with insurers and to enhance their understanding of our services in order to increase commercial patient volume. Each of our hospitals employs specialized staff to focus on patient admissions and the patient referral process. We have enhanced our sales and marketing function and implemented new technologies to increase the speed of referrals and admissions.
Improving Relationships with Referring Providers. Substantially all of the acute and medically complex patients admitted to our hospitals are transferred to us by other healthcare providers such as general short-term acute care hospitals, intensive care units, managed care programs, physicians, nursing centers and home care settings. Accordingly, we are focused on maintaining strong relationships with these providers as well as developing more comprehensive relationships with physician groups. In order to maintain these relationships, we employ clinical liaisons that are responsible for coordinating admissions and assessing the nature of services necessary for the proper care of the patient. The clinical liaisons also are responsible for educating healthcare professionals at the referral sources about the unique nature of the services provided by our LTAC hospitals.
Selected Hospital Division Operating Data
The following table sets forth certain operating and financial data for the hospital division (dollars in thousands, except statistics):
Year ended December 31, | |||||||||
2009 | 2008 | 2007 | |||||||
Revenues |
$ | 1,932,892 | $ | 1,837,322 | $ | 1,727,419 | |||
Operating income |
$ | 363,811 | $ | 345,367 | $ | 365,068 | |||
Hospitals in operation at end of period |
83 | 82 | 81 | ||||||
Licensed beds at end of period |
6,580 | 6,482 | 6,358 | ||||||
Admissions |
45,019 | 43,936 | 41,330 | ||||||
Patient days |
1,381,350 | 1,395,049 | 1,328,050 | ||||||
Average length of stay |
30.7 | 31.8 | 32.1 | ||||||
Revenues per admission |
$ | 42,935 | $ | 41,818 | $ | 41,796 | |||
Revenues per patient day |
$ | 1,399 | $ | 1,317 | $ | 1,301 | |||
Medicare case mix index (discharged patients only) |
1.21 | 1.15 | 1.11 | ||||||
Average daily census |
3,785 | 3,812 | 3,638 | ||||||
Occupancy % |
64.7 | 64.8 | 64.6 | ||||||
Annualized employee turnover % |
22.1 | 25.2 | 26.1 | ||||||
Assets at end of period |
$ | 867,332 | $ | 847,394 | $ | 846,429 | |||
Capital expenditures: |
|||||||||
Routine |
$ | 26,716 | $ | 35,932 | $ | 35,646 | |||
Development |
42,371 | 33,285 | 59,438 |
The term operating income is defined as earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation, amortization, rent and corporate overhead. A reconciliation of operating income to our consolidated results of operations is included in note 7 of the notes to consolidated financial statements. The term licensed beds refers to the maximum number of beds permitted in a facility under its license regardless of whether the beds are actually available for patient care. Patient days refers to the total number of days of patient care provided for the periods indicated. Average length of stay is computed by dividing each facilitys patient days by the number of admissions in the respective period. Medicare case mix index is the sum of the individual patient diagnostic related group weights for the period divided by the sum of the discharges for the same period. Average daily census is computed by dividing each facilitys patient days by the number of calendar days in the respective period. Occupancy % is computed by dividing average daily census by the number of operational licensed beds, adjusted for the length of time each facility was in operation during each respective period. Annualized employee turnover % is calculated by dividing full-time and part-time terminations by the active employee count at the beginning of the year. Routine capital expenditures include expenditures at existing
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facilities that generally do not result in the expansion of services. Development capital expenditures include expenditures for the development of new facilities or the expansion of services at existing facilities.
Sources of Hospital Revenues
The hospital division receives payment for its services from third party payors, including government reimbursement programs such as Medicare and Medicaid and non-government sources such as Medicare Advantage, commercial insurance companies, health maintenance organizations, preferred provider organizations and contracted providers. Patients covered by non-government payors generally are more profitable to the hospital division than those covered by the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The following table sets forth the approximate percentages of our hospital admissions, patient days and revenues derived from the payor sources indicated:
Year ended |
Medicare | Medicaid | Medicare Advantage (a) | Commercial insurance and other |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Admissions | Patient days |
Revenues | Admissions | Patient days |
Revenues | Admissions | Patient days |
Revenues | Admissions | Patient days |
Revenues | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
2009 |
64 | % | 56 | % | 55 | % | 9 | % | 15 | % | 10 | % | 9 | % | 10 | % | 10 | % | 18 | % | 19 | % | 25 | % | ||||||||||||
2008 |
66 | 58 | 55 | 10 | 15 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 16 | 19 | 26 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
2007 |
68 | 60 | 58 | 10 | 15 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 18 | 21 | 28 |
(a) | Data not available prior to April 1, 2007. |
For the year ended December 31, 2009, revenues of the hospital division totaled approximately $1.9 billion or 42% of our total revenues (before eliminations). For more information regarding the reimbursement for our hospital services, see Governmental Regulation Hospital Division Overview of Hospital Division Reimbursement.
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Hospital Facilities
The following table lists by state the number of hospitals and related licensed beds we operated as of December 31, 2009:
Number of facilities | ||||||||||
State |
Licensed beds |
Owned by us |
Leased from Ventas (2) |
Leased from other parties |
Total | |||||
Arizona |
217 | | 2 | 2 | 4 | |||||
California |
823 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 10 | |||||
Colorado |
68 | | 1 | | 1 | |||||
Florida (1) |
745 | 2 | 6 | 2 | 10 | |||||
Georgia (1) |
72 | | | 1 | 1 | |||||
Illinois (1) |
545 | | 4 | 1 | 5 | |||||
Indiana |
119 | 1 | 1 | | 2 | |||||
Kentucky (1) |
414 | | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||
Louisiana |
168 | | 1 | | 1 | |||||
Massachusetts (1) |
676 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | |||||
Missouri (1) |
265 | | 2 | 1 | 3 | |||||
Nevada |
238 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |||||
New Jersey (1) |
117 | | | 3 | 3 | |||||
New Mexico |
61 | | 1 | | 1 | |||||
North Carolina (1) |
124 | | 1 | | 1 | |||||
Ohio |
250 | | | 3 | 3 | |||||
Oklahoma |
93 | | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||
Pennsylvania |
393 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 7 | |||||
South Carolina (1) |
59 | | | 1 | 1 | |||||
Tennessee (1) |
109 | | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||||
Texas |
822 | 2 | 6 | 3 | 11 | |||||
Virginia (1) |
60 | | | 1 | 1 | |||||
Washington (1) |
80 | 1 | | | 1 | |||||
Wisconsin |
62 | | | 1 | 1 | |||||
Totals |
6,580 | 14 | 38 | 31 | 83 | |||||
(1) | These states have certificate of need regulations. See Governmental Regulation Federal, State and Local Regulation. |
(2) | See Master Lease Agreements. |
Quality Assessment and Improvement
The hospital division maintains a clinical outcomes and customer service program which includes a review of its patient population measured against utilization and quality standards, clinical outcomes data collection and patient/family, employee and physician satisfaction surveys. In addition, our hospitals have integrated quality assurance and improvement programs administered by a director of quality management, which encompass quality improvement, infection control and risk management. The objective of these programs is to ensure that patients are managed appropriately in our hospitals and that quality healthcare is provided in a cost-effective manner.
The hospital division has implemented a program whereby its hospitals are reviewed by internal quality auditors for compliance with standards of the Joint Commission. The purposes of this internal review process are to (1) ensure ongoing compliance with industry recognized standards for hospitals, (2) assist management in analyzing each hospitals operations and (3) provide consulting and educational programs for each hospital to identify opportunities to improve patient care.
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Hospital Division Management and Operations
Each of our hospitals has a fully credentialed, multi-specialty medical staff to meet the needs of the medically complex, long-term acute patient. Our hospitals offer a broad range of physician services including pulmonology, internal medicine, infectious diseases, neurology, nephrology, cardiology, radiology and pathology. In addition, our hospitals have a multi-disciplinary team of healthcare professionals including a professional nursing staff trained to care for long-term acute patients, respiratory, physical, occupational and speech therapists, pharmacists, registered dietitians and social workers, to address the needs of medically complex patients.
Each hospital utilizes a pre-admission assessment system to evaluate clinical needs and other information in determining the appropriateness of each potential patient admission. After admission, each patients case is reviewed by the hospitals interdisciplinary team to determine a care plan. Typically, and where appropriate, the care plan involves the services of several disciplines, such as pulmonary medicine, infectious disease and physical medicine.
A hospital chief executive officer or administrator supervises and is responsible for the day-to-day operations at each of our hospitals. Each hospital or network of hospitals also employs a chief financial officer who monitors the financial matters of the hospital or network. Within selected markets having a significant concentration of hospitals, administrative functions such as billing and collections may be shared to improve efficiency. In addition, each hospital or network of hospitals employs a chief clinical officer to oversee the clinical operations and a director of quality management to oversee our quality assurance programs. We provide centralized services in the areas of information systems design and development, training, reimbursement expertise, legal advice, tax, technical accounting support, purchasing and facilities management to each of our hospitals. We believe that this centralization improves efficiency, promotes the standardization of certain processes and allows hospital staff to focus more attention on patient care.
A division president and a chief financial officer manage the hospital division. The operations of the hospitals are divided into an east region, a central region and a west region, each headed by a senior officer of the division who reports to the division president. The clinical issues and quality concerns of the hospital division are managed by the divisions chief medical officer and senior vice president of clinical operations.
Hospital Division Competition
In each geographic market that we serve, there are generally several competitors that provide similar services to those provided by our hospital division. In addition, several of the markets in which the hospital division operates have other LTAC hospitals that provide services comparable to those offered by our hospitals. Certain competing hospitals are operated by not-for-profit, non-taxpaying or governmental agencies, which can finance capital expenditures on a tax-exempt basis and receive funds and charitable contributions unavailable to our hospital division.
Competition for patients covered by non-government reimbursement sources is intense. The primary competitive factors in the LTAC hospital business include quality of services, charges for services and responsiveness to the needs of patients, families, payors and physicians. Other companies have entered the LTAC market with licensed hospitals that compete with our hospitals. The competitive position of any hospital also is affected by the ability of its management to negotiate contracts with purchasers of group healthcare services, including managed care companies, preferred provider organizations and health maintenance organizations. Such organizations attempt to obtain discounts from established hospital charges. The importance to a hospitals competitive position of obtaining contracts with preferred provider organizations, health maintenance organizations and other organizations that finance healthcare varies from market to market, depending on the number and market strength of such organizations.
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HEALTH SERVICES DIVISION
Our health services division provides quality, cost-effective care through the operation of a national network of 222 nursing and rehabilitation centers (27,523 licensed beds) located in 27 states. We are the largest publicly held operator of nursing and rehabilitation centers in the United States based upon our fiscal 2009 revenues of approximately $2.2 billion (before eliminations). Through our nursing and rehabilitation centers, we provide short stay patients and long stay residents with a full range of medical, nursing, rehabilitative, pharmacy and routine services, including daily dietary, social and recreational services.
Consistent with industry trends, patients and residents admitted to our nursing and rehabilitation centers arrive with greater medical complexity and require a more extensive and costly level of care. This is particularly true with our Medicare population for whom the average length of stay in 2009 was 35 days. To appropriately care for a higher acuity short stay patient population and a more frail and unstable long stay resident population, we are taking steps to improve the delivery of the clinical and hospitality services offered to our patients and residents by adjusting the level of clinical and hospitality staffing, assisting physician oversight through the selective use of nurse practitioners, enhancing nursing skills via ongoing education and improving clinical case management through the employment of clinical case managers.
We have developed transitional care units at approximately half of our nursing and rehabilitation centers. These discrete units within our nursing and rehabilitation centers typically consist of 20 to 50 beds offering skilled nursing services and a range of rehabilitation services including physical, occupational and speech therapy to patients recovering from a variety of surgical procedures such as joint replacements, amputation, bariatric procedures, wound closure/repair procedures as well as medical conditions such as stroke, and cardiac and respiratory ailments. Several of our nursing and rehabilitation centers have clinical teams focused primarily upon a short stay patient population arriving for recovery, recuperation and rehabilitation resulting in a transitional care patient population that comprises a majority of the patients in the nursing and rehabilitation center. We refer to these types of nursing and rehabilitation centers as transitional care centers since this higher level of care encompasses all of the center.
At a number of our nursing and rehabilitation centers, we offer specialized programs for residents with Alzheimers disease and other dementias through our Reflections units. We have developed specific certification criteria for these units. These are discrete units operated by teams of professionals that are dedicated to addressing the unique problems experienced by residents with Alzheimers disease or other dementias. We believe that we are a leading provider of nursing care to residents with Alzheimers disease and dementia based upon the specialization and size of our program.
We also monitor and enhance the quality of care and customer service at our nursing and rehabilitation centers through the use of performance improvement committees as well as family satisfaction surveys. Our performance improvement committees oversee resident healthcare needs and resident and staff safety. Physician medical directors serve on these committees and advise on healthcare policies and practices. We regularly conduct surveys of residents and their families, and these surveys are reviewed by our performance improvement committees at each center to promote quality care and customer service.
Substantially all of our nursing and rehabilitation centers are certified to provide services under the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Our nursing and rehabilitation centers have been certified because the quality of our services, accommodations, equipment, safety, personnel, physical environment and policies and procedures meet or exceed the standards of certification set by those programs.
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Health Services Division Strategy
Our goal is to become the provider of choice in the markets we serve, which we believe will allow us to increase our patient census and enhance our payor mix. We are employing several initiatives to improve the quality of our services and to address the needs of a more acute patient population. The principal elements of our health services division strategy are:
Providing Quality, Clinical-Based Services. The health services division is focused on qualitative and quantitative clinical performance indicators with the goal of providing quality care under the cost containment objectives imposed by government and private payors. In an effort to continually improve the quality of our services and enhance our ability to care for complex and higher acuity residents, we pursue initiatives to:
| improve recruitment, retention, management development, succession planning and employee satisfaction, |
| expand the involvement of our medical directors, engage the services of more primary care and specialty physicians and increase the use of nurse practitioners, |
| expand our therapy services, wound care, complex medical care and palliative care programs to improve our ability to care for a more acute patient population, |
| improve our processes to monitor and promote our patient care objectives and align financial incentives with quality care and customer service goals, |
| increase the number of our transitional care and sub-acute units to treat patients with rehabilitation and complex medical needs, |
| develop medical advisory boards at select transitional care centers to enhance our clinical programming and review case studies to improve care, |
| improve our Reflections units to care for residents with Alzheimers disease and other dementias, |
| maximize quality outcomes by implementing the collaborative advice and recommendations of the chief medical officer, senior nursing staff and rehabilitation therapists, and |
| implement recommendations of our performance improvement committees established at the division, regional and district levels that analyze data, set quality goals and oversee all quality assurance and quality improvement activities throughout the division. |
Enhancing Sales and Marketing Programs. We conduct our nursing center marketing efforts, which focus on the quality of care provided at our nursing and rehabilitation centers, at the local market level through our nursing center executive directors, clinical liaisons, admissions coordinators and/or other center-based sales and marketing personnel. The marketing efforts of our nursing and rehabilitation center personnel are supplemented by strategies provided by our divisional, regional and district marketing staffs. We also continue to refocus our marketing efforts to address the difference between the needs of short-term rehabilitation patients and those seeking long-term care. To better promote our services we are:
| concentrating our sales and marketing resources toward our transitional care, sub-acute and Alzheimers units, |
| working to improve our relationships with existing local referral sources and identifying and developing new referral sources and promoting our value proposition, |
| expanding the number of clinical liaisons and admission coordinators, particularly at the nursing center level, and implementing community outreach programs, |
| focusing on improving the recruiting, training and retention of sales and marketing personnel and improving accountability, |
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| reconfiguring our admission and discharge procedures to address a higher volume of short-term admissions, and |
| increasingly focusing on the opportunities available to us in markets where we operate multiple nursing and rehabilitation centers or in which we have affiliated hospitals. These cluster markets present opportunities for our nursing and rehabilitation centers and hospitals to share centralized business office operations and collaborate on their sales and marketing and managed care strategies. These cluster markets also allow us to better coordinate and manage the continuum of care for each of our patients and residents as well as implement physician services strategies. We believe a more market focused approach will increase admissions over time, better educate the marketplace on our ability to care for post-acute patients and enhance our capabilities to care for patients across various post-acute settings. |
Increasing Operating Efficiency. The health services division continually seeks to improve operating efficiency with a view to maintaining high quality care. We believe that operating efficiency is critical to maintaining our position as a leading provider of nursing center services in the United States. To improve operating efficiency we strive to:
| increase our average patient occupancy levels, which leverages higher revenues over the fixed costs associated with operating our nursing and rehabilitation centers, |
| manage our labor costs by improving nurse and other staff retention, maintaining competitive labor rates and reducing reliance on overtime compensation and temporary nursing agency services, |
| centralize administrative functions such as accounting, payroll, legal, reimbursement, compliance and information systems, |
| enhance our quality assurance, risk management and liability claims defense initiatives to address professional liability and workers compensation costs, |
| enhance monitoring of our ancillary expenses, such as rehabilitation and pharmacy costs, that grow in an environment of higher admissions and higher acuity patients, and |
| continue to upgrade our management information systems to provide financial and clinical reporting, and improve billing and collections. |
Nursing Center Development. The health services division continually seeks ways to improve its existing portfolio. We have:
| repositioned our portfolio by divesting 29 underperforming nursing and rehabilitation centers with approximately 3,600 licensed beds in the last three years, including the underperforming nursing and rehabilitation centers acquired as part of the 2009 Facility Acquisitions and 2007 Facility Acquisitions, |
| continued to seek additional growth opportunities through strategic acquisitions in selected target markets, particularly where an acquisition may assist us in scaling our operations more rapidly and efficiently than internal growth, and |
| expanded our transitional care centers and transitional care units to address the needs of more Medicare and managed care short term patients. |
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Selected Health Services Division Operating Data
The following table sets forth certain operating and financial data for the health services division (dollars in thousands, except statistics):
Year ended December 31, | |||||||||
2009 | 2008 | 2007 | |||||||
Revenues |
$ | 2,150,342 | $ | 2,093,297 | $ | 1,958,322 | |||
Operating income |
$ | 305,590 | $ | 321,814 | $ | 294,625 | |||
Nursing centers in operation at end of period: |
|||||||||
Owned or leased |
218 | 218 | 218 | ||||||
Managed |
4 | 4 | 4 | ||||||
Licensed beds at end of period: |
|||||||||
Owned or leased |
27,038 | 27,252 | 27,809 | ||||||
Managed |
485 | 485 | 485 | ||||||
Patient days (a) |
8,810,288 | 8,921,598 | 8,840,517 | ||||||
Revenues per patient day (a) |
$ | 244 | $ | 235 | $ | 221 | |||
Average daily census (a) |
24,138 | 24,376 | 24,221 | ||||||
Admissions (a) |
72,801 | 69,986 | 65,772 | ||||||
Occupancy % (a) |
89.0 | 89.1 | 87.8 | ||||||
Medicare average length of stay (a,b) |
35.4 | 35.5 | 35.6 | ||||||
Annualized employee turnover % |
38.9 | 48.9 | 55.9 | ||||||
Assets at end of period |
$ | 566,592 | $ | 574,710 | $ | 550,525 | |||
Capital expenditures: |
|||||||||
Routine |
$ | 39,663 | $ | 44,627 | $ | 41,252 | |||
Development |
5,687 | 5,466 | 5,688 |
(a) | Excludes managed facilities. |
(b) | Computed by dividing total Medicare discharge patient days by total Medicare discharges. |
Sources of Nursing Center Revenues
Nursing center revenues are derived principally from the Medicare and Medicaid programs and from private and other payors. Consistent with the nursing center industry, changes in the mix of the patient and resident population among these three categories significantly affect the profitability of our nursing center operations. Although higher acuity patients generally produce the most revenue per patient day, profitability with respect to higher acuity patients is impacted by the costs associated with the higher level of nursing care and other services generally required. In addition, these patients usually have a significantly shorter length of stay.
The following table sets forth the approximate percentages of nursing center patient days and revenues derived from the payor sources indicated:
Medicare | Medicaid | Medicare Advantage (a) |
Private and other | |||||||||||||||||||||
Year ended December 31, |
Patient days |
Revenues | Patient days |
Revenues | Patient days |
Revenues | Patient days |
Revenues | ||||||||||||||||
2009 |
17 | % | 34 | % | 61 | % | 42 | % | 4 | % | 6 | % | 18 | % | 18 | % | ||||||||
2008 |
17 | 34 | 61 | 43 | 3 | 5 | 19 | 18 | ||||||||||||||||
2007 |
17 | 35 | 63 | 44 | 20 | 21 |
(a) | Data not available prior to January 1, 2008. |
For the year ended December 31, 2009, revenues of the health services division totaled approximately $2.2 billion or 47% of our total revenues (before eliminations). For more information regarding the reimbursement for our nursing center services, see Governmental Regulation Health Services Division Overview of Health Services Division Reimbursement.
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Nursing Center Facilities
The following table lists by state the number of nursing centers and related licensed beds we operated as of December 31, 2009:
Number of facilities | ||||||||||||
State |
Licensed beds |
Owned by us |
Leased from Ventas (2) |
Leased from other parties |
Managed | Total | ||||||
Alabama (1) |
474 | | 2 | 1 | | 3 | ||||||
Arizona |
562 | | 3 | 1 | | 4 | ||||||
California |
2,437 | 4 | 6 | 11 | | 21 | ||||||
Colorado |
464 | | 4 | | | 4 | ||||||
Connecticut (1) |
522 | | 5 | | | 5 | ||||||
Georgia (1) |
537 | | 4 | | | 4 | ||||||
Idaho |
695 | 1 | 7 | | | 8 | ||||||
Indiana |
3,625 | 10 | 13 | 1 | | 24 | ||||||
Kentucky (1) |
1,575 | 2 | 10 | 1 | | 13 | ||||||
Maine (1) |
756 | | 8 | | | 8 | ||||||
Massachusetts (1) |
4,844 | | 26 | 12 | 3 | 41 | ||||||
Missouri (1) |
240 | | | 2 | | 2 | ||||||
Montana (1) |
276 | | 2 | | | 2 | ||||||
Nevada |
174 | | 2 | | | 2 | ||||||
New Hampshire (1) |
512 | | 3 | | | 3 | ||||||
North Carolina (1) |
2,135 | | 16 | 3 | | 19 | ||||||
Ohio (1) |
1,812 | 2 | 9 | 2 | | 13 | ||||||
Oregon (1) |
205 | | 2 | | | 2 | ||||||
Pennsylvania |
103 | | 1 | | | 1 | ||||||
Rhode Island (1) |
201 | | 2 | | | 2 | ||||||
Tennessee (1) |
1,065 | | 3 | 5 | | 8 | ||||||
Utah |
411 | | 4 | | | 4 | ||||||
Vermont (1) |
310 | | 1 | | 1 | 2 | ||||||
Virginia (1) |
629 | | 4 | | | 4 | ||||||
Washington (1) |
659 | | 7 | | | 7 | ||||||
Wisconsin (1) |
1,922 | | 11 | 1 | | 12 | ||||||
Wyoming |
378 | | 4 | | | 4 | ||||||
Totals |
27,523 | 19 | 159 | 40 | 4 | 222 | ||||||
(1) | These states have certificate of need regulations. See Governmental Regulation Federal, State and Local Regulation. |
(2) | See Master Lease Agreements. |
Health Services Division Management and Operations
Each of our nursing and rehabilitation centers is managed by a state-licensed executive director who is supported by other professional personnel, including a director of nursing, nursing assistants, licensed practical nurses, staff development coordinator, activities director, social services director, clinical liaisons, admissions coordinator and business office manager. The directors of nursing are state-licensed nurses who supervise our nursing staffs that include registered nurses, licensed practical nurses and nursing assistants. Staff size and composition vary depending on the size and occupancy of each nursing and rehabilitation center, the types of services provided and the acuity level of the patients and residents. The nursing and rehabilitation centers contract with physicians who provide medical director services and serve on performance improvement committees. We provide our centers with centralized information systems, federal and state reimbursement
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expertise, state licensing and certification maintenance, as well as legal, finance, accounting, purchasing and facilities management support. The centralization of these services improves operating efficiencies, promotes the standardization of certain processes and permits our healthcare staff to focus on the delivery of quality care.
