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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

Date of event requiring this shell company report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

For the transition period from                       to                        

Commission file number: 001-34873

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

* Not for trading, but only in connection with the listing on The NASDAQ Global Select Market of American depositary shares.

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

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Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

o Yes   x No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

o Yes   x No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

x Yes   o No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

x Yes   o No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

o Item 17   o Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).

o Yes   x No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

o Yes   o No

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INTRODUCTION

In this annual report, unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, references to:

·                  ·               “ADSs” refers to American depositary shares, each of which represents 16 ordinary shares;

·                  ·               “ChinaCache,” “we,” “us,” “our company,” and “our” refer to ChinaCache International Holdings Ltd., its subsidiaries and its consolidated variable interest entities;

·                  ·               “China” or “PRC” refers to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for purposes of this annual report only, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau;

·                  ·               “Renminbi” or “RMB” refers to the legal currency of China;

·                  ·               “U.S. GAAP” refers to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States; and

·                  ·               “US$,” “dollars” or “U.S. dollars” refers to the legal currency of the United States.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form 20-F contains forward-looking statements that relate to our current expectations and views of future events. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the items entitled “Information on the Company,” “Risk Factors,” “Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” “Financial Information” and “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.” Our forward-looking statements relate to events that involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, including those listed under “Risk Factors,” which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigations Reform Act of 1995. You can identify some of these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “is/are likely to,” “potential,” “continue” or other similar expressions, although not all forward-looking statement contain these words. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements relating to:

·                  our goals and strategies;

·                  our expansion plans;

·                  our future business development, financial condition and results of operations;

·                  the expected growth of the content and application delivery services market;

·                  our expectations regarding demand for, and market acceptance of, our services;

·                  our expectations regarding keeping and strengthening our relationships with customers;

·                  our plans to invest in research and development to enhance our solution and service offerings; and

·                  general economic and business conditions in the regions where we provide our solutions and services.

We would like to caution you not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements and you should read these statements in conjunction with the risk factors disclosed in “Item 3.D. Key Information —Risk Factors.” Those risks are not exhaustive. We operate in an emerging and evolving environment. New risk factors emerge from time to time and it is impossible for our management to predict all risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement. We do not undertake any obligation to update or revise the forward-looking statements except as required under applicable law. You should read this annual report and the documents that we reference in this annual report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

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PART I

ITEM 1.                                                IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2.                                                OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not applicable.

ITEM 3.                                                KEY INFORMATION

A.                                    Selected Financial Data

The following table presents the selected consolidated financial information of our company. Our selected consolidated financial data presented below for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 and our balance sheet data as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. Our selected consolidated financial data presented below for the year ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 and our balance sheet data as of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements which are not included in this annual report. Our audited consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

You should read the summary consolidated financial information in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included elsewhere in this annual report. Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of our results expected for future periods.

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(1)         Includes share-based compensation expenses as follows:

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(2)         On December 26, 2011, we terminated the contractual arrangements whereby we had exercised control over Shanghai JNet Telcom Co., Ltd., or Shanghai JNet. A gain on disposal of Shanghai JNet of RMB30.7 million was recognized as a result and is included as part of discontinued operations, where we have reclassified Shanghai JNet’s results of operations.

(3)         Each ADS represents 16 ordinary shares.

(4)         Includes amount to related parties of RMB1.6 million, nil and RMB0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.

A summary of our selected consolidated balance sheet data is as follows:

Exchange Rate Information

A majority of our operations are conducted in China and our revenues are mainly denominated in RMB. This annual report contains translations of RMB amounts into U.S. dollars at specific rates solely for the convenience of the reader. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from RMB to U.S. dollars and from U.S. dollars to RMB in this annual report were made at a rate of RMB6.4778 to US$1.00, the exchange rate set forth in the H.10 statistical release of the Board of Governors of Federal Reserve Bank on December 31, 2015. We make no representation that any RMB or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or RMB, as the case may be, at any particular rate, the rates stated below, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of RMB into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade. On April 15, 2016, the certified exchange rate was RMB6.4730 to US$1.00.

The following table sets forth information concerning exchange rates between the RMB and the U.S. dollar for the periods indicated. These rates are provided solely for your convenience and are not necessarily the exchange rates that we used in this annual report or will use in the preparation of any other periodic reports or any other information to be provided to you. The source of these rates is the Federal Reserve Statistical Release.

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Source: Federal Reserve Statistical Release

(1)         Annual averages were calculated by using the average of the exchange rates on the last day of each month during the relevant year. Monthly averages are calculated by using the average of the daily rates during the relevant month.