Our health services division is managed by a division president and a chief financial officer. Our nursing center operations are divided into three geographic regions, each of which is headed by an operational senior vice president. These three operational senior vice presidents report to the division president. The clinical issues and quality concerns of the health services division are overseen by two physicians, the divisions chief medical officer and a divisional medical director as well as a senior vice president of clinical and nursing operations with assistance from our regional and district teams. The sales and marketing efforts for the division are led by our vice president of sales and marketing with assistance from our regional and district teams. Divisional, regional and/or district staff also support the health services division in the areas of nursing, dietary services, federal and state reimbursement, human resources management, maintenance and financial services.
Quality Assessment and Improvement
Quality of care is monitored and enhanced by our clinical operations personnel as well as our performance improvement committees and family satisfaction surveys. Our performance improvement committees oversee resident healthcare needs and resident and staff safety. Additionally, physician medical directors serve on these committees and advise on healthcare policies and practices. Regional and district nursing professionals visit our nursing and rehabilitation centers periodically to review practices and recommend improvements where necessary in the level of care provided and to ensure compliance with requirements under applicable Medicare and Medicaid regulations. Surveys of residents families are conducted on a regular basis and provide an opportunity for families to rate various aspects of our service and the physical condition of our nursing and rehabilitation centers. These surveys are reviewed by performance improvement committees at each nursing and rehabilitation center to promote and improve resident care.
The health services division provides training programs for nursing center executive directors, business office and other department managers, nurses and nursing assistants. These programs are designed to maintain high levels of quality patient and resident care, with an orientation towards regulatory compliance.
Substantially all of our nursing and rehabilitation centers are certified to provide services under the Medicare and Medicaid programs. A nursing centers qualification to participate in such programs depends upon many factors, such as accommodations, equipment, clinical services, safety, personnel, physical environment and adequacy of policies and procedures.
Health Services Division Competition
Our nursing and rehabilitation centers compete with other nursing centers and similar long-term care facilities primarily on the basis of quality of care, reputation, location and physical appearance and, in the case of private payment residents, the charges for our services. Our nursing and rehabilitation centers also compete on a local and regional basis with other nursing centers as well as with facilities providing similar services, including hospitals, extended care centers, assisted living facilities, home health agencies and similar institutions. Some competitors may operate newer facilities and may provide services that we do not offer. Our competitors include government-owned, religious organization-owned, secular not-for-profit and for-profit institutions. Many of these competitors have greater financial and other resources than we do. Although there is limited, if any, price competition with respect to Medicare and Medicaid residents (since revenues received for services provided to these residents are based generally on fixed rates), there is substantial price competition for private payment residents.
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REHABILITATION DIVISION
Our rehabilitation division provides rehabilitative services including physical and occupational therapies and speech pathology services, to residents and patients of nursing centers, acute and long-term acute care hospitals, outpatient clinics, home health agencies, assisted living facilities, school districts and hospice providers. We provide rehabilitative services to 478 nursing centers, 89 hospitals and 55 other locations in 41 states under the name Peoplefirst Rehabilitation. Approximately 61% of the rehabilitation divisions revenues in 2009 were generated from therapy services contracts with our hospitals and nursing centers.
Our rehabilitation division employs approximately 8,100 therapists and had revenues of approximately
$475 million (before eliminations) in 2009. We are organized into six geographic regions.
Our rehabilitation division provides specialized rehabilitation programs designed to meet the individual needs of the residents and patients we serve. Our specialized care programs address complex medical needs, such as wound care, pain management, cognitive retraining, in addition to neurologic, orthopedic, cardiac and pulmonary recovery.
Peoplefirst Rehabilitation provides clinical education and programming which is developed and supported by our clinical experts. These programs are implemented in an effort to ensure clinical practices that support the provision of quality rehabilitation services in accordance with applicable standards of care.
Peoplefirst Rehabilitation recruits and retains qualified professionals with the clinical expertise to provide quality patient care and measurable rehabilitation outcomes. Peoplefirst Rehabilitation also provides regulatory expertise and compliance support that benefits our clients and their residents and patients.
Rehabilitation Division Strategy
Our goals are to be the leading rehabilitation services provider and employer of choice in the markets we serve and to increase our market share and name recognition through contract growth. Our strategies for achieving these goals include:
Improving Quality Care and Customer Satisfaction. Our rehabilitation division is committed to providing effective and efficient care to the residents and patients to whom we provide rehabilitation services. We have implemented the following measures in an effort to improve the operations of our customers with the goal of enhancing the quality of care provided to their residents and patients:
| we have specialized rehabilitation programs to promote quality care. Such programs focus on residents and patients with Alzheimers disease and other forms of dementia, pain management and medically complex, orthopedic and neurological rehabilitation needs; |
| we promote the competencies of our therapists by providing extensive training and implementing a best practices approach to the provision of rehabilitation services; |
| we take an integrated approach to delivering our services as a key member of our customers interdisciplinary care team and work to enhance our customers quality care objectives; |
| we have developed a proprietary nationwide rehabilitation information system that allows us to access management and clinical reports which provide quality assurance measures, identify industry trends, track patient outcomes and streamline invoicing; and |
| we have implemented the use of technological enhancements, such as handheld devices for capturing information related to the provision of rehabilitation services. These devices increase the efficiency of our therapists and support compliance with the regulations which govern documentation of rehabilitation services. |
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Effective Recruiting and Retention of Qualified Therapists. The healthcare industry is facing a significant shortage of qualified therapists. In an effort to provide quality care to the patients and residents to whom we provide rehabilitation services, we continuously strive to recruit and retain qualified therapists. We offer competitive incentive and recognition programs for our therapists and have increased our recruiting infrastructure to reduce open positions, decrease contract labor and improve productivity. We also promote continuing education opportunities to enhance the personal knowledge and growth of our therapists and encourage our therapists participation in nurturing a culture of quality and customer service.
Increasing Operating Efficiency. We seek to improve our operating efficiency by increasing the productivity of our therapists and other rehabilitation staff. We have developed standard division-wide labor productivity tools to monitor and better manage therapist productivity as well as our staffing models. In an effort to enable our therapists to focus their attention on providing quality rehabilitation services to patients and residents, we have implemented the use of technological enhancements and clinical protocols that promote best practices.
Growing Through Business Development and External Contract Sales. Our growth strategy is focused on the enhancement of rehabilitation programs for the customers we serve and the expansion of our business in strategic markets. These markets include locations in which we already have a significant presence, where demand may exist for our services, or where we wish to expand the provision of our services. Our efforts will continue to target customers in both the acute and post-acute care settings. In order to increase market share, our initiatives include demonstrating our value proposition to customers in the areas of clinical excellence and programming, staff recruitment and retention, regulatory and reimbursement support, census development and committed customer service. In addition, we continue to promote a greater awareness of the services we provide by enhancing sales and marketing strategies and through the use of our Peoplefirst website.
Growth Through Selective Acquisitions. We seek growth opportunities through strategic acquisitions in selected target markets, particularly where an acquisition may assist us in scaling our operations more rapidly and efficiently than internal growth.
Capital Investments. We are expanding our operational and capital programs to refurbish and expand gym space, upgrade equipment and enhance our brand image in several of the sub-acute units, transitional care centers and transitional care units in which we provide services.
Selected Rehabilitation Division Operating Data
The following table sets forth certain operating and financial data for the rehabilitation division (dollars in thousands):
Year ended December 31, | |||||||||
2009 | 2008 | 2007 | |||||||
Revenues: |
|||||||||
Company-operated |
$ | 288,265 | $ | 268,663 | $ | 239,740 | |||
Non-affiliated |
186,773 | 158,657 | 112,657 | ||||||
$ | 475,038 | $ | 427,320 | $ | 352,397 | ||||
Operating income |
$ | 50,592 | $ | 38,071 | $ | 34,526 | |||
Number of customer contracts: |
|||||||||
Company-operated |
306 | 310 | 326 | ||||||
Non-affiliated |
316 | 345 | 318 | ||||||
Revenue per site |
$ | 730,345 | $ | 651,895 | $ | 582,207 | |||
Therapist productivity % |
84.2 | 81.4 | 79.4 | ||||||
Annualized employee turnover % |
12.8 | 13.3 | 15.6 | ||||||
Assets at end of period |
$ | 53,856 | $ | 45,733 | $ | 30,751 | |||
Routine capital expenditures |
$ | 1,043 | $ | 1,162 | $ | 2,037 |
Therapist productivity % is computed by dividing labor minutes related to patient care by total labor minutes for the period.
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Sources of Rehabilitation Division Revenues
The rehabilitation division receives payment for the rehabilitation services it provides to residents and patients of the customers that we serve. The payments are based upon negotiated patient per diem rates, negotiated per minute rates, or a negotiated fee schedule based upon the types of services rendered. For the year ended December 31, 2009, revenues of the rehabilitation division totaled approximately $475 million or 11% of our total revenues (before eliminations). As a provider of services to healthcare providers, trends and developments in healthcare reimbursement will impact our revenues and growth. Changes in the reimbursement provided by Medicare or Medicaid to our customers can impact the demand and pricing for our services. For more information regarding the reimbursement for our rehabilitation services, see Governmental Regulation Rehabilitation Division Overview of Rehabilitation Division Revenues, Governmental Regulation Hospital Division Overview of Hospital Division Reimbursement, and Governmental Regulation Health Services Division Overview of Health Services Division Reimbursement.
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Geographic Coverage
The following table lists by state the number of hospitals, nursing centers and other rehabilitation customer contracts we serviced as of December 31, 2009:
Hospitals | Nursing centers | Other | Total | |||||||||||
State |
Company operated |
Non-affiliated | Company operated |
Non-affiliated | Non-affiliated | Company operated |
Non-affiliated | |||||||
Alabama |
| | 3 | | | 3 | | |||||||
Arizona |
4 | | 4 | 3 | 2 | 8 | 5 | |||||||
California |
11 | | 21 | 3 | | 32 | 3 | |||||||
Colorado |
1 | | 4 | 6 | 2 | 5 | 8 | |||||||
Connecticut |
| | 6 | 8 | | 6 | 8 | |||||||
Delaware |
| | | 1 | | | 1 | |||||||
Florida |
10 | | | 4 | 4 | 10 | 8 | |||||||
Georgia |
1 | | 4 | 1 | | 5 | 1 | |||||||
Idaho |
| | 8 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 8 | |||||||
Illinois |
5 | | | 20 | 4 | 5 | 24 | |||||||
Indiana |
2 | | 24 | 4 | 13 | 26 | 17 | |||||||
Iowa |
| | | 1 | | | 1 | |||||||
Kentucky |
2 | | 13 | 17 | 4 | 15 | 21 | |||||||
Louisiana |
1 | | | | | 1 | | |||||||
Maine |
| | 8 | 4 | | 8 | 4 | |||||||
Maryland |
| | | 15 | | | 15 | |||||||
Massachusetts |
7 | | 42 | 8 | | 49 | 8 | |||||||
Michigan |
| 1 | | | | | 1 | |||||||
Minnesota |
| | | 2 | | | 2 | |||||||
Missouri |
3 | | 2 | 1 | | 5 | 1 | |||||||
Montana |
| | 2 | | 2 | 2 | 2 | |||||||
Nebraska |
| | | 1 | | | 1 | |||||||
Nevada |
3 | | 2 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 4 | |||||||
New Hampshire |
| | 3 | | | 3 | | |||||||
New Jersey |
2 | | | | | 2 | | |||||||
New Mexico |
1 | 1 | | | | 1 | 1 | |||||||
North Carolina |
1 | | 19 | 43 | 2 | 20 | 45 | |||||||
Ohio |
3 | | 13 | 20 | 7 | 16 | 27 | |||||||
Oklahoma |
2 | | | | | 2 | | |||||||
Oregon |
| | 2 | 1 | | 2 | 1 | |||||||
Pennsylvania |
7 | 1 | 1 | 9 | | 8 | 10 | |||||||
Rhode Island |
| | 2 | 4 | | 2 | 4 | |||||||
South Carolina |
1 | | | | | 1 | | |||||||
Tennessee |
1 | | 8 | 6 | | 9 | 6 | |||||||
Texas |
11 | 4 | | 11 | 5 | 11 | 20 | |||||||
Utah |
| | 4 | 1 | | 4 | 1 | |||||||
Vermont |
| | 2 | 3 | | 2 | 3 | |||||||
Virginia |
1 | | 4 | 30 | | 5 | 30 | |||||||
Washington |
1 | | 7 | 10 | 3 | 8 | 13 | |||||||
Wisconsin |
1 | | 12 | 12 | | 13 | 12 | |||||||
Wyoming |
| | 4 | | | 4 | | |||||||
Totals |
82 | 7 | 224 | 254 | 55 | 306 | 316 | |||||||
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Sales and Marketing
The rehabilitation divisions sales and marketing strategy focuses on the outsourcing needs of long-term care facilities and hospitals by emphasizing the broad range of rehabilitation programs, clinical expertise, and competitive pricing that we can provide. The rehabilitation divisions new business efforts are led by the vice president of business development and six directors of business development in geographically defined regions.
Rehabilitation Division Management and Operations
We have four nursing center and two hospital regions organized predominantly by the geographic location of our customers. Each of our rehabilitation programs has an on-site manager that reports to an area rehabilitation director. The area director is responsible for the overall management of eight to 12 on-site managers. The area directors report to their respective division vice president of rehabilitation operations.
We provide our program staff with centralized information systems, federal and state reimbursement expertise, professional licensing support, as well as legal, finance, accounting and purchasing support. The centralization of these services improves operating efficiencies, promotes the standardization of certain processes and permits program staff to focus on the delivery of quality, medically necessary rehabilitation services.
A division president and a chief financial officer manage our rehabilitation division. Our operations are divided between the nursing center line of business and hospital line of business and each is headed by an officer of the division who reports to the division president. A senior vice president of clinical operations manages the clinical education of our therapists and our quality care initiatives.
Rehabilitation Division Competition
In the geographic markets that we serve, there are national, regional and local rehabilitation services providers that offer rehabilitation services comparable to ours. A number of our competitors may have greater financial and other resources than us, may be more established in the markets in which we compete and may be willing to provide services at lower prices. In addition, a number of long-term care facilities and hospitals may elect not to outsource rehabilitation services thereby reducing our potential customer base. While there are several large rehabilitation providers, the market generally is highly fragmented and is primarily comprised of smaller independent providers.
We believe our rehabilitation division generally competes on its reputation for providing quality rehabilitation services, qualified therapists and competitive pricing.
GOVERNMENTAL REGULATION
Congress and the White House Administration are currently considering healthcare reform bills, which would initiate significant reforms to the United States healthcare system, including potential material changes to the delivery of healthcare services and the reimbursement paid for such services by the government or other third party payors. The House of Representatives has passed a healthcare reform bill entitled The Affordable Healthcare for America Act and the Senate has passed a healthcare reform bill entitled The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. At this time, we cannot predict if or when one of these bills or similar legislation may be passed and submitted to the President.
The healthcare reforms contained in these bills would impact each of our businesses in some manner. Due to the unsettled nature of the current healthcare reform bills, the substantial regulatory changes that would need to be implemented by CMS and others, and the numerous processes required to implement these reforms, we cannot predict which healthcare reforms will be implemented at the federal or state level, the timing of any such reforms, or the effect such reforms or any other future legislation or regulation will have on our business.
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Several of the proposed reforms are very significant and could ultimately change the nature of our services, the methods of payment for our services and the underlying regulatory environment. The proposed reforms could include modifications to the conditions of qualification for payment, bundling payments to cover both acute and post-acute care and the imposition of enrollment limitations on new providers. In addition, a primary goal of healthcare reform is to reduce costs which could include reductions in the reimbursement paid to us and other healthcare providers. Moreover, healthcare reform could negatively impact insurance companies, other third party payors, our customers, as well as other healthcare providers, which may in turn negatively impact our business. As such, these healthcare reforms or other similar healthcare reforms, if adopted, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Medicare and Medicaid
Medicare is a federal program that provides certain hospital and medical insurance benefits to persons age 65 and over and certain disabled persons. Medicaid is a medical assistance program administered by each state pursuant to which healthcare benefits are available to certain indigent or disabled patients. Within the Medicare and Medicaid statutory framework, there are substantial areas subject to administrative rulings, interpretations and discretion that may affect payments made under Medicare and Medicaid. A substantial portion of our revenues are derived from patients covered by the Medicare and Medicaid programs. See Hospital Division Sources of Hospital Revenues, Health Services Division Sources of Nursing Center Revenues and Rehabilitation Division Sources of Rehabilitation Division Revenues.
We could be affected adversely by the continuing efforts of governmental and private third party payors to contain healthcare costs. We cannot assure you that reimbursement payments under governmental and private third party payor programs, including Medicare supplemental insurance policies, will remain at levels comparable to present levels or will be sufficient to cover the costs allocable to patients eligible for reimbursement pursuant to these programs. In addition, we cannot assure you that the facilities operated by us, or the provision of goods and services offered by us, will meet the requirements for participation in such programs. In addition, there are continuing efforts to reform governmental healthcare programs that could result in major changes in the healthcare delivery and reimbursement system on a national and state level and we cannot assure you that healthcare reform, future healthcare legislation or other changes in the administration or interpretation of governmental healthcare programs will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity. See Item 1A Risk Factors Risk Factors Relating to Reimbursement and Regulation of Our Business Changes in the reimbursement rates or methods or timing of payment from third party payors, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs, or the implementation of other measures to reduce reimbursement for our services and products could result in a substantial reduction in our revenues and operating margins.
Federal, State and Local Regulation
The extensive federal, state and local regulations affecting the healthcare industry include, but are not limited to, regulations relating to licensure, conduct of operations, ownership of facilities, addition of facilities, allowable costs, services and prices for services, facility staffing requirements, and the confidentiality and security of health-related information. In particular, various laws including anti-kickback, anti-fraud and abuse amendments codified under the Social Security Act prohibit certain business practices and relationships that might affect the provision and cost of healthcare services reimbursable under Medicare and Medicaid, including the payment or receipt of remuneration for the referral of patients whose care will be paid by Medicare or other governmental programs. Sanctions for violating these anti-kickback, anti-fraud and abuse amendments under the Social Security Act include criminal penalties, civil sanctions, fines and possible exclusion from government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid.
In the ordinary course of our business, we are subject regularly to inquiries, investigations and audits by federal and state agencies that oversee applicable healthcare program participation and payment regulations,
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including enhanced medical necessity review of LTAC hospital cases pursuant to the SCHIP Extension Act and audits under the CMS Recovery Audit Contractor (RAC) program which was made permanent and required to be expanded pursuant to the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006. We believe that the regulatory environment surrounding most segments of the healthcare industry remains intense. Federal and state governments continue to impose intensive enforcement policies resulting in a significant number of inspections, citations of regulatory deficiencies and other regulatory sanctions including demands for refund of overpayments, terminations from the Medicare and Medicaid programs, bars on Medicare and Medicaid payments for new admissions and civil monetary penalties. These enforcement policies, along with the costs incurred to respond to and defend reviews, audits and investigations, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity. We vigorously contest such sanctions where appropriate; however, these cases can involve significant legal expense and consume our resources.
Section 1877 of the Social Security Act, commonly known as Stark I, provides that a physician who has a financial relationship with a clinical laboratory generally is prohibited from referring patients to that laboratory. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993 contains provisions, commonly known as Stark II, amending Section 1877 to expand greatly the scope of Stark I. Effective January 1995, Stark II broadened the referral limitations of Stark I to include, among other designated health services, inpatient and outpatient hospital services. Under Stark I and Stark II, a financial relationship is defined as an ownership interest or a compensation arrangement. If such a financial relationship exists, the entity generally is prohibited from claiming payment for services under the Medicare or Medicaid programs. Compensation arrangements generally are exempted from Stark I and Stark II if, among other things, the compensation to be paid is set in advance, does not exceed fair market value and is not determined in a manner that takes into account the volume or value of any referrals or other business generated between the parties. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has issued regulations that describe some of the conduct and business relationships permissible under the anti-kickback amendments. The fact that a given business arrangement does not fall within one of these safe harbors does not render the arrangement per se illegal. Business arrangements of healthcare service providers that fail to satisfy the applicable criteria, however, risk increased scrutiny and possible sanctions by enforcement authorities. These laws and regulations, however, are complex, and there is limited judicial or regulatory interpretation. We believe that business practices of providers and financial relationships between providers have become subject to increased scrutiny as healthcare reform efforts continue on the federal and state levels. Many states have adopted or are considering similar legislative proposals, some of which extend beyond the Medicaid program, to prohibit the payment or receipt of remuneration for the referral of patients and physician self-referrals regardless of the source of payment for the care. While we do not believe our arrangements are in violation of these prohibitions, we cannot assure you that governmental officials charged with the responsibility for enforcing the provisions of these prohibitions will not assert that one or more of our arrangements are in violation of the provisions of such laws and regulations.
The Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (the Balanced Budget Act) also includes a number of anti-fraud and abuse provisions. The Balanced Budget Act contains additional civil monetary penalties for violations of the anti-kickback amendments discussed above and imposes an affirmative duty on healthcare providers to ensure that they do not employ or contract with persons excluded from the Medicare program. The Balanced Budget Act also provides a minimum ten-year period for exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs for persons or entities convicted of a prior healthcare offense.
Various states in which we operate hospitals and nursing and rehabilitation centers have established minimum staffing requirements or may establish minimum staffing requirements in the future. The implementation of these staffing requirements in some states is not contingent upon any additional appropriation of state funds in any budget act or other statute. Our ability to satisfy such staffing requirements will depend upon our ability to attract and retain qualified healthcare professionals, including nurses, certified nurses assistants, therapists and other staff. Failure to comply with such minimum staffing requirements may result in the imposition of fines or other sanctions. If states do not appropriate sufficient additional funds (through
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Medicaid program appropriations or otherwise) to pay for any additional operating costs resulting from such minimum staffing requirements, our profitability may be materially adversely affected.
The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a classification system for diseases and signs, symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, promulgated by the World Health Organization. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has mandated that healthcare payors and providers and their vendors must convert from the current ICD-9 coding system to the materially different ICD-10 coding system by October 1, 2013. ICD-10 is the first major change in diagnosis and procedure coding in three decades.
HIPAA. The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, commonly known as HIPAA, among other requirements, broadened the scope of existing fraud and abuse laws and mandated the adoption of administrative simplification regulations aimed at standardizing transaction formats and billing codes for documenting medical services, dealing with claims submissions and protecting the privacy and security of individually identifiable health information. HIPAA regulations that standardize transactions and code sets require standard formatting for healthcare providers, like us, that submit claims electronically.
The HIPAA privacy regulations apply to protected health information, which is defined generally as individually identifiable health information transmitted or maintained in any form or medium, excluding certain types of records such as education records. The privacy regulations seek to limit the use and disclosure of most paper and oral communications, as well as those in electronic form, regarding an individuals past, present or future physical or mental health or condition, or relating to the provision of healthcare to the individual or payment for that healthcare, if the individual can or may be identified by such information. HIPAA provides for the imposition of civil and/or criminal penalties if protected health information is improperly disclosed.
HIPAAs security regulations require us to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of all electronically protected health information that we create, receive, maintain or transmit. We must protect against reasonably anticipated threats or hazards to the security of such information and the unauthorized use or disclosure of such information. The HIPAA unique health identifier standards require us to obtain and use national provider identifiers.
The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, known as HITECH, was passed in 2009 and instituted new HIPAA requirements regarding providing individuals with notification of breaches of their unsecured protected health information. HITECH also imposed new requirements on HIPAA business associates and strengthened HIPAA enforcement provisions, including civil monetary penalty amounts.
We believe we are in substantial compliance with the HIPAA regulations. Sanctions for failing to comply with HIPAA health information practices provisions include sanctions and civil and criminal penalties. We cannot assure you that potential non-compliance by us with HIPAA regulations will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Certificates of Need and State Licensing. Certificate of need, or CON, regulations control the development and expansion of healthcare services and facilities in certain states. Certain states also require regulatory approval prior to certain changes in ownership of a hospital or nursing center. Certain states that do not have CON programs may have other laws or regulations that limit or restrict the development or expansion of healthcare facilities. We operate hospitals in 12 states and nursing and rehabilitation centers in 18 states that require state approval for the expansion of our facilities and services under CON programs. To the extent that CONs or other similar approvals are required for expansion of the operations of our hospitals or nursing and rehabilitation centers, either through facility acquisitions, expansion or provision of new services or other changes, such expansion could be affected adversely by the failure or inability to obtain the necessary approvals, changes in the standards applicable to such approvals or possible delays and expenses associated with obtaining such approvals.
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We are required to obtain state licenses to operate each of our hospitals and nursing and rehabilitation centers and to ensure their participation in government programs. Once a hospital or nursing and rehabilitation center becomes licensed and operational, it must continue to comply with federal, state and local licensing requirements in addition to local building and life-safety codes. All of our hospitals and nursing and rehabilitation centers have the necessary licenses. Failure of our hospitals and nursing and rehabilitation centers to satisfy applicable licensure and certification requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Hospital Division
General Regulations. The hospital division is subject to various federal and state regulations. In order to receive Medicare reimbursement, each hospital must meet the applicable conditions of participation set forth by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services relating to the type of hospital, its equipment, personnel and standard of medical care, as well as comply with state and local laws and regulations. We have developed a management system to facilitate our compliance with these various standards and requirements. Among other things, each hospital employs a person who is responsible for leading an ongoing quality assessment and improvement program. Hospitals undergo periodic on-site Medicare certification surveys, which generally are limited in frequency if the hospital is accredited by the Joint Commission. As of December 31, 2009, 82 hospitals operated by the hospital division were certified as Medicare LTAC providers and one hospital has a pending certification as a Medicare short-term acute care provider. In addition, 70 hospitals also were certified by their respective state Medicaid programs. Loss of certification could affect adversely a hospitals ability to receive payments from the Medicare and Medicaid programs.
As noted above, the hospital division also is subject to federal and state laws that govern financial and other arrangements between healthcare providers. These laws prohibit, among other things, certain direct and indirect payments or fee-splitting arrangements between healthcare providers that are designed to induce or encourage the referral of patients to, or the recommendation of, a particular provider for medical products and services. Such laws include the anti-kickback amendments discussed above. In addition, some states restrict certain business relationships between physicians and ancillary service providers and some states prohibit business corporations from providing, or holding themselves out as a provider of, medical care. Possible sanctions for violation of any of these restrictions or prohibitions include loss of licensure or eligibility to participate in reimbursement programs as well as civil and criminal penalties. These laws vary considerably from state to state.
Accreditation by the Joint Commission. Hospitals may receive accreditation from the Joint Commission, a national commission that establishes standards relating to the physical plant, administration, quality of patient care and operation of medical staffs of hospitals. Generally, hospitals and certain other healthcare facilities are required to have been in operation at least four months in order to be eligible for accreditation by the Joint Commission. After conducting on-site surveys, the Joint Commission awards accreditation for up to three years to hospitals found to be in substantial compliance with Joint Commission standards. Accredited hospitals also are periodically resurveyed, at the option of the Joint Commission, upon a major change in facilities or organization and after merger or consolidation. As of December 31, 2009, all of the hospitals operated by the hospital division were accredited by the Joint Commission or were in the process of seeking accreditation. The hospital division intends to seek and obtain Joint Commission accreditation for any additional facilities it may operate in the future.
Peer Review. Federal regulations provide that admission to and utilization of hospitals by Medicare and Medicaid patients must be reviewed by peer review organizations or quality improvement organizations in order to ensure efficient utilization of hospitals and services. A quality improvement organization may conduct such review either prospectively or retroactively and may, as appropriate, recommend denial of payments for services provided to a patient. The review is subject to administrative and judicial appeals. Each of the hospitals operated by our hospital division employs a clinical professional to administer the hospitals integrated quality assurance and improvement program. Denials by third party utilization review organizations historically have not had a material adverse effect on the hospital divisions operating results.
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Overview of Hospital Division Reimbursement
Medicare Reimbursement of Short-term Acute Care Hospitals Medicare reimburses general short-term acute care hospitals under a prospective payment system (IPPS). Under IPPS, Medicare inpatient costs are reimbursed based upon a fixed payment amount per discharge using medical severity diagnostic related groups (MS-DRGs). The MS-DRG payment under IPPS is based upon the national average cost of treating a Medicare patients condition. Although the average length of stay varies for each MS-DRG, we believe that the average stay for all Medicare patients subject to IPPS is approximately six days. An additional outlier payment is made for patients with higher treatment costs but these payments are designed only to cover marginal costs. Hospitals that are certified by Medicare as LTAC hospitals are excluded from the IPPS.
Medicare Reimbursement of Long-term Acute Care Hospitals Since October 2002, the Medicare payment system for LTAC hospitals has been based upon the Long-Term Acute Care Prospective Payment System (LTAC PPS), a prospective payment system specifically for LTAC hospitals. LTAC PPS maintains LTAC hospitals as a distinct provider type, separate from short-term acute care hospitals. Only providers certified as LTAC hospitals may be paid under this system. To maintain certification under LTAC PPS, the average length of stay of fee for service Medicare patients must be at least 25 days.
CMS has, for a number of years, considered the development of facility and patient certification criteria for LTAC hospitals, potentially as an alternative to the current payment system under LTAC-PPS. In 2004, the Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MedPAC) recommended to Congress the adoption by CMS of new facility staffing and services criteria and patient clinical characteristics and treatment requirements for LTAC hospitals in order to ensure that only appropriate patients are admitted to these facilities. MedPAC is an independent federal body that advises Congress on issues affecting the Medicare program. Since the MedPAC recommendation, CMS has initiated studies to examine such recommendations and those studies are ongoing. Implementation of additional criteria that may limit the population of patients eligible for our hospital services or change the basis on which we are paid could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
On August 1, 2007, CMS issued final regulations regarding Medicare hospital inpatient payments to short-term acute care hospitals as well as certain provisions affecting LTAC hospitals. These regulations adopt a new system for LTAC hospitals for classifying patients into diagnostic categories called Medicare Severity Diagnosis Related Groups or more specifically, for LTAC hospitals, MS-LTC-DRGs. LTAC PPS is based upon discharged-based MS-LTC-DRGs similar to the system used to pay short-term acute care hospitals. This new MS-LTC-DRG system replaced the previous diagnostic related group system for LTAC hospitals and became effective for discharges occurring on or after October 1, 2007. The MS-LTC-DRG system created additional severity-adjusted categories for most diagnoses.
While the clinical system which groups procedures and diagnoses is identical to the prospective payment system for short-term acute care hospitals, LTAC PPS utilizes different rates and formulas. Three types of payments are used in this system: (a) short-stay outlier payment, which provides for patients whose length of stay is less than 5/6th of the geometric mean length of stay for that MS-LTC-DRG, based upon the lesser of (1) a per diem based upon the average payment for that MS-LTC-DRG, (2) the estimated costs, (3) the full MS-LTC-DRG payment, or (4) a blend of an amount comparable to what would otherwise be paid under IPPS computed as a per diem, capped at the full IPPS MS-DRG comparable payment amount and a per diem based upon the average payment for that MS-LTC-DRG under LTAC PPS; (b) MS-LTC-DRG fixed payment which provides a single payment for all patients with a given MS-LTC-DRG, regardless of length of stay, cost of care or place of discharge; and (c) high cost outlier that will provide a partial coverage of costs for patients whose cost of care far exceeds the MS-LTC-DRG reimbursement. For patients in the high cost outlier category, Medicare will reimburse 80% of the costs incurred above the MS-LTC-DRG reimbursement plus a fixed cost outlier threshold per discharge.
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On July 31, 2008, CMS issued final regulations regarding the re-weighting of MS-LTC-DRGs for discharges occurring on or after October 1, 2008. CMS announced that this update was made in a budget neutral manner, and that estimated aggregate LTAC Medicare payments would be unaffected by these regulations. Based upon our experience under these final regulations, it appears that the re-weighting increased payments for the care of higher acuity patients.
On May 29, 2009, CMS issued an interim final rule that revised the October 1, 2008 payment weights. Effective June 3, 2009, CMS reduced MS-LTC-DRG payment weights by 3.9%, resulting in approximately a 0.9% reduction of the estimated total LTAC PPS payments in the federal fiscal year ending September 30, 2009. No retroactive adjustments to payments were made. On July 31, 2009, CMS finalized this interim rule.
For discharges occurring on or after July 1, 2007 and before December 29, 2007, certain short-stay outlier cases having a length of stay less than or equal to a predetermined IPPS threshold were reimbursed based upon the lesser of (1) a per diem based upon the average payment for that MS-LTC-DRG, (2) the estimated costs, (3) the full MS-LTC-DRG payment, or (4) an amount comparable to what would otherwise be paid under IPPS. These very short-stay payment provisions were suspended for three years beginning with discharges on or after December 29, 2007, pursuant to the SCHIP Extension Act.
LTAC PPS provides for an adjustment for differences in area wages resulting from salary and benefit variations. There also are additional rules for payment for patients who are transferred from a LTAC hospital to another healthcare setting and are subsequently re-admitted to the LTAC hospital. The LTAC PPS payment rates also are subject to annual adjustments.
Medicare regulations require that when two or more hospital facilities share the same provider number and are considered to be a single hospital, the remote or satellite facility must meet certain criteria with respect to the main facility. These criteria relate largely to demonstrating a high level of integration between the two facilities. If the criteria are not met, each facility would need to meet all Medicare requirements independently, including, for example, the minimum average length of patient stay for LTAC hospital qualification. It is advantageous for certain satellite facilities that may not independently be able to meet these Medicare requirements to maintain provider-based status so that they will be reimbursed at the higher rate for LTAC hospitals under Medicare. If CMS determines that facilities claiming to be provider-based and being reimbursed accordingly do not meet the integration requirements of the regulations, CMS may recover the amount of any excess reimbursements based upon that claimed status. We have several hospitals in which multiple facilities share a Medicare provider number, and the failure of any one or more of them to meet the provider-based status regulations could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
We cannot predict the ultimate long-term impact of LTAC PPS. This payment system is subject to significant change. Slight variations in patient acuity or length of stay could significantly change Medicare revenues generated under LTAC PPS. In addition, our hospitals may not be able to appropriately adjust their operating costs to changes in patient acuity and length of stay or to changes in reimbursement rates. In addition, we cannot assure you that LTAC PPS will not have a material adverse effect on revenues from non-government third party payors. Various factors, including a reduction in average length of stay, have negatively impacted revenues from non-government third party payors in recent years.
SCHIP Extension Act.
The SCHIP Extension Act became law on December 29, 2007. This legislation provides for, among other things:
(1) | a mandated study by the Secretary of Health and Human Services on the establishment of LTAC hospital certification criteria; |
(2) | enhanced medical necessity review of LTAC hospital cases; |
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(3) | a three-year moratorium on the establishment of a LTAC hospital or satellite facility, subject to exceptions for facilities under development; |
(4) | a three-year moratorium on an increase in the number of licensed beds at a LTAC hospital or satellite facility, subject to exceptions for states where there is only one other LTAC hospital and upon request following the closure or decrease in the number of licensed beds at a LTAC hospital within the state; |
(5) | a three-year moratorium on the application of a one-time budget neutrality adjustment to payment rates to LTAC hospitals under LTAC PPS; |
(6) | a three-year moratorium on very short-stay outlier payment reductions to LTAC hospitals initially implemented on May 1, 2007; |
(7) | a three-year moratorium on the application of the so-called 25 Percent Rule to freestanding LTAC hospitals; |
(8) | a three-year period during which LTAC hospitals that are co-located with another hospital may admit up to 50% of their patients from their co-located hospital and still be paid according to LTAC PPS; |
(9) | a three-year period during which LTAC hospitals that are co-located with an urban single hospital or a MSA Dominant hospital may admit up to 75% of their patients from such urban single hospital or MSA Dominant hospital and still be paid according to LTAC PPS; and |
(10) | the elimination of the July 1, 2007 market basket increase in the standard federal payment rate of 0.71%, effective for discharges occurring on or after April 1, 2008. |
The three year moratorium beginning on December 29, 2007 on the establishment and classification of new LTAC hospitals, LTAC satellite facilities and LTAC beds in existing LTAC hospitals or satellite hospitals does not apply to LTAC hospitals that, before December 29, 2007, (1) began the qualifying period for payment under LTAC PPS, (2) had a written agreement with an unrelated party for the construction, renovation, lease or demolition for a LTAC hospital and had expended at least 10% of the estimated cost of the project or $2,500,000, or (3) had obtained an approved certificate of need. The moratorium also does not apply to an increase in beds in an existing hospital or satellite facility if the LTAC hospital is located in a state where there is only one other LTAC hospital and the LTAC hospital requests an increase in beds following the closure or the decrease in the number of beds of the other LTAC hospital.
Recent Medicare Rate Adjustments.
On July 31, 2009, CMS issued final regulations regarding Medicare reimbursement for LTAC hospitals for the fiscal year beginning October 1, 2009. These final regulations include a recalibration of the MS-LTC-DRG payment weights as well as updates to the payment rates. CMS indicated that these changes will result in a 3.3% increase to average Medicare payments to LTAC hospitals. The 2.7% annualized reduction that resulted from a recalibration of MS-LTC-DRG payment weights on June 3, 2009 is incorporated into the final October 1, 2009 payment weights.
On May 2, 2008, CMS issued regulatory changes regarding Medicare reimbursement for LTAC hospitals (the 2008 Final Rule) that became effective for discharges occurring on or after July 1, 2008. The 2008 Final Rule projected an overall increase in payments to all Medicare certified LTAC hospitals of approximately 2.5%. Included in the 2008 Final Rule were (1) an increase to the standard federal payment rate of 2.7% (as compared to the adjusted federal rate for discharges occurring on or after April 1, 2008 by the SCHIP Extension Act); (2) adjustments to the wage index component of the federal payment resulting in projected reductions in payments of 0.1%; (3) an increase in the high cost outlier threshold per discharge to $22,960; and (4) an extension of the rate year cycle for one year to September 30, 2009, in order to be consistent thereafter with the federal fiscal year that begins October 1 of each year.
On May 1, 2007, CMS issued regulatory changes regarding Medicare reimbursement for LTAC hospitals (the 2007 Final Rule) that became effective for discharges occurring on or after July 1, 2007. The 2007 Final
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Rule was amended on June 29, 2007 by revising the high cost outlier threshold. The 2007 Final Rule projected an overall decrease in payments to all Medicare certified LTAC hospitals of approximately 1.2%. Included in the 2007 Final Rule were (1) an increase to the standard federal payment rate of 0.71% (which was eliminated for discharges occurring on or after April 1, 2008 by the SCHIP Extension Act); (2) revisions to payment methodologies impacting short-stay outliers, which reduce payments by 0.9% (currently subject to a three-year moratorium pursuant to the SCHIP Extension Act); (3) adjustments to the wage index component of the federal payment resulting in projected reductions in payments of 0.5%; (4) an increase in the high cost outlier threshold per discharge to $20,707, resulting in projected reductions of 0.4%; and (5) an extension of the policy known as the 25 Percent Rule to all LTAC hospitals (as discussed in more detail below), with a three-year phase-in, which CMS projected would not result in payment reductions for the first year of implementation (also currently subject to a three-year moratorium pursuant to the SCHIP Extension Act).
The 25 Percent Rule and Other Rules Impacting Reimbursement to HIHs.
CMS has regulations governing payments to LTAC hospitals that are co-located with another hospital, such as a HIH. The rules generally limit Medicare payments to the HIH if the Medicare admissions to the HIH from its co-located hospital exceed 25% of the total Medicare discharges for the HIHs cost reporting period, the so-called 25 Percent Rule. There are limited exceptions for admissions from rural, urban single and MSA Dominant hospitals. Patients transferred after they have reached the short-term acute care outlier payment status are not counted toward the admission threshold. Patients admitted prior to meeting the admission threshold, as well as Medicare patients admitted from a non co-located hospital, are eligible for the full payment under LTAC PPS. If the HIHs admissions from the co-located hospital exceed the limit in a cost reporting period, Medicare will pay the lesser of (1) the amount payable under LTAC PPS or (2) the amount payable under IPPS. At December 31, 2009, we operated 16 HIHs with 692 licensed beds.
In the 2007 Final Rule, the 25 Percent Rule was expanded to all LTAC hospitals, regardless of whether they are co-located with another hospital. Under the 2007 Final Rule, all LTAC hospitals were to be paid LTAC PPS rates for admissions from a single referral source up to 25% of aggregate Medicare admissions. Patients reaching high cost outlier status in the short-term hospital were not to be counted when computing the 25% limit. Admissions beyond the 25% threshold were to be paid at a lower amount based upon IPPS rates. Under the 2007 Final Rule, the 25% threshold was to be phased in over three years. Hospitals having fiscal years beginning on or after July 1, 2007 and before July 1, 2008, including most of our hospitals, had their admission cap initially established at the lesser of 75% of Medicare referrals or the actual percentage of Medicare referrals received from a primary referral source for that hospital in the base year of 2005. For most of our hospitals, this initial first year cap began on September 1, 2007. Beginning on September 1, 2008, the cap would have been reduced to the lesser of 50% of Medicare referrals or the actual percentage of Medicare referrals for that hospital in the 2005 base year. The fully phased-in cap of 25% would have applied to most of our hospitals after September 1, 2009.
As set forth above, the SCHIP Extension Act has placed a three-year moratorium on the expansion of the 25 Percent Rule to freestanding hospitals. In addition, the SCHIP Extension Act provides for a three-year period during which (1) LTAC hospitals may admit up to 50% of their patients from their co-located hospital and still be paid according to LTAC PPS, and (2) LTAC hospitals that are co-located with an urban single hospital or a MSA Dominant hospital may admit up to 75% of their patients from such urban single or MSA Dominant hospital and still be paid according to LTAC PPS. The three-year moratorium of the 25 Percent Rule threshold payment adjustment for freestanding hospitals and grandfathered HIHs will expire for cost reporting periods beginning on or after July 1, 2010. The expansion of the admission limit to 50% for non-grandfathered, LTAC hospitals from their co-located hospital will expire for cost reports beginning on or after October 1, 2010, the same time at which the 75% limit for MSA Dominant hospitals will expire.
Medicaid Reimbursement of Long-term Acute Care Hospitals The Medicaid program is designed to provide medical assistance to individuals unable to afford care. Medicaid payments are made under a number of different systems, which include cost-based reimbursement, prospective payment systems or programs that
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negotiate payment levels with individual hospitals. Medicaid programs are subject to statutory and regulatory changes, administrative rulings, interpretations of policy by state agencies and certain government funding limitations, all of which may increase or decrease the level of payments to our hospitals.
Non-government and Medicare Advantage Payment The hospital division seeks to maximize the number of non-government payment patients admitted to its hospitals, including those covered under commercial insurance and managed care health plans. Non-government payment patients typically have financial resources (including insurance coverages) to pay for their services and do not rely on government programs for support. It is important to our business to establish relationships with commercial insurers, managed care health plans and other private payors and to maintain our reputation with such payors as a provider of quality patient care. We negotiate contracts with purchasers of group healthcare services, including private employers, commercial insurers and managed care companies. Some payor organizations attempt to obtain discounts from established charges. We focus on demonstrating to these payors how our services can provide them and their customers with the most viable pricing arrangements in circumstances where they may otherwise be faced with funding treatment at higher rates at other healthcare providers. The importance of obtaining contracts with commercial insurers, managed care health plans and other private payors varies among markets, depending on such factors as the number of commercial payors and their relative market strength. Failure to obtain contracts with certain commercial insurers and managed care health plans or reductions in payments for our services provided to individuals covered by commercial insurance could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Health Services Division
General Regulations. The development and operation of nursing and rehabilitation centers and the provision of healthcare services are subject to federal, state and local laws relating to the adequacy of medical care, equipment, personnel, operating policies, fire prevention, rate-setting and compliance with building codes and environmental laws. Nursing and rehabilitation centers are subject to periodic inspection by governmental and other authorities to ensure continued compliance with various standards, continued licensing under state law, certification under the Medicare and Medicaid programs and continued participation in the Veterans Administration program. The failure to obtain, maintain or renew any required regulatory approvals or licenses could adversely affect nursing center operations including their financial results.
As noted above, the health services division also is subject to federal and state laws that govern financial and other arrangements between healthcare providers. These laws prohibit, among other things, certain direct and indirect payments or fee-splitting arrangements between healthcare providers that are designed to induce or encourage the referral of patients to, or the recommendation of, a particular provider for medical products and services. Such laws include the anti-kickback amendments discussed previously. In addition, some states restrict certain business relationships between physicians and ancillary service providers and some states prohibit business corporations from providing, or holding themselves out as a provider of, medical care. Possible sanctions for violation of any of these restrictions or prohibitions include loss of licensure or eligibility to participate in reimbursement programs as well as civil and criminal penalties. These laws vary considerably from state to state.
In certain circumstances, federal law mandates that conviction for certain abusive or fraudulent behavior with respect to one nursing center may subject other facilities under common control or ownership to disqualification from participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs. In addition, some regulations provide that all nursing and rehabilitation centers under common control or ownership within a state are subject to being delicensed if any one or more of such facilities are delicensed.
Licensure and Requirements for Participation. The nursing and rehabilitation centers operated and managed by the health services division are licensed either on an annual or bi-annual basis and generally are certified annually for participation in Medicare and Medicaid programs through various regulatory agencies that
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determine compliance with federal, state and local laws. These legal requirements relate to compliance with the laws and regulations governing the operation of nursing and rehabilitation centers including the quality of nursing care, the qualifications of the administrative and nursing personnel, and the adequacy of the physical plant and equipment. Federal regulations determine the survey process for nursing and rehabilitation centers that is followed by state survey agencies. The state survey agencies recommend to CMS the imposition of federal sanctions and impose state sanctions on facilities for noncompliance with certain requirements. Available sanctions include, but are not limited to, imposition of civil monetary penalties, temporary suspension of payment for new admissions, appointment of a temporary manager, suspension of payment for eligible patients and suspension or decertification from participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs.
We believe that substantially all of our nursing and rehabilitation centers are in substantial compliance with applicable Medicare and Medicaid requirements of participation. In the ordinary course of business, however, our nursing and rehabilitation centers periodically receive statements of deficiencies from regulatory agencies. In response, the nursing and rehabilitation centers implement plans of correction to address the alleged deficiencies. In most instances, the regulatory agency accepts the nursing centers plan of correction and places the nursing center back into compliance with regulatory requirements. In some cases, the regulatory agency may take a number of adverse actions against the nursing center, including the imposition of fines, temporary suspension of admission of new residents to the nursing center, decertification from participation in the Medicaid and/or Medicare programs and, in extreme circumstances, revocation of the nursing centers license.
Overview of Health Services Division Reimbursement
Medicare The Medicare Part A program provides reimbursement for extended care services furnished to Medicare beneficiaries who are admitted to nursing and rehabilitation centers after at least a three-day stay in an acute care hospital. Covered services include supervised nursing care, room and board, social services, physical, speech and occupational therapies, pharmaceuticals, supplies and other necessary services provided by nursing and rehabilitation centers. Medicare payments to our nursing and rehabilitation centers are based upon certain resource utilization grouping (RUG) payment rates developed by CMS that provide various levels of reimbursement based upon patient acuity.
The Balanced Budget Act established a Medicare prospective payment system (PPS) for nursing centers for cost reporting periods beginning on or after July 1, 1998. The payments received under PPS cover substantially all services for Medicare residents including all ancillary services, such as respiratory therapy, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy and certain covered pharmaceuticals.
Medicare Part B provides reimbursement for certain physician services, limited drug coverage and other outpatient services, such as therapy and other services, outside of a Medicare Part A covered patient stay. Since 2006, federal legislation has provided for an annual Medicare Part B outpatient therapy cap. In succeeding years, CMS subsequently increased the amount of the therapy cap. Legislation also was passed that required CMS to implement a broad process for reviewing medically necessary therapy claims, creating an exception to the cap. Legislation has annually extended the Medicare Part B outpatient therapy cap. Most recently, the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008, enacted on July 15, 2008, extended the therapy cap exception process from July 1, 2008 to December 31, 2009. The therapy cap exception process expired on December 31, 2009 and the current therapy cap for 2010 is $1,860.
On January 1, 2006, the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (Medicare Part D) implemented a major expansion of the Medicare program through the introduction of a prescription drug benefit. Under Medicare Part D, dual eligible patients have their outpatient prescription drug costs covered by this new Medicare benefit, subject to certain limitations. Most of our nursing center patients whose drug costs were previously covered by state Medicaid programs are dual eligible patients who qualify for the Medicare drug benefit. Accordingly, Medicaid is no longer a primary payor for the pharmacy services provided to these residents.
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Recent Medicare Rate Adjustments
On July 31, 2009, CMS issued final regulations regarding Medicare reimbursement for nursing centers for the fiscal year beginning October 1, 2009. Included in these regulations are (1) a market basket increase to the federal payment rates of 2.2%, (2) updates to the wage indexes which adjust the federal payment, and (3) a reduction in the RUG indexes attributed to a CMS forecast error in a prior year, resulting in a 3.3% reduction in payments. CMS estimated that these changes will result in a net decrease in Medicare payments to nursing and rehabilitation centers of 1.1%.
In addition, for the fiscal year beginning October 1, 2010, CMS will increase the number of RUG categories for nursing centers from 53 to 66 (i.e. RUGs IV) and amend the criteria, including the provision of therapy services, currently used to classify patients into these categories. CMS has indicated that these changes will be enacted in a budget neutral manner. While we are unable to estimate the impact of these changes, the operating results of our contract rehabilitation services business may be adversely affected.
On July 31, 2008, CMS issued final regulations regarding Medicare reimbursement for nursing centers for the fiscal year beginning October 1, 2008. These regulations included, among other things, a market basket increase to the federal payment rates of 3.4% and updates to the wage indexes which adjusted the federal payment. CMS estimates that the overall impact of these proposed changes will be a net increase in payments of 3.4%.
Medicaid Medicaid is a state-administered program financed by state funds and matching federal funds. The program provides for medical assistance to the indigent and certain other eligible persons. Although administered under broad federal regulations, states are given flexibility to construct programs and payment methods consistent with their individual goals. Accordingly, these programs differ in many respects from state to state.
The health services division provides to eligible individuals Medicaid-covered services consisting of nursing care, room and board and social services. In addition, states may at their option cover other services such as physical, occupational and speech therapies and pharmaceuticals. Medicaid programs also are subject to statutory and regulatory changes, administrative rulings, interpretations of policy by the state agencies and certain government funding limitations, all of which may materially increase or decrease the level of program payments to nursing and rehabilitation centers operated by the health services division. We believe that the payments under many of these programs may not be sufficient on an overall basis to cover the costs of serving certain patients participating in these programs. In addition, the recent downturn in the United States economy has accentuated budgetary pressures impacting state fiscal budgets, thereby further reducing Medicaid payments to our nursing and rehabilitation centers from current levels.
There continue to be legislative and regulatory proposals that would impose further limitations on government and private payments to providers of healthcare services. The Balanced Budget Act eased existing impediments on the ability of states to reduce their Medicaid reimbursement levels. Many states are considering or have enacted measures that are designed to reduce their Medicaid expenditures and to make certain changes to private healthcare insurance. As states face budgetary issues, we anticipate further pressure on Medicaid rates that could negatively impact payments to our nursing and rehabilitation centers.
In addition, some states seek to increase the levels of funding contributed by the federal government to their Medicaid programs through a mechanism known as a provider tax. Under these programs, states levy a tax on healthcare providers, which increases the amount of state revenue available to expend on the Medicaid program. This increase in program revenues increases the payment made by the federal government to the state in the form of matching funds. Consequently, the state then has more funds available to support Medicaid rates for providers of Medicaid covered services. However, states may not necessarily use these funds to increase payments to nursing center providers. Provider tax plans are subject to approval by the federal government and were included as a provision in the Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006, codifying the maximum Medicaid provider tax rate
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at 5.5% through fiscal year 2011. Although these plans have been approved in the past, we cannot assure you that such plans will be approved by the federal government in the future.
Non-government and Medicare Advantage Payment The health services division seeks to maximize the number of non-government payment residents admitted to our nursing and rehabilitation centers, including those covered under private insurance and managed care health plans. Non-government payment residents typically have financial resources (including insurance coverages) to pay for their services and do not rely on government programs for support. It is important to our business to establish relationships with commercial insurers, managed care health plans and other private payors and to maintain our reputation with such payors as a provider of quality patient and resident care. We negotiate contracts with purchasers of group healthcare services, including private employers, commercial insurers and managed care companies. Some payor organizations attempt to obtain discounts from established charges. We focus on demonstrating to these payors how our services can provide them and their customers with the most viable pricing arrangements in circumstances where they may otherwise be faced with funding treatment at higher rates at other healthcare providers. The importance of obtaining contracts with commercial insurers, managed care health plans and other private payors varies among markets, depending on such factors as the number of commercial payors and their relative market strength. Failure to obtain contracts with certain commercial insurers and managed care health plans or reductions in payments for our services provided to individuals covered by commercial insurance could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Rehabilitation Division
General Regulations. The rehabilitation division is subject to various federal and state regulations. Therapists and other healthcare professionals that we employ are required to be individually licensed or certified pursuant to applicable state and federal laws. We have processes in place in an effort to ensure that our therapists and other healthcare professionals are licensed or certified in accordance with applicable federal and state laws. In addition, we require our therapists and other employees to participate in continuing education programs. The failure of a therapist or other healthcare professional to obtain, maintain or renew required licenses or certifications could adversely affect a clients and our operations, including negatively impacting our financial results.
As noted above, the rehabilitation division is subject to federal and state laws that govern financial and other arrangements between healthcare providers. These laws prohibit, among other things, certain direct and indirect payments or fee-splitting arrangements between healthcare providers that are designed to induce or encourage the referral of patients to, or the recommendation of, a particular provider for medical products and services. Such laws include the anti-fraud and anti-kickback laws discussed previously. In addition, some states restrict certain business relationships between physicians and ancillary service providers. Some states also prohibit for-profit corporations from providing rehabilitation services through therapists who are directly employed by the corporation or otherwise providing, or holding themselves out as a provider of, medical care. Possible sanctions for violation of any of these restrictions or prohibitions include loss of eligibility to contract with long-term care facilities, hospitals and other providers participating in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal healthcare programs as well as civil and criminal penalties. These laws vary considerably from state to state.
Overview of Rehabilitation Division Revenues
The rehabilitation division receives payment for the services it provides to patients and residents of the nursing centers, acute and long-term acute care hospitals, outpatient clinics, home health agencies, assisted living facilities, school districts and hospice providers that we serve. The payments are based upon negotiated patient per diem rates, negotiated per minute rates or a fee schedule based upon the type of service rendered.
As noted above, various federal and state laws and regulations govern reimbursement to long-term care facilities, hospitals and other healthcare providers participating in Medicare, Medicaid and other federal
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healthcare programs. Though these laws and regulations are generally not applicable to our rehabilitation division, they are applicable to our customers. If our customers fail to comply with these laws and regulations they could be subject to possible sanctions, including loss of licensure or eligibility to participate in reimbursement programs as well as civil and criminal penalties, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity. In addition, there continue to be legislative and regulatory proposals to contain healthcare costs by imposing further limitations on government and private payments to providers of healthcare services.
Since 2006, federal legislation has provided for an annual Medicare Part B outpatient therapy cap. In succeeding years, CMS subsequently increased the therapy cap. Legislation also was passed that required CMS to implement a broad process for reviewing medically necessary therapy claims, creating an exception to the cap. Legislation has annually extended the Medicare Part B outpatient therapy cap. Most recently, the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008, enacted on July 15, 2008, extended the therapy cap exception process from July 1, 2008 to December 31, 2009. The therapy cap exception process expired on December 31, 2009 and the current therapy cap for 2010 is $1,860.
In addition, for the fiscal year beginning October 1, 2010, CMS will increase the number of RUG categories for nursing centers from 53 to 66 (i.e. RUGs IV) and amend the criteria, including the provision of therapy services, currently used to classify patients into these categories. CMS has indicated that these changes will be enacted in a budget neutral manner. While we are unable to estimate the impact of these changes, the operating results of our contract rehabilitation services business may be adversely affected.
Reductions in the reimbursement provided to our customers by Medicare or Medicaid could negatively impact the demand and price for our services and could have a material adverse effect on our rehabilitation revenues and growth prospects.
MASTER LEASE AGREEMENTS
At December 31, 2009, we leased from Ventas and its affiliates 38 LTAC hospitals and 159 nursing centers under four master lease agreements (as amended, the Master Lease Agreements). Under the Master Lease Agreements, Ventas has a right to sever properties from the existing leases in order to create additional leases, a device adopted to facilitate its financing flexibility. In such circumstances, our aggregate lease obligations remain unchanged.
On April 30, 2009, we entered into agreements with Ventas to renew the leases for 86 nursing centers and 22 LTAC hospitals (collectively, the 2010 Renewal Facilities) for an additional five years. The initial lease term for the 2010 Renewal Facilities was set to expire in April 2010.
In addition, we completed the 2009 Facility Acquisitions for $55.7 million in June 2009 and paid Ventas a lease termination fee of $2.3 million.
The following summary description of the Master Lease Agreements is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Master Lease Agreements as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC).
Term and Renewals
Each Master Lease Agreement includes land, buildings, structures and other improvements on the land, easements and similar appurtenances to the land and improvements, and permanently affixed equipment, machinery and other fixtures relating to the operation of the leased properties. There are several bundles of leased properties under each Master Lease Agreement, with each bundle containing approximately five to 20 leased properties.
Under the Master Lease Agreements, the base term for 28 nursing center and eight LTAC hospital leases (which are contained in four renewal bundles) is scheduled to expire in April 2013 (the 2013 Lease Renewals).
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At our option, the 2013 Lease Renewals may be extended for one five-year renewal term beyond the base term at the then existing rental rate plus the then existing escalation amount per annum. If we elect to renew, all, but not less than all, of the facilities in a renewal bundle must be renewed.
The base terms for 45 nursing centers and eight LTAC hospitals as well as the 2010 Renewal Facilities were initially set to expire in April 2008 and 2010, respectively, but were each renewed for additional five-year terms. We may further extend the term of these leases for two additional five-year renewal terms beyond the first renewal term at the greater of (1) the then existing rental rate plus the then existing escalation amount per annum or (2) the then fair market value rental rate. The fair market value rental rate is determined through an appraisal procedure set forth in the Master Lease Agreements. The then fair market value rental rate may be materially higher than the existing rental rate. In such a situation we may be forced to either not exercise the renewal or pay the higher rental rate, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity. If we elect to renew, all, but not less than all, of the facilities in a renewal bundle must be renewed.
The following chart sets forth the remaining lease renewals under the Master Lease Agreements:
Facility renewals | ||||||||
Expiration date |
Renewal date | Nursing centers | Hospitals | Renewal bundles | ||||
April 30, 2013 |
November 1, 2011 April 29, 2012 |
28 | 8 | 4 | ||||
April 30, 2013 |
November 1, 2011 April 29, 2012 |
45 | 8 | 7 | ||||
April 30, 2015 |
November 1, 2013 April 29, 2014 |
86 | 22 | 11 |
We may not extend the Master Lease Agreements beyond the base term or any previously exercised renewal term if, at the time we seek such extension and at the time such extension takes effect, (1) an event of default has occurred and is continuing or (2) a Medicare/Medicaid event of default (as described below) and/or a licensed bed event of default (as described below) has occurred and is continuing with respect to three or more leased properties subject to a particular Master Lease Agreement. The base term and renewal term of each Master Lease Agreement are subject to termination upon default by us (subject to certain exceptions) and certain other conditions described in the Master Lease Agreements.
Rental Amounts and Escalators
Each Master Lease Agreement is commonly known as a triple-net lease or an absolute-net lease. Accordingly, in addition to rent, we are required to pay the following: (1) all insurance required in connection with the leased properties and the business conducted on the leased properties, (2) certain taxes levied on or with respect to the leased properties (other than taxes on the income of Ventas) and (3) all utilities and other services necessary or appropriate for the leased properties and the business conducted on the leased properties.
Under the Master Lease Agreements, the annual aggregate base rent owed by us currently approximates $242 million. We paid rents to Ventas (including amounts classified as discontinued operations) approximating $243 million for the year ended December 31, 2009, $239 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 and $238 million for the year ended December 31, 2007.
Each Master Lease Agreement provides for rent escalations each May 1 if the patient revenues for the leased properties meet certain criteria as measured using the preceding calendar year revenues as compared to the base period. All annual rent escalators are payable in cash. In connection with the exercise of the rent reset by Ventas in 2006, the rent escalations were modified. The contingent annual rent escalator is 2.7% for Master Lease Agreements Nos. 1, 3 and 4. The contingent annual rent escalator for Master Lease Agreement No. 2 is based
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upon the Consumer Price Index with a floor of 2.25% and a ceiling of 4%. In 2009, the contingent annual rent escalator for Master Lease Agreement No. 2 was 2.25%.
Use of the Leased Property
The Master Lease Agreements require that we utilize the leased properties solely for the provision of healthcare services and related uses and as Ventas may otherwise consent. We are responsible for maintaining or causing to be maintained all licenses, certificates and permits necessary for the leased properties to comply with various healthcare and other regulations. We also are obligated to operate continuously each leased property as a provider of healthcare services.
Events of Default
Under each Master Lease Agreement, an Event of Default will be deemed to occur if, among other things:
| we fail to pay rent or other amounts within five days after notice, |
| we fail to comply with covenants, which failure continues for 30 days or, so long as diligent efforts to cure such failure are being made, such longer period (not over 180 days) as is necessary to cure such failure, |
| certain bankruptcy or insolvency events occur, including filing a petition of bankruptcy or a petition for reorganization under the bankruptcy code, |
| an event of default arises from our failure to pay principal or interest on any indebtedness exceeding $50 million, |
| the maturity of any indebtedness exceeding $50 million is accelerated, |
| we cease to operate any leased property as a provider of healthcare services for a period of 30 days, |
| a default occurs under any guaranty of any lease or the indemnity agreements with Ventas, |
| we or our subtenant lose any required healthcare license, permit or approval or fail to comply with any legal requirements as determined by a final unappealable determination, |
| we fail to maintain insurance, |
| we create or allow to remain certain liens, |
| we breach any material representation or warranty, |
| a reduction occurs in the number of licensed beds in a facility, generally in excess of 10% (or less than 10% if we have voluntarily banked licensed beds) of the number of licensed beds in the applicable facility on the commencement date (a licensed bed event of default), |
| Medicare or Medicaid certification with respect to a participating facility is revoked and re-certification does not occur for 120 days (plus an additional 60 days in certain circumstances) (a Medicare/Medicaid event of default), |
| we become subject to regulatory sanctions as determined by a final unappealable determination and fail to cure such regulatory sanctions within the specified cure period for any facility, |
| we fail to cure a breach of any permitted encumbrance within the applicable cure period and, as a result, a real property interest or other beneficial property right of Ventas is at material risk of being terminated, or |
| we fail to cure the breach of any of the obligations of Ventas as lessee under any existing ground lease within the applicable cure period and, if such breach is a non-monetary, non-material breach, such existing ground lease is at material risk of being terminated. |
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Remedies for an Event of Default
Except as noted below, upon an Event of Default under one of the Master Lease Agreements, Ventas may, at its option, exercise the following remedies:
(1) after not less than ten days notice to us, terminate the Master Lease Agreement to which such Event of Default relates, repossess any leased property, relet any leased property to a third party and require that we pay to Ventas, as liquidated damages, the net present value of the rent for the balance of the term, discounted at the prime rate,
(2) without terminating the Master Lease Agreement to which such Event of Default relates, repossess the leased property and relet the leased property with us remaining liable under such Master Lease Agreement for all obligations to be performed by us thereunder, including the difference, if any, between the rent under such Master Lease Agreement and the rent payable as a result of the reletting of the leased property, and
(3) seek any and all other rights and remedies available under law or in equity.
In addition to the remedies noted above, under the Master Lease Agreements, in the case of a facility-specific event of default, Ventas may terminate a Master Lease Agreement as to the leased property to which the Event of Default relates, and may, but need not, terminate the entire Master Lease Agreement. Each of the Master Lease Agreements includes special rules relative to Medicare/Medicaid events of default and a licensed bed event of default. In the event a Medicare/Medicaid event of default and/or a licensed bed event of default occurs and is continuing (a) with respect to not more than two properties at the same time under a Master Lease Agreement that covers 41 or more properties and (b) with respect to not more than one property at the same time under a Master Lease Agreement that covers 21 to and including 40 properties, Ventas may not exercise termination or dispossession remedies against any property other than the property or properties to which the event of default relates. Thus, in the event Medicare/Medicaid events of default and licensed bed events of default would occur and be continuing (a) with respect to one property under a Master Lease Agreement that covers less than 20 properties, (b) with respect to two or more properties at the same time under a Master Lease Agreement that covers 21 to and including 40 properties, or (c) with respect to three or more properties at the same time under a Master Lease Agreement that covers 41 or more properties, then Ventas would be entitled to exercise all rights and remedies available to it under the Master Lease Agreements.
Assignment and Subletting
Except as noted below, the Master Lease Agreements provide that we may not assign, sublease or otherwise transfer any leased property or any portion of a leased property as a whole (or in substantial part), including by virtue of a change of control, without the consent of Ventas, which may not be unreasonably withheld if the proposed assignee (1) is a creditworthy entity with sufficient financial stability to satisfy its obligations under the related Master Lease Agreement, (2) has not less than four years experience in operating healthcare facilities for the purpose of the applicable facilitys primary intended use, (3) has a favorable business and operational reputation and character, and (4) has all licenses, permits, approvals and authorizations to operate the facility and agrees to comply with the use restrictions in the related Master Lease Agreement. The obligation of Ventas to consent to a subletting or assignment is subject to the reasonable approval rights of any mortgagee and/or the lenders under its credit agreement. We may sublease up to 20% of each leased property for restaurants, gift shops and other stores or services customarily found in hospitals or nursing centers without the consent of Ventas, subject, however, to there being no material alteration in the character of the leased property or in the nature of the business conducted on such leased property.
In addition, each Master Lease Agreement allows us to assign or sublease (a) without the consent of Ventas, 10% of the nursing center facilities in each Master Lease Agreement and (b) with Ventass consent (which consent will not be unreasonably withheld, delayed or conditioned), two hospitals in each Master Lease
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Agreement, if either (i) the applicable regulatory authorities have threatened to revoke our Medicaid or Medicare certification or an authorization necessary to operate such leased property or (ii) we cannot profitably operate such leased property. Any such proposed assignee/sublessee must satisfy the requirements listed above and it must have all licenses, permits, approvals and other authorizations required to operate the leased properties in accordance with the applicable permitted use. With respect to any assignment or sublease made under this provision, Ventas agrees to execute a nondisturbance and attornment agreement with such proposed assignee or subtenant. Upon any assignment or subletting, we will not be released from our obligations under the applicable Master Lease Agreement.
Subject to certain exclusions, we must pay to Ventas 80% of any consideration received by us on account of an assignment and 80% (50% in the case of existing subleases) of sublease rent payments (approximately equal to revenue net of specified allowed expenses attributable to a sublease, and specifically defined in the Master Lease Agreements), provided that Ventass right to such payments will be subordinate to that of our lenders.
Ventas will have the right to approve the purchaser at a foreclosure of one or more of our leasehold mortgages by our lenders. Such approval will not be unreasonably withheld so long as such purchaser is creditworthy, reputable and has four years experience in operating healthcare facilities. Any dispute regarding whether Ventas has unreasonably withheld its consent to such purchaser will be subject to expedited arbitration.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Employees
As of December 31, 2009, we had approximately 39,500 full-time and 14,600 part-time and per diem employees. We had approximately 2,800 unionized employees at 29 of our facilities as of December 31, 2009.
The market for qualified nurses, therapists and other healthcare professionals is highly competitive. We, like other healthcare providers, have experienced difficulties in attracting and retaining qualified personnel such as nurses, certified nurses assistants, nurses aides, therapists and other providers of healthcare services. Our hospitals and nursing and rehabilitation centers are particularly dependent on nurses for patient care. Our rehabilitation division continues to seek qualified therapists to fill open positions. The difficulty we have experienced in hiring and retaining qualified personnel has increased our average wage rates and may force us to increase our use of contract personnel. We expect to continue to experience increases in our labor costs primarily due to higher wages and greater benefits required to attract and retain qualified healthcare personnel. Salaries, wages and benefits were approximately 58% of our consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2009. Our ability to manage labor costs will significantly affect our future operating results.
Professional and General Liability Insurance
Our healthcare operations are primarily insured for professional and general liability risks by our wholly owned limited purpose insurance subsidiary, Cornerstone Insurance Company (Cornerstone). Cornerstone insures initial losses up to specified coverage levels per occurrence. On a per claim basis, coverages for losses in excess of those insured by Cornerstone are maintained through unaffiliated commercial insurance carriers. Cornerstone insures all claims in all states up to a per occurrence limit without the benefit of any aggregate coverage limit through unaffiliated commercial insurance carriers, thereby increasing our financial risk.
We believe that our insurance is adequate in amount and coverage. There can be no assurance that in the future such insurance will be available at a reasonable price or that we will be able to maintain adequate levels of professional and general liability insurance coverage.
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Where You Can Find More Information
We file annual, quarterly and special reports, proxy statements and other information with the SEC under the Exchange Act.
You also may read or obtain copies of this information in person or by mail from the SECs Public Reference Room, 100 F Street, NE, Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the operation of the Public Reference Room. Our filings with the SEC also are available to the public on the SEC website at http://www.sec.gov, which contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information. You also may inspect reports, proxy statements and other information about us at the office of the NASD, Inc. at 1735 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006.
Our filings with the SEC, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments thereto, are available free of charge on our website, through a link to the SECs website, as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the SEC. Our website is www.kindredhealthcare.com. Information made available on our website is not a part of this document.
Item 1A. | Risk Factors |
Certain statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and the documents we incorporate by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. All statements regarding our expected future financial position, results of operations, cash flows, financing plans, business strategy, budgets, capital expenditures, competitive positions, growth opportunities, plans and objectives of management and statements containing the words such as anticipate, approximate, believe, plan, estimate, expect, project, could, should, will, intend, may and other similar expressions, are forward-looking statements.
Such forward-looking statements are inherently uncertain, and you must recognize that actual results may differ materially from our expectations as a result of a variety of factors, including, without limitation, those discussed below. Such forward-looking statements are based upon managements current expectations and include known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, many of which we are unable to predict or control, that may cause our actual results or performance to differ materially from any future results or performance expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. These statements involve risks, uncertainties and other factors discussed below and detailed from time to time in our filings with the SEC. Factors that may affect our plans or results include, without limitation:
| the potential impact of healthcare reform, which would initiate significant reforms to the United States healthcare system, including potential material changes to the delivery of healthcare services and the reimbursement paid for such services by the government or other third party payors. Healthcare reform would impact each of our businesses in some manner. Due to the unsettled nature of the current healthcare reform bills, the substantial regulatory changes that would need to be implemented by CMS and others, and the numerous processes required to implement these reforms, we cannot predict which healthcare initiatives will be implemented at the federal or state level, the timing of any such reforms, or the effect such reforms or any other future legislation or regulation will have on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity, |
| changes in the reimbursement rates or the methods or timing of payment from third party payors, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs, changes arising from and related to LTAC PPS, including potential changes in the Medicare payment rules, Medicare Part D and changes in Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements for our nursing centers, and the expiration of the Medicare Part B therapy cap exception process, |
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| the effects of additional legislative changes and government regulations, interpretation of regulations and changes in the nature and enforcement of regulations governing the healthcare industry, |
| the impact of the SCHIP Extension Act, including the ability of our hospitals to adjust to potential LTAC certification, medical necessity reviews and the three-year moratorium on future hospital development that expires December 29, 2010, |
| the impact of the expiration of several moratoriums under the SCHIP Extension Act which could impact the short stay rules, the budget neutrality adjustment as well as implement the 25 Percent Rule, which could limit certain patient admissions, |
| failure of our facilities to meet applicable licensure and certification requirements, |
| the further consolidation and cost containment efforts of managed care organizations and other third party payors, |
| our ability to meet our rental and debt service obligations, |
| our ability to operate pursuant to the terms of our debt obligations and the Master Lease Agreements, |
| the condition of the financial markets, including volatility and weakness in the equity, capital and credit markets, which could limit the availability and terms of debt and equity financing sources to fund the requirements of our businesses, or which could negatively impact our investment portfolio, |
| national and regional economic, financial, business and political conditions, including their effect on the availability and cost of labor, credit, materials and other services, |
| our ability to control costs, particularly labor and employee benefit costs, |
| increased operating costs due to shortages in qualified nurses, therapists and other healthcare personnel, |
| our ability to attract and retain key executives and other healthcare personnel, |
| the increase in the costs of defending and insuring against alleged professional liability claims and our ability to predict the estimated costs related to such claims, including the impact of differences in actuarial assumptions and estimates compared to eventual outcomes, |
| our ability to successfully reduce (by divestiture of operations or otherwise) our exposure to professional liability claims, |
| our ability to successfully pursue our development activities, including through acquisitions, and successfully integrate new operations, including the realization of anticipated revenues, economies of scale, cost savings and productivity gains associated with such operations, |
| our ability to successfully dispose of unprofitable facilities, |
| events or circumstances which could result in impairment of an asset or other charges, |
| changes in generally accepted accounting principles or practices, and |
| our ability to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting. |
Many of these factors are beyond our control. We caution you that any forward-looking statements made by us are not guarantees of future performance. We disclaim any obligation to update any such factors or to announce publicly the results of any revisions to any of the forward-looking statements to reflect future events or developments.
You should consider carefully all the risks described below, together with all of the information included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, in evaluating our Company and our common stock. To facilitate your consideration of all of the risks described below, these risks are organized under headings and subheadings for
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your convenience. If any of the risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K were to occur, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations, liquidity and stock price.
Risk Factors Relating to Reimbursement and Regulation of Our Business
Healthcare reform would initiate significant reforms to the United States healthcare system.
Congress and the White House Administration are currently considering healthcare reform bills, which would initiate significant reforms to the United States healthcare system, including potential material changes to the delivery of healthcare services and the reimbursement paid for such services by the government or other third party payors. The House of Representatives has passed a healthcare reform bill entitled The Affordable Healthcare for America Act and the Senate has passed a healthcare reform bill entitled The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. At this time, we cannot predict if or when one of these bills or similar legislation may be passed and submitted to the President.
The healthcare reforms contained in these bills would impact each of our businesses in some manner. Due to the unsettled nature of the current healthcare reform bills, the substantial regulatory changes that would need to be implemented by CMS and others, and the numerous processes required to implement these reforms, we cannot predict which healthcare reforms will be implemented at the federal or state level, the timing of any such reforms, or the effect such reforms or any other future legislation or regulation will have on our business.
Several of the proposed reforms are very significant and could ultimately change the nature of our services, the methods of payment for our services and the underlying regulatory environment. The proposed reforms could include modifications to the conditions of qualification for payment, bundling payments to cover both acute and post-acute care and the imposition of enrollment limitations on new providers. In addition, a primary goal of healthcare reform is to reduce costs, which could include reductions in the reimbursement paid to us and other healthcare providers. Moreover, healthcare reform could negatively impact insurance companies, other third party payors, our customers, as well as other healthcare providers, which may in turn negatively impact our business. As such, these healthcare reforms or other similar healthcare reforms, if adopted, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Changes in the reimbursement rates or methods or timing of payment from third party payors, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs, or the implementation of other measures to reduce reimbursement for our services and products could result in a substantial reduction in our revenues and operating margins.
We depend on reimbursement from third party payors, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs, for substantially all of our revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2009, we derived approximately 64% of our total revenues (before eliminations) from the Medicare and Medicaid programs and the balance from other third party payors, such as commercial insurance companies, health maintenance organizations, preferred provider organizations and contracted providers. The Medicare and Medicaid programs are highly regulated and subject to frequent and substantial changes. See Item 1 Business.
There are continuing efforts to reform governmental healthcare programs that could result in major changes in the healthcare delivery and reimbursement system on a national and state level, including changes directly impacting the government and private reimbursement systems for our LTAC hospitals, our nursing and rehabilitation centers as well as our rehabilitation operations. Reforms or other changes to the payment systems, including modifications to the conditions of qualification for payment, bundling payments to cover both acute and post-acute care or the imposition of enrollment limitations on new providers, may be proposed or could be adopted by Congress or CMS in the future.
Moreover, weak economic conditions also could adversely affect the budgets of individual states and of the federal government. This could result in attempts to reduce or eliminate payments for federal and state healthcare programs, including Medicare and Medicaid, and could result in an increase in taxes and assessments on our
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activities. In addition, private third party payors are continuing their efforts to control healthcare costs through direct contracts with healthcare providers, increased utilization review and greater enrollment in managed care programs and preferred provider organizations. These private payors increasingly are demanding discounted fee structures and are requesting that healthcare providers assume more financial risk.
Though we cannot predict what, if any, reform proposals will be adopted, healthcare reform and regulations may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity through, among other things, decreasing funds available for our services or increased operating costs. We could be affected adversely by the continuing efforts of governmental and private third party payors to contain healthcare costs. We cannot assure you that reimbursement payments under governmental and private third party payor programs, including Medicare supplemental insurance policies, will remain at levels comparable to present levels or will be sufficient to cover the costs allocable to patients eligible for reimbursement pursuant to these programs. Future changes in third party payor reimbursement rates or methods, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs, or the implementation of other measures to reduce reimbursement for our services and products could result in a substantial reduction in our revenues. Our operating margins may continue to be under pressure because of deterioration in pricing flexibility, changes in payor mix, changes in length of stay and growth in operating expenses in excess of increases in payments by third party payors. In addition, as a result of competitive pressures, our ability to maintain operating margins through price increases to private patients or commercial payors is limited. These results could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Future cost containment initiatives undertaken by third party payors may limit our revenues and profitability.
Initiatives undertaken by major insurers and managed care companies to contain healthcare costs or to respond to healthcare reform could affect the profitability of our services. These payors attempt to control healthcare costs by contracting with providers of healthcare to obtain services on a discounted basis. We believe that this trend may continue or intensify and may limit reimbursements for healthcare services. If insurers or managed care companies from whom we receive substantial payments reduce the amounts they pay for services, our profit margins may decline, or we may lose patients if we choose not to renew our contracts with these insurers at lower rates. These results could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Further consolidation of managed care organizations and other third party payors may adversely affect our profits.
Managed care organizations and other third party payors have continued to consolidate in order to enhance their ability to influence the delivery of healthcare services. Consequently, the healthcare needs of a large percentage of the United States population are increasingly served by a smaller number of managed care organizations. These organizations generally enter into service agreements with a limited number of providers for needed services. In addition, third party payors, including managed care payors, increasingly are demanding discounted fee structures. To the extent that these organizations terminate us as a preferred provider, engage our competitors as a preferred or exclusive provider or demand discounted fee structures, our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity could be materially and adversely affected.
We conduct business in a heavily regulated industry, and changes in regulations, the enforcement thereof or violations of regulations may result in increased costs or sanctions that reduce our revenues and profitability.
In the ordinary course of our business, we are subject regularly to inquiries, investigations and audits by federal and state agencies that oversee applicable healthcare program participation and payment regulations. We believe that the regulatory environment surrounding most segments of the healthcare industry remains intense.
The extensive federal, state and local regulations affecting the healthcare industry include, but are not limited to, regulations relating to licensure, conduct of operations, ownership of facilities, addition of facilities,
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allowable costs, services and prices for services, facility staffing requirements, qualifications and licensure of staff, environmental and occupational health and safety, and the confidentiality and security of health-related information. In particular, various laws including anti-kickback, anti-fraud and abuse amendments codified under the Social Security Act prohibit certain business practices and relationships that might affect the provision and cost of healthcare services reimbursable under Medicare and Medicaid, including the payment or receipt of remuneration for the referral of patients whose care will be paid by Medicare or other governmental programs. Sanctions for violating the anti-kickback, anti-fraud and abuse amendments under the Social Security Act include criminal penalties, civil sanctions, fines and possible exclusion from government programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. See Item 1 Business Governmental Regulation.
Federal and state governments continue to impose intensive enforcement policies resulting in a significant number of inspections, audits, citations of regulatory deficiencies and other regulatory sanctions including demands for refund of overpayments, terminations from the Medicare and Medicaid programs, bans on Medicare and Medicaid payments for new admissions and civil monetary penalties. RAC audits and other audits evaluating the medical necessity of services provided are expected to further intensify the regulatory environment surrounding the healthcare industry as third party firms engaged by CMS commence extensive reviews of claims data and medical and other records to identify improper payments to healthcare providers under the Medicare program. If we fail to comply with the extensive laws and regulations applicable to our businesses, we could become ineligible to receive government program reimbursement, suffer civil or criminal penalties or be required to make significant changes to our operations. In addition, we could be forced to expend considerable resources responding to investigations, audits or other enforcement actions under these laws or regulations. Furthermore, should we lose the licenses for one or more of our facilities as a result of regulatory action or otherwise, we could be in default under our Master Lease Agreements and our revolving credit facility. Failure of our staff to satisfy applicable licensure requirements or of our hospitals and nursing centers to satisfy applicable licensure and certification requirements could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
We are unable to predict the future course of federal, state and local regulation or legislation, including Medicare and Medicaid statutes and regulations, or the intensity of federal and state enforcement actions. Changes in the regulatory framework, including those associated with healthcare reform, and sanctions from various enforcement actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
We face periodic reviews, audits and investigations under our contracts with federal and state government agencies and other payors, and these audits could have adverse findings that may negatively impact our business.
As a result of our participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs, we are subject to various governmental reviews, audits and investigations to verify our compliance with these programs and applicable laws and regulations. We also are subject to audits under various government programs, including the RAC program, in which third party firms engaged by CMS conduct extensive reviews of claims data and medical and other records to identify potential improper payments to healthcare providers under the Medicare program. Private pay sources also reserve the right to conduct audits. Our costs to respond to and defend reviews, audits and investigations may be significant and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity. Moreover, an adverse review, audit or investigation could result in:
| required refunding or retroactive adjustment of amounts we have been paid pursuant to the Medicare or Medicaid programs or from other payors; |
| state or federal agencies imposing fines, penalties and other sanctions on us; |
| loss of our right to participate in the Medicare or Medicaid programs or one or more third party payor networks; or |
| damage to our reputation in various markets. |
These results could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
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If our LTAC hospitals fail to maintain their certification as long-term acute care hospitals, our profitability would decline.
If our LTAC hospitals, satellite LTAC facilities or HIHs fail to meet or maintain conditions for participation in the Medicare program and the standards for certification as LTAC hospitals, such as average minimum length of patient stay, they will receive payments under the prospective payment system applicable to general acute care hospitals rather than payment under the system applicable to LTAC hospitals. Payments at rates applicable to general acute care hospitals would result in our LTAC hospitals receiving less Medicare reimbursement than they currently receive for their patient services and our profitability would decline. In addition, implementation of additional LTAC hospital certification criteria and medical necessity reviews may limit the population of patients eligible for our services or change the basis upon which we are paid, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Implementation of additional patient or facility criteria for LTAC hospitals that limit the population of patients eligible for our hospital services or change the basis upon which we are paid could adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
CMS has, for a number of years, considered the development of facility and patient certification criteria for LTAC hospitals, potentially as an alternative to the current payment system under LTAC PPS. In 2004, MedPAC recommended to Congress the adoption by CMS of new facility staffing and services criteria and patient clinical characteristics and treatment requirements for LTAC hospitals in order to ensure that only appropriate patients are admitted to these facilities. Since the MedPAC recommendation, CMS has initiated studies to examine such recommendations and those studies are ongoing. Implementation of additional criteria that may limit the population of patients eligible for our hospital services or change the basis upon which we are paid could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
The temporary moratorium on the Medicare certification of new LTAC hospitals and beds in existing LTAC hospitals will limit our ability to increase LTAC hospital bed capacity, expand into new areas or increase services in existing areas we serve.
The SCHIP Extension Act imposed a three-year moratorium beginning on December 29, 2007 on the establishment and classification of new LTAC hospitals, LTAC satellite facilities and LTAC beds in existing LTAC hospitals or satellite hospitals. The moratorium does not apply to LTAC hospitals that, before December 29, 2007, (1) began the qualifying period for payment under LTAC PPS, (2) had a written agreement with an unrelated party for the construction, renovation, lease or demolition for a LTAC hospital and had expended at least 10% of the estimated cost of the project or $2,500,000 or (3) had obtained an approved certificate of need. The moratorium also does not apply to an increase in beds in an existing hospital or satellite facility if the LTAC hospital is located in a state where there is only one other LTAC hospital and the LTAC hospital requests an increase in beds following the closure or the decrease in the number of beds of the other LTAC hospital. This moratorium may adversely affect our ability to increase LTAC bed capacity, expand into new areas or increase bed capacity in existing markets we serve.
Expiration of the moratorium imposed on certain federal regulations otherwise applicable to LTAC hospitals, including HIHs and satellite hospitals, will have an adverse effect on our future revenues and profitability.
The SCHIP Extension Act, among other things, placed a three-year moratorium on (1) the application of a one-time budget neutrality adjustment to payment rates to LTAC hospitals under LTAC PPS, and (2) the very short stay outlier payment reductions to LTAC hospitals. This three-year moratorium expires on December 29,
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2010. The expiration of this moratorium could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
CMS has regulations governing payments to LTAC hospitals that are co-located with another hospital, such as a HIH. The rules generally limit Medicare payments to the HIH if the Medicare admissions to the HIH from its co-located hospital exceed 25% of the total Medicare discharges for the HIHs cost reporting period. There are limited exceptions for admissions from rural, urban single and MSA Dominant hospitals. Patients transferred after they have reached the short-term acute care outlier payment status are not counted toward the admission threshold. Patients admitted prior to meeting the admission threshold, as well as Medicare patients admitted from a non co-located hospital, are eligible for the full payment under LTAC PPS. If the HIHs admissions from the co-located hospital exceed the limit in a cost reporting period, Medicare will pay the lesser of (1) the amount payable under LTAC PPS or (2) the amount payable under IPPS.
In 2007 CMS expanded the 25 Percent Rule to all LTAC hospitals, regardless of whether they are co-located with another hospital. Under this 2007 final rule, all LTAC hospitals were to be paid LTAC PPS rates for admissions from a single referral source up to 25% of aggregate Medicare admissions. Patients reaching high cost outlier status in the short-term hospital were not to be counted when computing the 25% limit. Admissions beyond the 25% threshold were to be paid at a lower amount based upon IPPS rates.
Under the 2007 final rule, the 25% threshold was to be phased in over three years. Hospitals having fiscal years beginning on or after July 1, 2007 and before July 1, 2008, including most of our hospitals, had their admission cap initially established at the lesser of 75% of Medicare referrals or the actual percentage of Medicare referrals received from a primary referral source for that hospital in the base year of 2005. For most of our hospitals, this initial first year cap began on September 1, 2007. Beginning on September 1, 2008, the cap would have been reduced to the lesser of 50% of Medicare referrals or the actual percentage of Medicare referrals for that hospital in the 2005 base year. The fully phased-in cap of 25% would have applied to most of our hospitals after September 1, 2009.
The SCHIP Extension Act placed a three-year moratorium on the expansion of the 25 Percent Rule to freestanding hospitals. In addition, the SCHIP Extension Act provides for a three-year period during which (1) LTAC hospitals may admit up to 50% of their patients from their co-located hospital and still be paid according to LTAC PPS, and (2) LTAC hospitals that are co-located with an urban single hospital or a MSA Dominant hospital may admit up to 75% of their patients from such urban single or MSA Dominant hospital and still be paid according to LTAC PPS. The three-year moratorium of the 25 Percent Rule threshold payment adjustment for freestanding hospitals and grandfathered HIHs will expire for cost reporting periods beginning on or after July 1, 2010. The expansion of the admission limit to 50% for non-grandfathered LTAC hospitals from their co-located hospital will expire for cost reports beginning on or after October 1, 2010, the same time at which the 75% limit for MSA Dominant hospitals will expire.
Since these rules are complex and are based on the volume of Medicare admissions and the source of those admissions, we cannot predict with any certainty the impact on our future revenues or operations from these regulations. If the 25 Percent Rule is applied as currently written, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity when the moratorium expires.
Healthcare reform and other regulations could adversely affect the liquidity of our customers, which could have an adverse effect on their ability to make timely payments to us for our products and services.
Healthcare reform and other regulations that limit or restrict Medicare and Medicaid payments to our customers could adversely impact the liquidity of our customers, resulting in their inability to pay us, or to timely pay us, for our products and services. In addition, if our customers fail to comply with applicable laws and regulations they could be subject to possible sanctions, including loss of licensure or eligibility to participate in
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reimbursement programs as well as civil and criminal penalties. These developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Risks Factors Relating to Our Capital and Liquidity
We may not be able to meet our substantial rent and debt service requirements.
A substantial portion of our cash flows from operations is dedicated to the payment of rents related to our leased properties as well as principal and interest obligations on our outstanding indebtedness, including our revolving credit facility. Subject to certain restrictions, we also have the ability to incur substantial additional borrowings under our revolving credit facility. Our existing revolving credit facility expires in July 2012. If we are unable to generate sufficient funds to meet our obligations or our revolving credit facility otherwise becomes due and payable, we may be required to refinance, restructure or otherwise amend some or all of such obligations, sell assets or raise additional cash through the sale of our equity. We cannot assure you that we would be able to obtain such refinancing on terms as favorable as our current financing or that such restructuring activities, sales of assets or issuances of equity can be accomplished or, if accomplished, would raise sufficient funds to meet these obligations. In addition, our Master Lease Agreements and/or our revolving credit facility:
| require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow to payments on our rent and interest obligations, thereby reducing the availability of cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures and other general corporate activities, |
| require us to pledge as collateral substantially all of our assets, |
| require us to maintain a certain defined fixed payment ratio at a specified level, thereby reducing our financial flexibility, |
| require us to limit the amount of capital expenditures we can incur in any fiscal year and also limits the aggregate amount we can expend on acquisitions, and |
| require us to operate continuously each leased property despite its level of profitability and otherwise restrict our operational flexibility. |
These provisions:
| could have a material adverse effect on our ability to withstand competitive pressures or adverse economic conditions (including adverse regulatory changes), |
| could adversely affect our ability to make material acquisitions, obtain future financing or take advantage of business opportunities that may arise, and |
| could increase our vulnerability to a downturn in general economic conditions or in our business. |
Our failure to pay rent or otherwise comply with the provisions of any of our Master Lease Agreements could materially adversely affect our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
We lease 38 of our hospitals and 159 of our nursing centers from Ventas under our Master Lease Agreements. Our failure to pay the rent or otherwise comply with the provisions of any of our Master Lease Agreements would result in an Event of Default under such Master Lease Agreement and also would result in a default under our revolving credit facility. Upon an Event of Default, remedies available to Ventas include, without limitation, terminating such Master Lease Agreement, repossessing and reletting the leased properties and requiring us to remain liable for all obligations under such Master Lease Agreement, including the difference between the rent under such Master Lease Agreement and the rent payable as a result of reletting the leased properties, or requiring us to pay the net present value of the rent due for the balance of the term of such Master Lease Agreement. The exercise of such remedies would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
For additional information on the Master Lease Agreements, see Item 1 Business Master Lease Agreements.
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The condition of the financial markets, including volatility and weakness in the equity, capital and credit markets, could limit the availability and terms of debt and equity financing sources to fund the capital and liquidity requirements of our businesses.
Financial markets experienced significant disruptions in 2009 and 2008. These disruptions have impacted liquidity in the debt markets, making financing terms for borrowers less attractive and, in certain cases, significantly reducing the availability of certain types of debt financing. Despite the recent instability within the financial markets nationally and globally, we have not experienced any individual lender limitations to extend credit under our revolving credit facility. However, the obligations of each of the lending institutions in our revolving credit facility are separate and the availability of future borrowings under our revolving credit facility could be impacted by further volatility and disruptions in the financial credit markets or other events. While the term of our revolving credit facility expires in July 2012, we cannot assure you that a prolonged downturn in the credit markets or other circumstances will not impact our ability to access our revolving credit facility or to refinance the revolving credit facility. Our inability to access our revolving credit facility or refinance the revolving credit facility would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Interest rates under our revolving credit facility are based, at our option, upon (a) the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) plus the applicable margin or (b) the applicable margin plus the higher of the prime rate or 0.5% over the federal funds rate. Higher interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity. Moreover, current market conditions and our level of leverage make it likely that we would not be able to refinance or amend our existing revolving credit facility without experiencing higher interest rates and additional covenant restrictions.
Our revolving credit facility is collateralized by substantially all of our assets including certain owned real property and is guaranteed by substantially all of our subsidiaries. The terms of our revolving credit facility include one financial covenant and certain other provisions that limit acquisitions and annual capital expenditures. We were in compliance with the terms of our revolving credit facility at December 31, 2009. However, a downturn in operating earnings or events beyond our control could impair our ability to comply with the financial covenants contained within our revolving credit facility. If we anticipated a potential financial or other covenant violation, however, we would seek relief from our lenders, which likely would include some cost to us, and such relief may not be on terms as favorable as those in our existing revolving credit facility. Under these circumstances, there is also the potential that our lenders would not grant relief to us. A default due to the violation of a financial or other covenant contained within our revolving credit facility or the occurrence of an Event of Default under the Master Lease Agreements could require us to immediately repay all amounts then outstanding under the revolving credit facility.
Our inability to access external sources of financing when our revolving credit facility terminates could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Prior to the termination of our revolving credit facility, we will need to enter into a new revolving credit facility to continue to operate our business. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in our effort to enter into a new revolving credit facility in the future. Many lenders have been adversely impacted by recent events in the United States and international financial markets and, as a result, have ceased certain lending practices or reduced the amount of lending they have made available to borrowers. While we expect there to be alternatives available to us to enter into a new revolving credit facility, we cannot assure you that any of these alternatives will be successfully implemented.
We depend on our revolving credit facility to meet our cash requirements to operate our business. If we repay our revolving credit facility upon its termination and are unable to enter into a new revolving credit facility on terms acceptable to us, or at all, we may be forced to reduce our operations and may not be able to respond to changing business conditions or competitive pressures. As a result, our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity could be adversely affected.
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Our inability to refinance our revolving credit facility prior to its scheduled termination or maturity could cause an event of default under our Master Lease Agreements because we may not otherwise have cash available to make required rental payments. We cannot assure you that we will be able to refinance indebtedness under our revolving credit facility on terms acceptable to us, if at all. If an event of default were to occur under our revolving credit facility, our lenders would be entitled to take various actions, including all actions permitted to be taken by a secured creditor. These results would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
We may have future capital needs and any future issuances of equity securities may dilute the value of our common stock.
Though we anticipate that the cash amounts generated internally, together with amounts available under our revolving credit facility, will be sufficient to implement our business plan for the foreseeable future, we may need additional capital if a substantial acquisition or other growth opportunity becomes available or if unexpected events occur or opportunities arise. We cannot assure you that additional capital will be available, or available on terms favorable to us. If capital is not available, we may not be able to fund internal or external business expansion or respond to competitive pressures or other market conditions. If available, we may obtain additional capital through the public or private sale of debt or equity securities. However, our ability to access the public debt or equity capital markets, on terms favorable to us or at all, may be limited by further disruptions in these markets or other events. If we sell equity securities, the transaction could be dilutive to our existing shareholders. Furthermore, these securities could have rights, preferences and privileges more favorable than those of our common stock. If we incur additional debt, our leverage would increase and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Disruptions in the financial markets could negatively impact our investment portfolio.
The recent financial market disruptions have impacted the value of equity investments, bonds and other securities. We regularly hold cash in depository and money market accounts. If the financial institutions holding or managing these accounts fail or experience other disruptions, we could lose a portion or all of our cash which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
In addition, we hold a substantial investment portfolio in our limited purpose insurance subsidiary. Investments held in our limited purpose insurance subsidiary consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, asset backed securities, corporate bonds, U.S. Treasury notes, equities and commercial paper that are held to satisfy the payment of claims and expenses related to professional liability and workers compensation risks. Our investment policy governing insurance subsidiary investments precludes the investment portfolio managers from selling any security at a loss without prior authorization from us. The investment managers also limit the exposure to any one issue, issuer or type of investment. We intend, and have the ability, to hold insurance subsidiary investments for a long duration without the necessity of selling securities to fund the underwriting needs of our insurance subsidiary. This ability to hold securities should allow sufficient time for recovery of temporary declines in the market value of equity securities and the par value of debt securities as of their stated maturity date. We cannot assure you, however, that we will recover declines in the market value of our investments. There is a continuing risk that declines in fair value may occur and additional material realized losses from sales or other-than-temporary impairments may be recorded in the future. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that declines in the market value of our investments will not require us to further capitalize our limited purpose insurance subsidiary or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Our stock price is volatile and fluctuations in our operating results, quarterly earnings and other factors may result in declines in the price of our common stock.
Equity markets are prone to, and in the last few years have experienced, extreme price and volume fluctuations. Recent volatility has had a significant impact on the market price of securities issued by many
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companies, including us and other companies in the healthcare industry. If we are unable to operate our businesses as profitably as we have in the past or as our stockholders expect us to in the future, the market price of our common stock will likely decline as stockholders could sell shares of our common stock when it becomes apparent that the market expectations may not be realized. In addition to our operating results, many economic and other factors beyond our control could have an adverse effect on the price of our common stock, including:
| general economic conditions; |
| quarterly variations in operating results; |
| changes in financial estimates and recommendations by securities analysts; |
| operating and stock price performance of other companies that investors may deem comparable; |
| press releases or negative publicity relating to our competitors or us or relating to trends in healthcare; |
| regulatory changes and adverse outcomes from litigation and government or regulatory investigations; |
| sales of stock by insiders; |
| changes in our credit ratings; |
| natural disasters, terrorist attacks and pandemics; and |
| limitations on our ability to repurchase our common stock. |
Market volatility and declines in the price of our common stock could have a material adverse effect on our ability to obtain capital or complete acquisitions through the public or private sale or issuance of our equity securities.
In addition, security holders often institute class action litigation following periods of volatility in the price of a companys securities. If the market value of our common stock experiences adverse fluctuations and we become a party to this type of litigation, regardless of the outcome, we could incur substantial legal costs and our managements attention could be diverted from the operation of our business, causing our business to decline.
Risk Factors Relating to Our Operations
We could experience significant increases to our operating costs due to shortages of qualified nurses, therapists and other healthcare professionals or union activity.
The market for qualified nurses, therapists and other healthcare professionals is highly competitive. We, like other healthcare providers, have experienced difficulties in attracting and retaining qualified personnel such as nurses, certified nurses assistants, nurses aides, therapists and other providers of healthcare services. Our hospitals and nursing and rehabilitation centers are particularly dependent on nurses for patient care. Our rehabilitation division continues to seek qualified therapists to fill open positions. The difficulty we have experienced in hiring and retaining qualified personnel has increased our average wage rates and may force us to increase our use of contract personnel.
In addition, healthcare providers are continuing to see an increase in the amount of union activity across the country. At December 31, 2009, approximately 2,800 of the employees at 29 of our facilities were unionized. Though we cannot predict the degree to which we will be affected by future union activity, there are continuing legislative proposals that could result in increased union activity. We could experience an increase in labor and other costs from such union activity.
Various states in which we operate hospitals and nursing and rehabilitation centers have established minimum staffing requirements or may establish minimum staffing requirements in the future. The implementation of these staffing requirements in some states is not contingent upon any additional appropriation
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of state funds in any budget act or other statute. Our ability to satisfy such staffing requirements will depend upon our ability to attract and retain qualified healthcare professionals. Failure to comply with such minimum staffing requirements may result in the imposition of fines or other sanctions. If states do not appropriate sufficient additional funds (through Medicaid program appropriations or otherwise) to pay for any additional operating costs resulting from such minimum staffing requirements, our profitability may be materially adversely affected.
We expect to continue to experience increases in our labor costs primarily due to higher wages and greater benefits required to attract and retain qualified healthcare personnel. Salaries, wages and benefits were approximately 58% of our consolidated revenues for the year ended December 31, 2009. Our ability to manage labor costs will significantly affect our future operating results.
If we lose our key management personnel, we may not be able to successfully manage our business and achieve our objectives.
Our future success depends in large part upon the leadership and performance of our executive management team and key employees and our ability to retain and motivate these individuals. Competition for these individuals is intense and there can be no assurance that we will retain our key officers and employees or that we can attract or retain other highly qualified individuals in the future. If we lose the services of one or more of our key officers or employees, or if one or more of them decides to join a competitor or otherwise compete directly or indirectly with us, we may not be able to successfully manage our business or achieve our business objectives and we may not be able to replace them with similarly qualified personnel. If we lose key personnel, we may be unable to replace them with personnel of comparable experience, reputation in the industry or skills. The loss of any of our key officers or employees could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
If we fail to attract patients and residents and compete effectively with other healthcare providers or if our referral sources fail to view us as an attractive long-term healthcare provider, our revenues and profitability may decline.
The long-term healthcare services industry is highly competitive. Our hospitals face competition from healthcare providers that provide services comparable to those offered by our hospitals. Many competing hospitals are larger and more established than our hospitals. We may experience increased competition from existing hospitals as well as hospitals converted, in whole or in part, to specialized care facilities. Our nursing and rehabilitation centers compete on a local and regional basis with other nursing centers and other long-term healthcare providers. Some of our competitors operate newer facilities and may offer services not provided by us or are operated by entities having greater financial and other resources than us. Our rehabilitation division competes with national, regional and local rehabilitation service providers within our markets. Several of these competitors may have greater financial and other resources than us, may be more established in the markets in which we compete and may be willing to provide services at lower prices. We cannot assure you that increased competition in the future will not adversely affect our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
In addition, we rely significantly on appropriate referrals from physicians, hospitals and other healthcare providers in the communities in which we deliver our services to attract appropriate patients and residents. Our referral sources are not obligated to refer business to us and may refer business to other healthcare providers. We believe many of our referral sources refer patients and residents to us as a result of the quality of our patient services and our efforts to establish and build a relationship with them. If any of our facilities fail to achieve or maintain a reputation for providing high quality care, or are perceived to provide a lower quality of care than comparable facilities within the same geographic area, or customers of our rehabilitation therapy services perceive that they could receive higher quality services from other providers, our ability to attract and retain patients and customers could be adversely affected. We believe that the perception of our quality of care by
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potential residents or patients or their families seeking our services is influenced by a variety of factors, including physician and other healthcare professional referrals, community information and referral services, newspapers and other print and electronic media, results of patient surveys, recommendations from family and friends, and published quality care statistics compiled by CMS or other industry data. If we lose, or fail to maintain, existing relationships with our referral resources, fail to develop new relationships or if we are perceived by our referral sources for any reason as not providing high quality patient care, our patient volumes and the quality of our patient mix could suffer and our revenue and profitability could decline.
Significant legal actions could subject us to increased operating costs and substantial uninsured liabilities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
We incur significant costs for professional liability claims, particularly in our nursing center and hospital operations. In addition to large compensatory claims, plaintiffs attorneys increasingly are seeking significant punitive damages and attorneys fees. Furthermore, there are continuing efforts to limit the ability of healthcare providers to utilize arbitration as a process to resolve professional liability claims. As a result of these factors, our professional liability costs are significant and can be unpredictable.
We insure a substantial portion of our professional liability risks primarily through our limited purpose insurance subsidiary. Provisions for loss for our professional liability risks are based upon managements best available information including actuarially determined estimates. The allowance for professional liability risks includes an estimate of the expected cost to settle reported claims and an amount, based upon past experiences, for losses incurred but not reported. These liabilities are necessarily based upon estimates and, while management believes that the provision for loss is adequate, the ultimate liability may be in excess of, or less than, the amounts recorded. Changes in the number of professional liability claims and the cost to settle these claims significantly impact the allowance for professional liability risks. A relatively small variance between our estimated and actual number of claims or average cost per claim could have a material impact, either favorable or unfavorable, on the adequacy of the allowance for professional liability risks. Differences between the ultimate claims costs and our historical provisions for loss and actuarial assumptions and estimates could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Our limited purpose insurance subsidiary insures initial losses up to specified coverage levels per occurrence and in the aggregate. On a per claim basis, coverages for losses in excess of those insured by the limited purpose insurance subsidiary are maintained through unaffiliated commercial insurance carriers. Our limited purpose insurance subsidiary insures all claims in all states up to a per occurrence limit without the benefit of any aggregate coverage limit through unaffiliated commercial insurance carriers, thereby increasing our financial risk. We maintain professional and general liability insurance in amounts and coverage that management believes are sufficient for our operations. However, our insurance may not cover all claims against us or the full extent of our liability nor continue to be available at a reasonable cost. Moreover, the cost of insurance coverage maintained with unaffiliated commercial insurance carriers is costly and may continue to increase. If we are unable to maintain adequate insurance coverage or are required to pay punitive damages that are uninsured, we may be exposed to substantial liabilities.
In our rehabilitation division contracts, we generally indemnify our customers from claim denials associated with our services. From time to time, we may be subject to indemnification obligations under these contracts.
We also are subject to lawsuits under the federal False Claims Act and comparable state laws for submitting fraudulent bills for services to the Medicare and Medicaid programs. These lawsuits, which may be initiated by whistleblowers, can involve significant monetary damages, fines, attorney fees and the award of bounties to private plaintiffs who successfully bring these suits and to the government programs.
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We have limited operational and strategic flexibility since we lease a substantial number of our facilities.
We lease a substantial number of our facilities from Ventas and other third parties. Under our leases, we generally are required to operate continuously our leased properties as a provider of healthcare services. In addition, these leases generally limit or restrict our ability to assign the lease to another party. Our failure to comply with these lease provisions would result in an event of default under the leases and subject us to material damages, including potential defaults under our revolving credit facility. Given these restrictions, we may be forced to continue operating unprofitable facilities to avoid defaults under our leases. See Item 1 Business Master Lease Agreements.
Possible changes in the acuity of residents and patients as well as payor mix and payment methodologies may significantly affect our profitability.
The sources and amount of our revenues are determined by a number of factors, including the occupancy rates of our facilities, length of stay, the payor mix of residents and patients, rates of reimbursement among payors and patient acuity. Changes in patient acuity as well as payor mix among private pay, Medicare and Medicaid can significantly affect our profitability. In particular, any significant decrease in our population of high acuity residents and patients or any significant increase in our Medicaid population could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity, especially if state Medicaid programs continue to limit, or more aggressively seek limits on, reimbursement rates.
We may be unable to reduce costs to offset completely any decreases in our revenues.
Reduced levels of occupancy in our facilities and reductions in reimbursements from Medicare, Medicaid or other payors would adversely impact our revenues and liquidity. We may be unable to put in place corresponding reductions in costs in response to declines in census or other revenue shortfalls. The inability to timely adjust our operations to address a decrease in our revenues could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
We are exposed to the credit risk of our payors which in the future may cause us to make larger allowances for doubtful accounts or incur bad debt write-offs.
Due to weak economic conditions or other factors, commercial payors and customers may default on their payments to us and individual patients may default on co-payments and deductibles for which they are responsible under the terms of either commercial insurance programs or Medicare. Although we review the credit risk of our commercial payors and customers regularly, such risks may arise from events or circumstances that are difficult to anticipate or control, such as a general economic downturn. If our payors default on their payments to us in the future, we may have to record higher provisions for allowances for doubtful accounts or incur bad debt write-offs, both of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Delays in collection of our accounts receivable could adversely affect our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Prompt billing and collection are important factors in our liquidity. Billing and collection of our accounts receivable are subject to the complex regulations that govern Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement and rules imposed by non-government payors. Our inability, or the inability of our customers, to bill and collect on a timely basis pursuant to these regulations and rules could subject us to payment delays that could negatively impact our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity. In addition, we may experience delays in reimbursement as a result of the failure to receive prompt approvals related to change of ownership applications for acquired or other facilities or from delays caused by our or other third parties information system failures.
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If we are found to have violated laws protecting the confidentiality of patient health information, we could be subject to civil or criminal penalties, which could increase our liabilities and harm our reputation or our business.
There are a number of federal and state laws protecting the confidentiality of certain patient health information, including patient records, and restricting the use and disclosure of that protected information. In particular, the privacy rules under HIPAA protect medical records and other personal health information by limiting their use and disclosure, giving individuals the right to access, amend and seek accounting of their own health information and limiting most use and disclosures of health information to the minimum amount reasonably necessary to accomplish the intended purpose. If we are found to be in violation of the privacy or security rules under HIPAA or other federal or state laws protecting the confidentiality of patient health information, we could be subject to sanctions and civil or criminal penalties, which could increase our liabilities, harm our reputation and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Acquisitions, investments and strategic alliances that we have made or may make in the future may use significant resources, may be unsuccessful and could expose us to unforeseen liabilities.
We intend to selectively pursue strategic acquisitions of, investments in, and strategic alliances with LTAC hospitals, nursing centers, rehabilitation operations and other related healthcare operations, particularly where an acquisition may assist us in scaling our operations more rapidly and efficiently than internal growth. Acquisitions may involve significant cash expenditures, debt incurrence, additional operating losses, amortization of certain intangible assets of acquired companies, dilutive issuances of equity securities and expenses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity. Acquisitions, investments and strategic alliances involve numerous risks, including:
| limitations on our ability to identify acquisitions that meet our target criteria and limitations on our ability to complete such acquisitions on reasonable terms and valuations, |
| limitations on our ability to access equity or capital to fund acquisitions, including difficulty in obtaining financing for acquisitions at a reasonable cost, or that such financing will not contain restrictive covenants that limit our operating flexibility or ability to access additional capital when needed, |
| entry into markets or businesses in which we may have limited or no experience, |
| difficulties integrating acquired operations, personnel and information systems, and in realizing projected efficiencies and cost savings, particularly in the case of significant acquisitions, |
| diversion of managements time from existing operations, |
| potential loss of key employees or customers of acquired companies, |
| inaccurate assessment of assets and liabilities and exposure to undisclosed or unforeseen liabilities of acquired companies, including liabilities for failure to comply with healthcare laws, |
| inability to operate acquired facilities profitably or succeed in achieving improvements in their financial performance, and |
| impairment of acquired goodwill and intangible assets. |
We continue to seek acquisitions and other strategic opportunities for each of our businesses that may negatively impact our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
We continue to seek acquisitions and other strategic opportunities for each of our businesses, particularly where an acquisition may assist us in scaling our operations more rapidly and efficiently than internal growth. Accordingly, we are often engaged in evaluating potential transactions and other strategic alternatives, some of which may be significant in size, and we engage in preliminary discussions that may result in one or more
55
transactions. Although there is uncertainty that any of our discussions will result in definitive agreements or the timing of announcement or completion of any transaction, our business, short-term and long-term financial position, results of operations and liquidity may be impacted if we announce or complete any such transaction or if we incur substantial costs or other losses in connection with such transaction, whether or not it is completed. Moreover, although we intend to enter into transactions that enhance long-term shareholder value, our ability to achieve this objective would be subject to integration risks, the ability to retain and attract key personnel, the ability to realize synergies and other risks, all of which would be more material with transactions of significant size.
In addition to acquisitions, we also may pursue strategic opportunities involving the construction of new hospitals or nursing centers. The construction of new facilities involves numerous risks, including construction delays, cost over-runs, and the satisfaction of zoning and other regulatory requirements. We may be unable to operate newly constructed facilities profitably and such facilities may involve significant cash expenditures, debt incurrence, additional operating losses, and expenses that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
We depend on the proper functioning and availability of our information systems.
We are dependent on the proper functioning and availability of our information systems. Though we have taken steps to protect the safety and security of our information systems and the data maintained within those systems, there can be no assurance that our safety and security measures and disaster recovery plan will prevent damage or interruption of our systems and operations and we may be vulnerable to losses associated with the improper functioning, security breach or unavailability of our information systems. Failure to maintain proper functioning and available information systems could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
In addition, certain software programs supporting our business and information systems are licensed to us by independent software developers. Our inability, or the inability of these developers, to continue to maintain and upgrade our information systems and software programs could disrupt or reduce the efficiency of our operations. In addition, costs and potential problems and interruptions associated with the implementation of new or upgraded systems and technology or with maintenance or adequate support of existing systems also could disrupt or reduce the efficiency of our operations and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Terrorist attacks, pandemics or natural disasters could negatively impact our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Terrorist attacks, pandemics, or acts of nature, such as floods, fires, hurricanes, tornadoes or earthquakes, may cause damage or disruption to us, our employees and our facilities, which could have an adverse impact on our residents and patients. In order to provide care for our residents and patients, we are dependent upon consistent and reliable delivery of food, pharmaceuticals, power and other products to our facilities and the availability of employees to provide services at our facilities. If the delivery of goods or the ability of employees to reach our facilities were interrupted due to a natural disaster, pandemic or a terrorist attack, it could have a significant negative impact on our business. Furthermore, the impact, or impending threat, of a natural disaster has in the past and may in the future require that we evacuate one or more facilities, which would be costly and would involve substantial risks to our operations and potentially to our residents and patients. The impact of natural disasters, pandemics and terrorist attacks is inherently uncertain. Such events could severely damage or destroy one or more of our facilities, harm our business, reputation and financial performance or otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
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Climate change poses both regulatory and physical risks that could adversely impact our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Climate change could have a potential economic impact on us and climate change mitigation programs and regulations could increase our costs. Energy costs could be higher as a result of climate change regulations. Our costs could increase if utility companies pass on their costs, such as those associated with carbon taxes, emission cap and trade programs, or renewable portfolio standards. In addition, climate change may increase the frequency or intensity of natural disasters. As such, we cannot assure you that climate change will not adversely impact our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Certain events or circumstances could result in the impairment of our assets or other charges, including, without limitation, impairments of goodwill and identifiable intangible assets that result in material charges to earnings.
We regularly review the carrying value of certain long-lived assets and identifiable intangible assets with respect to any events or circumstances that indicate an impairment or an adjustment to the amortization period is necessary. On an ongoing basis, we also evaluate, based upon the fair value of our reporting units, whether the carrying value of our goodwill is impaired. If circumstances suggest that the recorded amounts of any of these assets cannot be recovered based upon estimated future cash flows, the carrying values of such assets are reduced to fair value. If the carrying value of any of these assets is impaired, we may incur a material charge to earnings.
Although we have determined that there was no goodwill or other indefinite lived intangible asset impairments as of December 31, 2009, adverse changes in the operating environment and related key assumptions used to determine the fair value of our reporting units and indefinite lived intangible assets or continued declines in the value of our common stock may result in future impairment charges for a portion or all of these assets. Moreover, the value of our goodwill and other indefinite lived assets could be negatively impacted by potential healthcare reforms. An impairment charge could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.
The inability or failure of management in the future to conclude that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, or the inability of our independent registered public accounting firm to issue a report of our internal control over financial reporting, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, our management is required to report in our Annual Report on Form 10-K on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, and our independent registered public accounting firm also is required to audit the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Significant resources are required to establish that we are in full compliance with the financial reporting controls and procedures. If we fail to have, or management or our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to conclude that we maintain, effective internal controls and procedures for financial reporting, we could be unable to provide timely and reliable financial information which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Different interpretations of accounting principles or changes in generally accepted accounting principles could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Generally accepted accounting principles are complex, continually evolving and changing and may be subject to varied interpretation by third parties, including the SEC. Such varied interpretations could result from differing views related to specific facts and circumstances. Differences in interpretation of generally accepted accounting principles or changes in generally accepted accounting principles could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
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Risk Factors Relating to the KPS Spin-Off
If the Spin-off Transaction does not qualify as a tax-free transaction, tax could be imposed on us and our shareholders.
As a condition to closing the Spin-off Transaction in 2007, we received a private letter ruling from the Internal Revenue Service (the IRS) that the spin-off of KPS and the subsequent merger of KPS and distribution of PharMerica common stock qualified for tax-free treatment to holders of our common stock (except with respect to cash received in lieu of a fractional share) and, generally, to us.
Though the IRS ruling has been received, the ruling does not address all of the issues that are relevant to determining whether the Spin-off Transaction will qualify for tax-free treatment because the IRS will not rule on certain issues. As a condition to closing, we received an opinion of counsel that the Spin-off Transaction generally qualifies for tax-free treatment to us and our shareholders. The opinion of counsel is intended to address certain of those matters that the ruling does not. The IRS ruling and opinion of counsel do not address, however, state, local or foreign tax consequences of the Spin-off Transaction, merger and distribution of PharMerica common stock.
The IRS ruling and the opinion of counsel relied on representations, assumptions and undertakings made by us and PharMerica (and its subsidiaries), including representations and undertakings from PharMerica regarding the conduct of its business and other matters after the closing of the Spin-off Transaction. If such representations, assumptions or undertakings are incorrect, neither the IRS ruling nor the opinion of counsel would be valid. In addition, current law generally creates a presumption that the spin-off of KPS in the Spin-off Transaction would be taxable to us, but not to our shareholders, if PharMerica or its shareholders were to engage in certain transactions that result in a change in ownership of its stock during the four-year period beginning two years before the Spin-off Transaction, unless it is established that the Spin-off Transaction and such transactions were not part of a plan or series of related transactions to effect a change in ownership of the stock of PharMerica.
Furthermore, notwithstanding the IRS private letter ruling and the opinion of counsel, the IRS could determine that the Spin-off Transaction should be treated as a taxable transaction to us and our shareholders if it determines that any of the representations, assumptions or undertakings that were included in the request for the private letter ruling are false or have been violated or if it disagrees with the conclusions in the opinion of counsel that are not covered by the IRS ruling. If the spin-off of KPS in the Spin-off Transaction fails to qualify for tax-free treatment, the deemed receipt of shares of KPS will be treated as a taxable distribution to our shareholders. In addition, events occurring after the distribution of common stock of PharMerica could cause us to recognize a gain on the spin-off of KPS.
We may be required to satisfy certain indemnification obligations to PharMerica or may not be able to collect on indemnification rights from PharMerica.
Under the terms of the Spin-off Transaction, we indemnified PharMerica, and PharMerica indemnified us, for certain damages, liabilities and expenses resulting from a breach by the other of certain covenants contained in a master transaction agreement and other agreements entered into as part of the Spin-off Transaction.
These indemnification obligations could be significant and we cannot presently determine the amount, if any, of indemnification obligations for which we may be liable or for which we may seek payment. Our ability to satisfy these obligations will depend upon our future financial performance and other factors. Similarly, the ability of PharMerica to satisfy any such obligations to us will depend on its future financial performance and other factors. We cannot assure you that we will have the ability to satisfy any obligations to PharMerica or that PharMerica will have the ability to satisfy any obligations to us.
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Item 1B. | Unresolved Staff Comments |
Not applicable.
Item 2. | Properties |
For information concerning the hospitals and nursing centers operated by us, see Item 1 Business Hospital Division Hospital Facilities, Item 1 Business Health Services Division Nursing Center Facilities, and Item 1 Business Master Lease Agreements. We believe that our facilities are adequate for our future needs in such locations.
Our corporate headquarters is located in a 287,000 square foot building in Louisville, Kentucky.
We are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, discharge and disposal of hazardous materials, including medical waste products. Compliance with these laws and regulations is not expected to have a material adverse effect on us. It is possible, however, that environmental issues may arise in the future which we cannot predict.
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings |
We are a party to various legal actions (some of which are not insured), and regulatory and other government investigations in the ordinary course of our business. We cannot predict the ultimate outcome of pending litigation and regulatory and other government investigations. These legal actions and investigations could potentially subject us to sanctions, damages, recoupments, fines and other penalties. The U.S. Department of Justice, CMS or other federal and state enforcement and regulatory agencies may conduct additional investigations related to our businesses in the future which may, either individually or in the aggregate, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity. See Item 1A Risk Factors Risk Factors Relating to Our Operations Significant legal actions could subject us to increased operating costs and substantial uninsured liabilities, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial position, results of operations and liquidity.
Item 4. | Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders |
Not applicable.
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PART II
Item 5. | Market for Registrants Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities |
MARKET PRICE FOR COMMON STOCK
AND DIVIDEND HISTORY
Our common stock is quoted on the New York Stock Exchange (the NYSE) under the ticker symbol KND. The prices in the table below, for the calendar quarters indicated, represent the high and low sale prices for our common stock as reported on the NYSE.
Sales price of common stock | ||||||
2009 |
High | Low | ||||
First quarter |
$ | 18.57 | $ | 11.51 | ||
Second quarter |
$ | 17.83 | $ | 10.70 | ||
Third quarter |
$ | 17.27 | $ | 11.83 | ||
Fourth quarter |
$ | 20.00 | $ | 13.80 | ||
2008 |
High | Low | ||||
First quarter |
$ | 28.74 | $ | 20.25 | ||
Second quarter |
$ | 32.34 | $ | 21.34 | ||
Third quarter |
$ | 33.25 | $ | 25.80 | ||
Fourth quarter |
$ | 28.30 | $ | 8.12 |
Our revolving credit facility contains covenants that limit, among other things, our ability to pay dividends. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be dependent upon our results of operations, financial position, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable laws and other factors deemed relevant by our Board of Directors. We have not paid, and do not anticipate that we will pay in the foreseeable future, any cash dividends on our common stock. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their common stock after price appreciation which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment. Investors seeking cash dividends should not purchase our common stock.
As of January 31, 2010, there were 473 holders of record of our common stock.
See Part III Item 12 Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters, for disclosures regarding our equity compensation plans.
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PERFORMANCE GRAPH
The following graph summarizes the cumulative total return to shareholders of our common stock from December 31, 2004 to December 31, 2009, compared to the cumulative total return on the Standard & Poors 500 Stock Index (the S&P Composite Index) and the Standard & Poors 1500 Health Care Index (the S&P 1500 Health Care Index). The graph assumes an investment of $100 in each of our common stock, the S&P Composite Index, and the S&P 1500 Health Care Index on December 31, 2004, and also assumes the reinvestment of all cash dividends. In accordance with SEC rules, the July 31, 2007 distribution of the KPS shares to our shareholders in connection with the Spin-off Transaction is treated for purposes of the following graph as a special stock dividend in calculating shareholder return and prior period prices have been adjusted accordingly.
12/31/04 | 12/30/05 | 12/29/06 | 12/31/07 | 12/31/08 | 12/31/09 | |||||||||||||
Kindred Healthcare, Inc. |
$ | 100.00 | $ | 86.01 | $ | 84.31 | $ | 108.19 | $ | 56.39 | $ | 79.95 | ||||||
S&P Composite Index |
100.00 | 104.91 | 121.48 | 128.16 | 80.74 | 102.11 | ||||||||||||
S&P 1500 Health Care Index |
100.00 | 107.49 | 114.98 | 124.20 | 94.68 | 114.34 |
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Item 6. | Selected Financial Data |
KINDRED HEALTHCARE, INC.
SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | ||||||||||||||||
Statement of Operations Data: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Revenues |
$ | 4,270,007 | $ | 4,093,864 | $ | 4,128,649 | $ | 4,041,786 | $ | 3,655,681 | ||||||||||
Salaries, wages and benefits |
2,483,086 | 2,374,163 | 2,325,417 | 2,185,316 | 1,942,385 | |||||||||||||||
Supplies |
333,056 | 317,149 | 542,986 | 669,023 | 556,054 | |||||||||||||||
Rent |
348,248 | 338,673 | 337,769 | 289,080 | 244,787 | |||||||||||||||
Other operating expenses |
886,205 | 854,383 | 730,965 | 650,045 | 583,841 | |||||||||||||||
Other income |
(11,512 | ) | (17,407 | ) | (7,701 | ) | | | ||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
125,730 | 120,022 | 118,574 | 115,057 | 95,518 | |||||||||||||||
Interest expense |
7,880 | 15,373 | 17,044 | 13,920 | 8,095 | |||||||||||||||
Investment income |
(4,413 | ) | (7,096 | ) | (16,105 | ) | (14,488 | ) | (11,025 | ) | ||||||||||
4,168,280 | 3,995,260 | 4,048,949 | 3,907,953 | 3,419,655 | ||||||||||||||||
Income from continuing operations before reorganization items and income taxes |
101,727 | 98,604 | 79,700 | 133,833 | 236,026 | |||||||||||||||
Reorganization items |
| | | | (1,639 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Income from continuing operations before income taxes |
101,727 | 98,604 | 79,700 | 133,833 | 237,665 | |||||||||||||||
Provision for income taxes |
39,115 | 38,144 | 36,567 | 52,739 | 94,959 | |||||||||||||||
Income from continuing operations |
62,612 | 60,460 | 43,133 | 81,094 | 142,706 | |||||||||||||||
Discontinued operations, net of income taxes: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Income (loss) from operations |
931 | (3,399 | ) | (12,982 | ) | (2,351 | ) | 3,584 | ||||||||||||
Loss on divestiture of operations |
(23,432 | ) | (20,776 | ) | (77,021 | ) | (32 | ) | (1,381 | ) | ||||||||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | 40,111 | $ | 36,285 | $ | (46,870 | ) | $ | 78,711 | $ | 144,909 | |||||||||
Earnings (loss) per common share: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Basic: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Income from continuing operations |
$ | 1.61 | $ | 1.56 | $ | 1.09 | $ | 2.02 | $ | 3.73 | ||||||||||
Discontinued operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Income (loss) from operations |
0.02 | (0.09 | ) | (0.33 | ) | (0.06 | ) | 0.09 | ||||||||||||
Loss on divestiture of operations |
(0.60 | ) | (0.53 | ) | (1.94 | ) | | (0.03 | ) | |||||||||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | 1.03 | $ | 0.94 | $ | (1.18 | ) | $ | 1.96 | $ | 3.79 | |||||||||
Diluted: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Income from continuing operations |
$ | 1.60 | $ | 1.54 | $ | 1.06 | $ | 1.95 | $ | 3.12 | ||||||||||
Discontinued operations: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Income (loss) from operations |
0.02 | (0.09 | ) | (0.32 | ) | (0.06 | ) | 0.08 | ||||||||||||
Loss on divestiture of operations |
(0.60 | ) | (0.53 | ) | (1.90 | ) | | (0.03 | ) | |||||||||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | 1.02 | $ | 0.92 | $ | (1.16 | ) | $ | 1.89 | $ | 3.17 | |||||||||
Shares used in computing earnings (loss) per common share: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Basic |
38,339 | 37,830 | 38,791 | 39,108 | 37,328 | |||||||||||||||
Diluted |
38,502 | 38,397 | 39,558 | 40,677 | 44,803 | |||||||||||||||
Financial Position: |
||||||||||||||||||||
Working capital |
$ | 241,032 | $ | 403,917 | $ | 294,878 | $ | 295,389 | $ | 208,873 | ||||||||||
Total assets |
2,022,224 | 2,181,761 | 2,079,552 | 2,016,127 | 1,760,561 | |||||||||||||||
Long-term debt |
147,647 | 349,433 | 275,814 | 130,090 | 26,323 | |||||||||||||||
Stockholders equity |
966,594 | 914,975 | 862,124 | 995,578 | 870,536 |
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Item 7. | Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |
You should read the following discussion together with the selected financial data in Item 6 and our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All financial and operating data presented in Items 6 and 7 reflects the continuing operations of our business for all periods presented unless otherwise indicated.
Overview
We are a healthcare services company that through our subsidiaries operates hospitals, nursing and rehabilitation centers and a contract rehabilitation services business across the United States. At December 31, 2009, our hospital division operated 83 LTAC hospitals with 6,580 licensed beds in 24 states. Our health services division operated 222 nursing and rehabilitation centers with 27,523 licensed beds in 27 states. We also operated a contract rehabilitation services business that provides rehabilitative services primarily in long-term care settings.
On July 31, 2007, we completed the Spin-off Transaction. See Item 1 Business General Spin-off Transaction and note 2 of the notes to consolidated financial statements.
In recent years, we have completed several strategic divestitures to improve our future operating results. For accounting purposes, the operating results of these businesses and the losses or impairments associated with these transactions have been classified as discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations for all periods presented. Assets not sold at December 31, 2009 have been measured at the lower of carrying value or estimated fair value less costs of disposal and have been classified as held for sale in the accompanying consolidated balance sheet. See notes 3 and 4 of the notes to consolidated financial statements.
The operating results of acquired businesses have been included in our accompanying consolidated financial statements from the respective acquisition dates.
Critical Accounting Policies
Our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The preparation of these financial statements requires the use of estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts and related disclosures of commitments and contingencies. We rely on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances to make judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates.
We believe the following critical accounting policies, among others, affect the more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.
Revenue recognition
We have agreements with third party payors that provide for payments to each of our operating divisions. These payment arrangements may be based upon prospective rates, reimbursable costs, established charges, discounted charges or per diem payments. Net patient service revenue is recorded at the estimated net realizable amounts from Medicare, Medicaid, Medicare Advantage, other third party payors and individual patients for services rendered. Retroactive adjustments that are likely to result from future examinations by third party payors are accrued on an estimated basis in the period the related services are rendered and adjusted as necessary in future periods based upon new information or final settlements.
We recorded income of approximately $8 million in 2008 related to the favorable settlement of a prior year nursing center Medicaid cost report dispute. Favorable settlements of prior year hospital Medicare cost reports aggregated $3 million in 2007.
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During 2007, we also recorded a pretax credit of approximately $3 million to reflect a change in estimate for hospital Medicare accounts receivable and a pretax credit of approximately $4 million to adjust certain nursing center Medicaid revenues.
A summary of revenues by payor type follows (in thousands):
Year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2009 | 2008 | 2007 | ||||||||||
Medicare |
$ | 1,811,181 | $ | 1,741,256 | $ | 1,851,183 | ||||||
Medicaid |
1,086,447 | 1,075,464 | 1,067,741 | |||||||||
Medicare Advantage |
321,437 | 263,699 | 72,548 | |||||||||
Other |
1,339,207 | 1,277,520 | 1,452,777 | |||||||||
4,558,272 | 4,357,939 | 4,444,249 | ||||||||||
Eliminations: |
||||||||||||
Rehabilitation |
(288,265 | ) | (264,075 | ) | (232,802 | ) | ||||||
Pharmacy |
| | (82,798 | ) | ||||||||
(288,265 | ) | (264,075 | ) | (315,600 | ) | |||||||
$ | 4,270,007 | $ | 4,093,864 | $ | 4,128,649 | |||||||
Collectibility of accounts receivable
Accounts receivable consist primarily of amounts due from the Medicare and Medicaid programs, other government programs, managed care health plans, commercial insurance companies and individual patients and customers. Estimated provisions for doubtful accounts are recorded to the extent it is probable that a portion or all of a particular account will not be collected.
In evaluating the collectibility of accounts receivable, we consider a number of factors, including the age of the accounts, changes in collection patterns, the composition of patient accounts by payor type, the status of ongoing disputes with third party payors and general industry conditions. Actual collections of accounts receivable in subsequent periods may require changes in the estimated provision for loss. Changes in these estimates are charged or credited to the results of operations in the period of the change.
The provision for doubtful accounts totaled $29 million for 2009, $31 million for 2008 and $25 million for 2007. During 2007, we recorded a $6 million charge for doubtful accounts related to accounts receivable acquired in a hospital acquisition in a prior year.
Allowances for insurance risks
We insure a substantial portion of our professional liability risks and workers compensation risks through our limited purpose insurance subsidiary. Provisions for loss for these risks are based upon managements best available information including actuarially determined estimates.
The allowance for professional liability risks includes an estimate of the expected cost to settle reported claims and an amount, based upon past experiences, for losses incurred but not reported. These liabilities are necessarily based upon estimates and, while management believes that the provision for loss is adequate, the ultimate liability may be in excess of, or less than, the amounts recorded. To the extent that expected ultimate claims costs vary from historical provisions for loss, future earnings will be charged or credited.
Provisions for loss for professional liability risks retained by our limited purpose insurance subsidiary have been discounted based upon actuarial estimates of claim payment patterns using a discount rate of 2% for the
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2009 policy year, 3% for the 2008 policy year and 5% for all prior policy years. The discount rates are based upon the risk free interest rate for the respective year. Amounts equal to the discounted loss provision are funded annually. We do not fund the portion of professional liability risks related to estimated claims that have been incurred but not reported. Accordingly, these liabilities are not discounted. The allowance for professional liability risks aggregated $242 million at December 31, 2009 and $243 million at December 31, 2008. If we did not discount any of the allowances for professional liability risks, these balances would have approximated $247 million at December 31, 2009 and $252 million at December 31, 2008.
As a result of improved professional liability underwriting results of our limited purpose insurance subsidiary, we received distributions of $34 million in 2009, $39 million in 2008 and $37 million in 2007 from our limited purpose insurance subsidiary in accordance with applicable regulations. These distributions had no impact on earnings and the proceeds were used primarily to repay borrowings under our revolving credit facility.
Changes in the number of professional liability claims and the cost to settle these claims significantly impact the allowance for professional liability risks. A relatively small variance between our estimated and actual number of claims or average cost per claim could have a material impact, either favorable or unfavorable, on the adequacy of the allowance for professional liability risks. For example, a 1% variance in the allowance for professional liability risks at December 31, 2009 would impact our operating income by approximately $2 million.
The provision for professional liability risks (continuing operations), including the cost of coverage maintained with unaffiliated commercial insurance carriers, aggregated $48 million for 2009, $33 million for 2008 and $35 million for 2007. Changes in estimates for prior year professional liability costs reduced professional liability costs by approximately $27 million, $38 million and $35 million in 2009, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
With respect to our discontinued operations, we recorded favorable pretax adjustments of $11 million in 2009 and $10 million in 2008, and a pretax charge aggregating $2 million in 2007 resulting from changes in estimates for professional liability reserves related to prior years.
Provisions for loss for workers compensation risks retained by our limited purpose insurance subsidiary are not discounted and amounts equal to the loss provision are funded annually. The allowance for workers compensation risks aggregated $82 million at December 31, 2009 and $83 million at December 31, 2008. The provision for workers compensation risks (continuing operations), including the cost of coverage maintained with unaffiliated commercial insurance carriers, aggregated $36 million for 2009, $30 million for 2008 and $37 million for 2007.
See notes 4 and 9 of the notes to consolidated financial statements.
Accounting for income taxes
The provision for income taxes is based upon our annual reported income or loss for each respective accounting period. We recognize an asset or liability for the deferred tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the financial statements. These temporary differences will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years when the reported amounts of the assets are recovered or liabilities are settled. We also recognize as deferred tax assets the future tax benefits from net operating and capital loss carryforwards. A valuation allowance is provided for these deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the net deferred tax assets will not be realized.
In 2007, we paid approximately $3 million of employer payroll taxes related to a settlement reached with the IRS for all disputed federal income tax issues for fiscal 2000 and 2001.
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Our effective income tax rate was 38.5% in 2009, 38.7% in 2008 and 45.9% in 2007. We recorded favorable income tax adjustments related to the resolution of state income tax contingencies from prior years that reduced the provision for income taxes by approximately $2 million in each of 2009, 2008 and 2007. The effective income tax rate in 2007 was negatively impacted by $5 million of non-deductible expenses associated with the Spin-off Transaction.
We adopted the provisions of the authoritative guidance related to the uncertainty in income taxes on January 1, 2007. The adoption did not have a material impact on our business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.
There are significant uncertainties with respect to capital loss carryforwards that could affect materially the realization of certain deferred tax assets. Accordingly, we have recognized deferred tax assets to the extent it is more likely than not they will be realized and a valuation allowance is provided for deferred tax assets to the extent that it is uncertain that the deferred tax asset will be realized. We recognized net deferred tax assets totaling $154 million at December 31, 2009 and $159 million at December 31, 2008.
We identified deferred income tax assets for state income tax NOLs of $38 million and $34 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008, respectively, and a corresponding deferred income tax valuation allowance of $34 million at December 31, 2009 and 2008 for that portion of the net deferred income tax assets that were not realizable.
After our emergence from bankruptcy in 2001, the realization of pre-reorganization deferred tax assets and the resolution of certain income tax contingencies eliminated in full the goodwill recorded in connection with fresh-start accounting. After the fresh-start accounting goodwill was eliminated in full, the excess of approximately $1 million in 2008 and $3 million in 2007 was treated as an increase to capital in excess of par value and a reduction in the pre-emergence deferred tax valuation allowance and pre-emergence income tax liability. Following the adoption of the revised provisions for accounting for business combinations on January 1, 2009, future adjustments to pre-emergence unrecognized income tax benefits will be recorded to earnings.
We are subject to various federal and state income tax audits in the ordinary course of business. Such audits could result in increased tax payments, interest and penalties. While we believe our tax positions are appropriate, we cannot assure you that the various authorities engaged in the examination of our income tax returns will not challenge our positions.
We record accrued interest and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions as income tax expense in the consolidated statement of operations. Accrued interest related to uncertain tax provisions totaled $0.1 million as of December 31, 2009 and $0.8 million as of December 31, 2008.
To the extent the unrecognized income tax benefits become realized or the related accrued interest is no longer necessary, our provision for income taxes would be favorably impacted. The amount, if recognized, that would favorably impact our results of operations approximates $6 million.
The federal statute of limitations remains open for tax years 2006 through 2008. We are currently under IRS examination for fiscal years 2008 and 2007. See note 8 of the notes to consolidated financial statements.
State jurisdictions generally have statutes of limitations for tax returns ranging from three to five years. The state impact of federal income tax changes remains subject to examination by various states for a period of up to one year after formal notification to the states. We currently have various state income tax returns under examination.
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During 2010, the statute of limitations associated with certain state income tax filing positions will expire and may decrease the amount of unrecognized income tax benefits. A reduction in our income tax liability of approximately $2 million to $3 million for unrecognized income tax benefits is reasonably possible and may favorably impact our financial position and results of operations.
Valuation of long-lived assets and goodwill
We regularly review the carrying value of certain long-lived assets and identifiable finite lived intangible assets with respect to any events or circumstances that indicate an impairment or an adjustment to the amortization period is necessary. If circumstances suggest that the recorded amounts cannot be recovered based upon estimated future undiscounted cash flows, the carrying values of such assets are reduced to fair value.
In assessing the carrying values of long-lived assets, we estimate future cash flows at the lowest level for which there are independent, identifiable cash flows. For this purpose, these cash flows are aggregated based upon the contractual agreements underlying the operation of the facility or group of facilities. Generally, an individual facility is considered the lowest level for which there are independent, identifiable cash flows. However, to the extent that groups of facilities are leased under a master lease agreement in which the operations of a facility and compliance with the lease terms are interdependent upon other facilities in the agreement (including our ability to renew the lease or divest a particular property), we define the group of facilities under a master lease agreement as the lowest level for which there are independent, identifiable cash flows. Accordingly, the estimated cash flows of all facilities within a master lease agreement are aggregated for purposes of evaluating the carrying values of long-lived assets.
Our other intangible assets with finite lives are amortized in accordance with the authoritative guidance for goodwill and other intangible assets using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives ranging from one to ten years.
In accordance with the authoritative guidance for goodwill and other intangible assets, we are required to perform an impairment test for goodwill and indefinite lived intangible assets at least annually or more frequently if adverse events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset may be impaired. Also, during 2009 and the fourth quarter of 2008, the market value of our common stock was below our book equity value. Management believes that the difference between our market equity value and our book equity value during 2009 was generally attributable to uncertainty in the equity markets related to proposed federal healthcare reform legislation and Medicare revenue reductions announced by CMS during the year. The decline in 2008 was generally attributable to our announcement of weaker than expected third quarter operating results (particularly in our hospital division) and the related reduction in our earnings outlook in the fourth quarter of 2008 and fiscal 2009 as compared to investor expectations. In addition, the weak global economic conditions that negatively impacted the condition of the debt and equity markets in 2008 may have contributed to the decline in the market value of our common stock. The difference between the book equity value and the market value of our common stock during 2009 and the fourth quarter of 2008 was a potential indication that the carrying value of our goodwill may have been impaired but was not viewed as a triggering event.
We perform our annual goodwill impairment test at the end of each fiscal year for each of our reporting units. A reporting unit is either an operating segment or one level below the operating segment, referred to as a component. When the components within our operating segments have similar economic characteristics, we aggregate the components of our operating segments into one reporting unit. Accordingly, we have determined
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that our reporting units are hospitals, health services, rehabilitation services and hospice. The carrying value of goodwill for each of our reporting units at December 31, 2009 and 2008 were as follows (in thousands):
December 31, | ||||||
2009 | 2008 | |||||
Hospitals |
$ | 68,577 | $ | 68,577 | ||
Health services |
889 | 639 | ||||
Rehabilitation services |
3,363 | 1,863 | ||||
Hospice |
8,394 | 1,165 | ||||
$ | 81,223 | $ | 72,244 | |||
The goodwill impairment test involves a two-step process. The first step is a comparison of each reporting units fair value to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the reporting unit is greater than its fair value, there is an indication that impairment may exist and the second step must be performed to measure the amount of impairment loss. Based upon the results of the step one impairment test for goodwill and the impairment test of indefinite lived intangible assets in each of the last three years, no impairment charges were recorded in connection with our annual impairment tests.
Since quoted market prices for our reporting units are not available, we applied judgment in determining the fair value of these reporting units for purposes of performing the goodwill impairment test. We relied on widely accepted valuation techniques, including equally weighted discounted cash flow and market multiple analyses approaches, which capture both the future income potential of the reporting unit and the market behaviors and actions of market participants in the industry that includes the reporting unit. These types of analyses require us to make assumptions and estimates regarding future cash flows, industry-specific economic factors and the profitability of future business strategies. The discounted cash flow approach uses a projection of estimated operating results and cash flows that are discounted using a weighted average cost of capital. Under the discounted cash flow approach, the projection uses managements best estimates of economic and market conditions over the projected period for each reporting unit including growth rates in the number of admissions, patient days, reimbursement rates, operating costs, rent expense and capital expenditures. Other significant estimates and assumptions include terminal value growth rates, changes in working capital requirements and weighted average cost of capital. The market multiple analysis estimates fair value by applying cash flow multiples to the reporting units operating results. The multiples are derived from comparable publicly traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics to the reporting units.
Our analysis indicated that the estimated fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its book equity value. Our conclusions were supported by both quantitative and qualitative factors, including the estimate of an implied control premium for acquisitions in our industry, our fourth quarter operating results that exceeded investment analyst expectations and consideration of our updated business expectations at December 31, 2009 and 2008. We do not believe that any of our reporting units were at risk for failing the step one impairment test at December 31, 2009.
The fair values of our indefinite lived intangible assets, primarily hospital certificates of need, are estimated using an excess earnings method, a form of discounted cash flows, which is based upon the concept that net after-tax cash flows provide a return supporting all of the assets of a business enterprise. The carrying value of the our certificates of need at December 31, 2009 was $62 million. The fair values of our indefinite lived intangible assets are derived from projections at a facility level which include managements best estimates of economic and market conditions over the projected period including growth rates in the number of admissions, patient days, reimbursement rates, operating costs, rent expense and capital expenditures. Other significant estimates and assumptions include terminal value growth rates, changes in working capital requirements and weighted average cost of capital. At December 31, 2009, the fair value of our certificates of need intangible assets exceeded its carrying value. We do not believe that any of our certificates of need were at risk for failing the impairment test at December 31, 2009.
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Although we have determined that there was no goodwill or other indefinite lived intangible asset impairments as of December 31, 2009, adverse changes in the operating environment and related key assumptions used to determine the fair value of our reporting units and indefinite lived intangible assets or declines in the value of our common stock may result in future impairment charges for a portion or all of these assets. Specifically, if the rate of growth of government and commercial revenues earned by our reporting units were to be less than projected or if proposed healthcare reforms were to negatively impact our business, an impairment charge for a portion or all of the assets may be required. An impairment charge could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations, but would not be expected to have an impact on our cash flows or liquidity.
Recently Issued Accounting Requirements
In January 2010, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the FASB) issued authoritative guidance related to fair value measurements and disclosures. The provisions of the guidance require new disclosures related to transfers in and out of Levels 1 and 2 (as described in note 17 of the notes to consolidated financial statements). The provisions also require a reconciliation of the activity in Level 3 (as described in note 17 of the notes to consolidated financial statements) recurring fair value measurements. Existing disclosures also were expanded to include Level 2 fair value measurement valuation techniques and inputs. The guidance is effective for all interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2009, except for the disclosures for Level 3 activity which is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2010. The adoption of the guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.
In August 2009, the FASB issued authoritative guidance related to fair value measurements and disclosures. The provisions of this guidance clarify how an entity should measure liabilities at fair value. The guidance is effective for all interim and annual reporting periods beginning after August 26, 2009. The adoption of the guidance did not have a material impact on our business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.
In June 2009, the FASB issued revised authoritative guidance related to the consolidation criteria for variable interest entities (VIE). The guidance, among other things, requires a qualitative rather than a quantitative analysis to determine the primary beneficiary of a VIE; requires continuous assessments of whether an enterprise is the primary beneficiary of a VIE; enhances disclosures regarding an enterprises involvement with a VIE; and amends certain guidance for determining whether an entity is a VIE. Under the guidance, a VIE must be consolidated if the enterprise has both (a) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entitys economic performance, and (b) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. The guidance will be effective as of the beginning of an enterprises first fiscal year beginning after November 15, 2009, and for interim periods within that first period, with earlier adoption prohibited. We are currently evaluating the effect of this authoritative guidance on our consolidated financial statements.
In June 2009, the FASB issued authoritative guidance for establishment of the FASB Codification, which identifies the sources of accounting principles and the framework for selecting the principles used in the preparation of financial statements of nongovernmental entities that are presented in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. The FASB Codification is the sole source of authoritative accounting principles recognized by the FASB. The guidance is effective for all financial statements issued for interim and annual reporting periods ending after September 15, 2009. The application of this guidance (or the FASB Codification) did not have an impact on our business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.
In May 2009, the FASB issued authoritative guidance which establishes general standards of accounting for and disclosure of events that occur after the balance sheet date but before financial statements are issued or are available to be issued. The new provisions provide guidance related to the disclosure date through which an entity has evaluated subsequent events and whether such date represents the date the financial statements were
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issued or were available to be issued. In February 2010, the FASB issued an amendment, effective February 24, 2010, to remove the requirement for a filer to disclose a date in its financial statements. The adoption of the guidance did not have an impact on our business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.
In April 2009, the FASB issued additional authoritative guidance related to fair value measurements and the recognition of other-than-temporary impairments of financial instruments. The new provisions provide guidance to determine whether the market for a security is inactive and whether transactions in inactive markets are distressed and clarify the recognition and measurement of other-than-temporary impairments of debt and equity securities. Authoritative guidance also was issued for interim disclosures regarding fair value of financial instruments, which requires an entity to provide disclosures about the fair value of financial instruments in both interim and annual financial statements. The guidance is effective for all interim and annual reporting periods beginning after June 15, 2009. The adoption of the guidance did not have a material impact on our business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.
On January 1, 2009, we adopted the authoritative guidance for determining whether instruments granted in share-based payment transactions are participating securities, which requires that unvested restricted stock that entitles the holder to receive nonforfeitable dividends before vesting be included as a participating security in the basic and diluted earnings per common share calculation pursuant to the two-class method. The adoption of the guidance has been applied retrospectively in the accompanying consolidated financial statements and did not have a material impact on our earnings per common share calculations.
In December 2007, the FASB revised the authoritative guidance for business combinations, which significantly changes the accounting for business combinations, including, among other changes, new accounting concepts in determining the fair value of assets and liabilities acquired, recording the fair value of contingent considerations and contingencies at the acquisition date and expensing acquisition and restructuring costs. The guidance is applied prospectively and is effective for business combinations which occur during fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008. Our adoption of the guidance on January 1, 2009 did not have a material impact on our business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity at December 31, 2009 or for the year ended December 31, 2009. However, any future business combinations may significantly impact our financial position and results of operations when compared to acquisitions accounted for under the previous guidance and may result in generally lower earnings due to the expensing of acquisition and restructuring costs.
In April 2009, the FASB issued authoritative guidance for accounting for assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination that arise from contingencies, which will amend the provisions related to the initial recognition and measurement, subsequent measurement and disclosure of assets and liabilities arising from contingencies in a business combination. The guidance is effective for all business combinations which occur during fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2008. Our adoption of the guidance retroactive to January 1, 2009 did not have a material impact on our business, financial position, results of operations or liquidity.
Impact of Medicare and Medicaid Reimbursement
We depend on reimbursement from third party payors, including the Medicare and Medicaid programs, for a substantial portion of our revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2009, we derived approximately 64% of our total revenues (before eliminations) from the Medicare and Medicaid programs and the balance from other third party payors, such as commercial insurance companies, health maintenance organizations, preferred provider organizations and contracted providers.
The Medicare and Medicaid programs are highly regulated and subject to frequent and substantial changes. See Part I Item 1 Business Governmental Regulation for an overview of the reimbursement systems impacting our businesses and Part I Item 1A Risk Factors.
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Results of Operations Continuing Operations
For the years ended December 31, 2009, 2008 and 2007
A summary of our operating data follows (dollars in thousands, except statistics):
Year ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2009 | 2008 | 2007 | ||||||||||
Revenues: |
||||||||||||
Hospital division |
$ | 1,932,892 | $ | 1,837,322 | $ | 1,727,419 | ||||||
Health services division |
2,150,342 | 2,093,297 | 1,958,322 | |||||||||
Rehabilitation division |
475,038 | 427,320 | 352,397 | |||||||||
Pharmacy division |
| | 406,111 | |||||||||
4,558,272 | 4,357,939 | 4,444,249 | ||||||||||
Eliminations: |
||||||||||||
Rehabilitation |
(288,265 | ) | (264,075 | ) | (232,802 | ) | ||||||
Pharmacy |
| | (82,798 | ) | ||||||||
(288,265 | ) | (264,075 | ) | (315,600 | ) | |||||||
$ | 4,270,007 | $ | 4,093,864 | $ | 4,128,649 | |||||||
Income from continuing operations: |
||||||||||||
Operating income (loss): |
||||||||||||
Hospital division |
$ | 363,811 | $ | 345,367 | $ | 365,068 | ||||||
Health services division |
305,590 | 321,814 | 294,625 | |||||||||
Rehabilitation division |
50,592 | 38,071 | 34,526 | |||||||||
Pharmacy division |
| | 17,557 | |||||||||
Corporate: |
||||||||||||
Overhead |
(134,636 | ) | (133,019 | ) | (167,717 | ) | ||||||
Insurance subsidiary |
(6,185 | ) | (6,657 | ) | (7,077 | ) | ||||||
(140,821 | ) | (139,676 | ) | (174,794 | ) | |||||||
Operating income |
579,172 | 565,576 | 536,982 | |||||||||
Rent |
(348,248 | ) | (338,673 | ) | (337,769 | ) | ||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
(125,730 | ) | (120,022 | ) | (118,574 | ) | ||||||
Interest, net |
(3,467 | ) | (8,277 | ) | (939 | ) | ||||||
Income from continuing operations before income taxes |
101,727 | 98,604 | 79,700 | |||||||||
Provision for income taxes |
39,115 | 38,144 | 36,567 | |||||||||
$ | 62,612 | $ | 60,460 | $ | 43,133 | |||||||
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A summary of our consolidating statement of operations follows (in thousands):
Year ended December 31, 2009 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hospital division |
Health services division |
Rehabilitation division |
Corporate | Eliminations | Consolidated | |||||||||||||||||||
Revenues |
$ | 1,932,892 | $ | 2,150,342 | $ | 475,038 | $ | | $ | (288,265 | ) | $ | 4,270,007 | |||||||||||
Salaries, wages and benefits |
875,788 | 1,102,975 | 402,986 | 101,337 | | 2,483,086 | ||||||||||||||||||
Supplies |
221,529 | 108,038 | 2,827 | 664 | (2 | ) | 333,056 | |||||||||||||||||
Rent |
147,494 | 194,835 | 5,778 | 141 | | 348,248 | ||||||||||||||||||
Other operating expenses |
471,764 | 633,739 | 18,633 | 50,332 | (288,263 | ) | 886,205 | |||||||||||||||||
Other income |
| | | (11,512 | ) | | (11,512 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
51,932 | 48,631 | 2,291 | 22,876 | | 125,730 | ||||||||||||||||||
Interest expense |
2 | 130 | 1 | 7,747 | | 7,880 | ||||||||||||||||||
Investment income |
(7 | ) | (111 | ) | (8 | ) | (4,287 | ) | | (4,413 | ) | |||||||||||||
1,768,502 | 2,088,237 | 432,508 | 167,298 | (288,265 | ) | 4,168,280 | ||||||||||||||||||
Income from continuing operations before income taxes |
$ | 164,390 | $ | 62,105 | $ | 42,530 | $ | (167,298 | ) | $ | | 101,727 | ||||||||||||
Provision for income taxes |
39,115 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Income from continuing operations |
$ | 62,612 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Capital expenditures, excluding acquisitions (including discontinued operations): |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Routine |
$ | 26,716 | $ | 39,663 | $ | 1,043 | $ | 30,128 | $ | | $ | 97,550 | ||||||||||||
Development |
42,371 | 5,687 | | | | 48,058 | ||||||||||||||||||
$ | 69,087 | $ | 45,350 | $ | 1,043 | $ | 30,128 | $ | | $ | 145,608 | |||||||||||||
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Consolidating statement of operations (in thousands) (Continued):
Year ended December 31, 2008 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hospital division |
Health services division |
Rehabilitation division |
Corporate | Eliminations | Consolidated | |||||||||||||||||||
Revenues |
$ | 1,837,322 | $ | 2,093,297 | $ | 427,320 | $ | | $ | (264,075 | ) | $ | 4,093,864 | |||||||||||
Salaries, wages and benefits |
842,018 | 1,068,648 | 371,248 | 92,249 | | 2,374,163 | ||||||||||||||||||
Supplies |
210,962 | 103,626 | 1,744 | 821 | (4 | ) | 317,149 | |||||||||||||||||
Rent |
146,316 | 186,612 | 5,555 | 190 | | 338,673 | ||||||||||||||||||
Other operating expenses |
438,975 | 599,209 | 16,257 | 64,013 | (264,071 | ) | 854,383 | |||||||||||||||||
Other income |
| | | (17,407 | ) | | (17,407 | ) | ||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
48,150 | 48,645 | 1,965 | 21,262 | | 120,022 | ||||||||||||||||||
Interest expense |
326 | 133 | | 14,914 | | 15,373 | ||||||||||||||||||
Investment income |
(43 | ) | (160 | ) | (48 | ) | (6,845 | ) | | (7,096 | ) | |||||||||||||
1,686,704 | 2,006,713 | 396,721 | 169,197 | (264,075 | ) | 3,995,260 | ||||||||||||||||||
Income from continuing operations before income taxes |
$ | 150,618 | $ | 86,584 | $ | 30,599 | $ | (169,197 | ) | $ | | 98,604 | ||||||||||||
Provision for income taxes |
38,144 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Income from continuing operations |
$ | 60,460 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Capital expenditures, excluding acquisitions (including discontinued operations): |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
Routine |
$ | 35,932 | $ | 44,627 | $ | 1,162 | $ | 28,205 | $ | | $ | 109,926 | ||||||||||||
Development |
33,285 | 5,466 | | | | 38,751 | ||||||||||||||||||
$ | 69,217 | $ | 50,093 | $ | 1,162 | $ | 28,205 | $ | | $ | 148,677 | |||||||||||||
73
Consolidating statement of operations (in thousands) (Continued):
Year ended December 31, 2007 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hospital division |
Health services division |
Rehabilitation division |
Pharmacy division |
Corporate | Eliminations | Consolidated | |||||||||||||||||||||
Revenues |
$ | 1,727,419 | $ | 1,958,322 | $ | 352,397 | $ | 406,111 | $ | | $ | (315,600 | ) | $ | 4,128,649 | ||||||||||||
Salaries, wages and benefits |
771,768 | 1,017,799 | 305,282 | 107,202 | 123,594 | (228 | ) | 2,325,417 | |||||||||||||||||||
Supplies |
190,481 | 97,480 | 1,260 | 253,659 | 690 | (584 | ) | 542,986 | |||||||||||||||||||
Rent |
139,875 | 188,599 | 4,641 | 4,325 | 329 | | 337,769 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Other operating expenses |
400,102 | 548,418 | 11,329 | 27,693 | 58,211 | (314,788 | ) | 730,965 | |||||||||||||||||||
Other income |
| | | | (7,701 | ) | | (7,701 | ) | ||||||||||||||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
40,958 | 48,815 | 1,176 | 6,510 | 21,115 | | 118,574 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Interest expense |
168 | 124 | | | 16,752 | | 17,044 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Investment income |
(474 | ) | (836 | ) | | (11 | ) | (14,784 | ) | | (16,105 | ) | |||||||||||||||
1,542,878 | 1,900,399 | 323,688 | 399,378 | 198,206 | (315,600 | ) | 4,048,949 | ||||||||||||||||||||
Income from continuing operations before income taxes |
$ | 184,541 | $ | 57,923 | $ | 28,709 | $ | 6,733 | $ | (198,206 | ) | $ | | 79,700 | |||||||||||||
Provision for income taxes |
36,567 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Income from continuing operations |
$ | 43,133 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capital expenditures, excluding acquisitions (including discontinued operations): |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Routine |
$ | 35,646 | $ | 41,252 | $ | 2,037 | $ | 4,115 | $ | 38,312 | $ | | $ | 121,362 | |||||||||||||
Development |
59,438 | 5,688 | | | | | 65,126 | ||||||||||||||||||||
$ | 95,084 | $ | 46,940 | $ | 2,037 | $ | 4,115 | $ | 38,312 | $ | | $ | 186,488 | ||||||||||||||
74
Operating data:
Year ended December 31, | |||||||||
2009 | 2008 | 2007 | |||||||
Hospital data: |
|||||||||
End of period data: |
|||||||||
Number of hospitals |
83 | 82 | 81 | ||||||
Number of licensed beds |
6,580 | 6,482 | 6,358 | ||||||
Revenue mix %: |
|||||||||
Medicare |
55 | 55 | 58 | ||||||
Medicaid |
10 | 10 | 10 | ||||||
Medicare Advantage (a) |
10 | 9 | 4 | ||||||
Commercial insurance and other |
25 | 26 | 28 | ||||||
Admissions: |
|||||||||
Medicare |
28,696 | 29,028 | 28,140 | ||||||
Medicaid |
4,254 | 4,233 | 4,204 | ||||||
Medicare Advantage |
4,030 | 3,587 | 1,681 | ||||||
Commercial insurance and other |
8,039 | 7,088 | 7,305 | ||||||
45,019 | 43,936 | 41,330 | |||||||
Admissions mix %: |
|||||||||
Medicare |
64 | 66 | 68 | ||||||
Medicaid |
9 | 10 | 10 | ||||||
Medicare Advantage |
9 | 8 | 4 | ||||||
Commercial insurance and other |
18 | 16 | 18 | ||||||
Patient days: |
|||||||||
Medicare |
779,359 | 806,427 | 793,497 | ||||||
Medicaid |
202,290 | 208,423 | 203,192 | ||||||
Medicare Advantage |
132,262 | 117,945 | 55,033 | ||||||
Commercial insurance and other |
267,439 | 262,254 | 276,328 | ||||||
1,381,350 | 1,395,049 | 1,328,050 | |||||||
Average length of stay: |
|||||||||
Medicare |
27.2 | 27.8 | 28.2 | ||||||
Medicaid |
47.6 | 49.2 | 48.3 | ||||||
Medicare Advantage |
32.8 | 32.9 | 32.7 | ||||||
Commercial insurance and other |
33.3 | 37.0 | 37.8 | ||||||
Weighted average |
30.7 | 31.8 | 32.1 | ||||||
Revenues per admission: |
|||||||||
Medicare |
$ | 37,436 | $ | 35,127 | $ | 35,489 | |||
Medicaid |
44,465 | 43,816 | 42,439 | ||||||
Medicare Advantage |
47,141 | 45,148 | 43,157 | ||||||
Commercial insurance and other |
59,647 | 66,345 | 65,406 | ||||||
Weighted average |
42,935 | 41,818 | 41,796 | ||||||
Revenues per patient day: |
|||||||||
Medicare |
$ | 1,378 | $ | 1,264 | $ | 1,259 | |||
Medicaid |
935 | 890 | 878 | ||||||
Medicare Advantage |
1,436 | 1,373 | 1,318 | ||||||
Commercial insurance and other |
1,793 | 1,793 | 1,729 | ||||||
Weighted average |
1,399 | 1,317 | 1,301 | ||||||
Medicare case mix index (discharged patients only) |
1.21 | 1.15 | 1.11 | ||||||
Average daily census |
3,785 | 3,812 | 3,638 | ||||||
Occupancy % |
64.7 | 64.8 | 64.6 | ||||||
Annualized employee turnover % |
22.1 | 25.2 | 26.1 |
(a) | Data not available prior to April 1, 2007. |
75
Operating data (Continued):
Year ended December 31, | |||||||||
2009 | 2008 | 2007 | |||||||
Nursing center data: |
|||||||||
End of period data: |
|||||||||
Number of nursing centers: |
|||||||||
Owned or leased |
218 | 218 | 218 | ||||||
Managed |
4 | 4 | 4 | ||||||
222 | 222 | 222 | |||||||
Number of licensed beds: |
|||||||||
Owned or leased |
27,038 | 27,252 | 27,809 | ||||||
Managed |
485 | 485 | 485 | ||||||
27,523 | 27,737 | 28,294 | |||||||
Revenue mix %: |
|||||||||
Medicare |
34 | 34 | 35 | ||||||
Medicaid |
42 | 43 | 44 | ||||||
Medicare Advantage (a) |
6 | 5 | |||||||
Private and other |
18 | 18 | 21 | ||||||
Patient days (b): |
|||||||||
Medicare |
1,463,445 | 1,523,090 | 1,520,831 | ||||||
Medicaid |
5,375,605 | 5,466,653 | 5,534,048 | ||||||
Medicare Advantage |
333,775 | 272,517 | |||||||
Private and other |
1,637,463 | 1,659,338 | 1,785,638 | ||||||
8,810,288 | 8,921,598 | 8,840,517 | |||||||
Patient day mix %: |
|||||||||
Medicare |
17 | 17 | 17 | ||||||
Medicaid |
61 | 61 | 63 | ||||||
Medicare Advantage |
4 | 3 | |||||||
Private and other |
18 | 19 | 20 | ||||||
Revenues per patient day: |
|||||||||
Medicare Part A |
$ | 461 | $ | 437 | $ | 411 | |||
Total Medicare (including Part B) |
503 | 474 | 447 | ||||||
Medicaid |
167 | 163 | 155 | ||||||
Medicare Advantage |
394 | 373 | |||||||
Private and other |
235 | 229 | 235 | ||||||
Weighted average |
244 | 235 | 221 | ||||||
Average daily census |
24,138 | 24,376 | 24,221 | ||||||
Admissions (b) |
72,801 | 69,986 | 65,772 | ||||||
Occupancy % |
89.0 | 89.1 | 87.8 | ||||||
Medicare average length of stay |
35.4 | 35.5 | 35.6 | ||||||
Annualized employee turnover % |
38.9 | 48.9 | 55.9 | ||||||
Rehabilitation data: |
|||||||||
Revenue mix %: |
|||||||||
Company-operated |
61 | 63 | 68 | ||||||
Non-affiliated |
39 | 37 | 32 | ||||||
Sites of service (at end of period) |
622 | 655 | 644 | ||||||
Revenue per site |
$ | 730,345 | $ | 651,895 | $ | 582,207 | |||
Therapist productivity % |
84.2 | 81.4 | 79.4 | ||||||
Annualized employee turnover % |
12.8 | 13.3 | 15.6 |
(a) | Data not available prior to 2008. |
(b) | Excludes managed facilities. |
76
The Year in Review
Fiscal 2009 was a year of solid operational and financial performance despite a number of reimbursement and other external challenges. Our financial results further reinforce and support our fundamental management philosophy: If we take care of our people and focus on quality and customer service, our business results will follow.
Financial highlights of the year included:
| revenue gains in each of our three operating divisions: Hospitals 5%, Health Services 3% and Peoplefirst Rehabilitation 11%. Overall revenues of $4.3 billion were 4% ahead of last year; |
| volume growth continued to be a major operational focus for each of our divisions, with hospital admissions rising 2%, nursing center admissions growing 4% and rehabilitation therapy minutes increasing 8% compared to fiscal 2008; |
| consolidated operating income rose 2% to $579 million in 2009 despite significant Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement reductions that negatively impacted our revenues by approximately $23 million during the year; |
| income from continuing operations totaled $63 million, up 4% over 2008; |
| diluted earnings per share rose 4% to $1.60 in 2009 compared to $1.54 last year; |
| operating cash flows rose 36% to $234 million, the highest level in three years; |
| routine capital expenditures declined 11% to $98 million in 2009, while development capital expenditures grew 24% to $48 million; |
| all routine and development capital expenditures in both 2009 and 2008 were financed through internal sources; |
| our accounts receivable days outstanding declined 2% in 2009, while our revolving credit borrowings, net of excess cash, declined nearly $80 million; and |
| the remaining unused capacity under our revolving credit facility totaled $353 million at the end of the year, providing significant financial flexibility to pursue other growth opportunities. |
Our hospital division reported solid admissions growth in 2009 with particularly strong growth in non-government admissions. We continued to make progress in educating our referral sources on the value of our hospital services from both a clinical and financial perspective. In addition, we are expanding our service lines to further promote the value of our hospitals, diversify our patient population and take advantage of unused hospital capacity. For example, at December 31, 2009, we operated seven hospital-based sub-acute units comprising 409 licensed beds and have plans to add another five hospital-based sub-acute units in key markets over the next two years. Despite a mid-year Medicare rate cut, we managed to increase our hospital operating income by 5% to $364 million in 2009 primarily as a result of growth in non-government admissions and operational improvements in certain newer facilities.
In our health services division, we have made the necessary investments in leadership, clinical resources and information systems to bring a higher level of operational consistency and stability to this business. Despite strong admissions growth, our 2009 operating results reflected a more difficult government reimbursement environment with respect to both the Medicare and Medicaid programs. As a result, our health services division operating income declined 5% to $305 million in 2009. Nevertheless, we continued to enhance our asset base through the continued development of our transitional care centers and units in selected markets that contain the physical plant, clinical programs and professional staff necessary to attract higher acuity patients who require more extensive services including rehabilitation therapy.
77
Peoplefirst Rehabilitation reported an outstanding year in 2009, with improvements in several of the operational and financial measures we use to manage our business. Strong growth in average revenues per site of service, improved therapist productivity and a renewed commitment to differentiate our brand in the markets we serve resulted in 33% growth in Peoplefirst operating income to $51 million in 2009. In addition, growth in Peoplefirst operating income contributed significantly to the consolidated net income growth we reported for the year.
We also have made great progress over the past few years in the recruitment, retention and development of our people. Our investments in employee orientation, continuing clinical education, leadership development and employee recognition programs have helped to make Kindred an employer of choice in many of our local markets. Our employee turnover percentages, a leading indicator in our business, improved significantly in 2009 in each of our three operating divisions.
Our commitment to our employees is the key driver in our ongoing efforts to improve clinical quality and customer service in each market we serve. During 2009, we continued to measure our progress in such critical areas as ventilator pneumonia rates and blood stream infection rates as well as improvements in functional outcomes of rehabilitation therapy patients discharged from our care. We also monitor our nursing center standard survey results against our peer companies and competitors in our local markets to identify ways to improve our clinical operations and enhance our services.
We continued to pursue our organic development and external growth strategies in our key markets. In the near term, we are developing five new hospitals, five hospital-based sub-acute units and 20 to 30 additional transitional care centers and units in selected nursing centers that will provide additional growth in each of our operating divisions. For 2010, we expect that our routine and development capital expenditures will range from $185 million to $200 million, a significant portion of which will be financed through internal sources.
Our focus on the quality of care provided to our patients and residents, our commitment to taking care of our employees and our efforts to effectively use and preserve our capital resources have positioned us as a leading provider of post-acute services. We are in a position to effectively respond to a challenging economic, political and regulatory environment in order to deliver high quality care to our patients and residents, produce a valuable work experience for our employees and provide profitability to our shareholders.
Hospital division
Revenues increased 5% in 2009 to $1.9 billion and 6% in 2008 to $1.8 billion. During each of the past two years, revenue growth was primarily a result of increases in admissions, ongoing development of new hospitals and reimbursement rate increases associated with higher average patient acuity levels.
Aggregate admissions increased 2% in 2009 and 6% in 2008. On a same-facility basis, aggregate admissions rose 3% in 2009 and 4% in 2008, while non-government same-facility admissions increased 14% and 15%, respectively.
Hospital operating margins (operating income as a percentage of revenues) were essen