B.                                    Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C.                                    Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D.                                    Risk Factors

Risks Related to Our Business and Industry

We have incurred losses in the past and may incur losses in the future.

We have a history of net losses. For the three years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, we had net losses of RMB34.2 million, RMB6.8 million and RMB88.7 million (US$13.7 million), respectively. As of December 31, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of RMB663.5 million (US$102.4 million). We cannot anticipate when, if ever, we will become profitable. Although we have improved efficiency of our networks and operations and adopted related cost reduction measures, we cannot assure you that we will continue to achieve such efficiency or sustain such cost reductions. Furthermore, we expect our costs and expenses to increase as we continue to expand our business and operations. If we are unable to generate revenues that significantly exceed our costs and expenses, we may continue to incur losses in the future.

We generate substantially all of our revenues from sales of content and application delivery total solutions, and the failure of the market for these services to expand as we expect or the reduction in spending on these services by our current or potential customers would seriously harm our business.

We have generated substantially all of our revenues from sales of content and application delivery total solutions. We expect such services to continue to be the primary source of our revenues in the foreseeable future. Our success, therefore, depends on our customers’ continued and increasing reliance on the internet for delivery of services and applications and our ability to deliver these services and applications cost-effectively. Factors that may have a general tendency to limit or reduce the number of users relying on the internet for services and applications or the number of providers making services and applications available online would harm our business. As the content and application delivery services industry is still emerging, our success also depends on our ability to convince potential customers to entrust their services and applications to an external service provider, that content and application delivery technologies and services are valuable and that it is more cost-effective for them to utilize external services than for them to develop similar services in-house. A decline in the demand for content and application delivery services in general would negatively affect demand for our services. Even if demand for our services continues to grow, this demand may not grow as quickly as we anticipate. The influence of any of these factors may cause our current or potential customers to reduce their spending on our services, which would have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

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Our costs and expenses may increase, and our results of operations may be adversely affected if we cannot pass on the increased costs to our customers.

We invest heavily in capital equipment and infrastructure to increase our network capacity. For example, we had capital expenditures of RMB139.6 million, RMB259.3 million and RMB417.8 million (US$64.5 million) in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively, which relate to our additions of intangible assets and property and equipment. In 2016 and beyond, we expect to increase our costs and expenses, including investments in infrastructure and additional bandwidth, servers and other equipment. In particular, we launched and plan to continue the development of our High Performance Cloud Cache, or HPCC, and Bandwidth Schedule Platform to optimize bandwidth usage and improve network efficiency. We expect these projects, upon completion, to result in substantial reduction in our future operation expenses and capital expenditures on equipment but because the aforementioned technologies are relatively new, we cannot assure you that their implementation will benefit us with the cost and expense reduction as expected, or at all. Furthermore, our capital expenditures are based upon our assumptions regarding the potential future demand. If we overestimate future demand for our services, we may not be able to achieve acceptable rates of return on our capital expenditures and our results of operations may suffer dramatically. In addition, if our bandwidth and other third-party providers raise the prices of their services and products, we will incur increased costs in order to provide our services. If we cannot pass on the increased costs and expenses to our customers, or if our costs to deliver our services do not decline commensurate with any future declines in the prices we charge our customers, we may fail to achieve profitability.

If we are unable to attract new customers or to retain existing customers, our revenues may decline.

To increase our revenues, we plan to sell additional services to existing customers, encourage existing customers to increase their purchase volume and attract new customers. If our existing and prospective customers do not perceive our services to be of sufficiently high value and quality, we may not be able to sell additional services to our current customers, retain our current customers or attract new customers. We typically sell our services pursuant to service agreements that are generally one year in duration. Although most of our service agreements contain renewal provisions, our customers have no obligation to renew the contracts after the expiration of their initial commitment period, and these service agreements may not be renewed at the same or higher level of service, if at all. Moreover, some of our service agreements provide that customers have the right to cancel their service agreements prior to the expiration of the terms of their agreements under certain circumstances. This, in addition to the changing competitive landscape in our market, means that we may not accurately predict future customer renewal rates. Our customers’ renewal rates may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including their level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with our services, the prices of our services, the prices of services offered by our competitors and reductions in our customers’ spending levels. In 2013, 2014 and 2015, 11.0%, 9.8% and 24.7%, respectively, of our total number of customers decided not to renew their contracts with us. If we cannot attract a sufficient number of new customers, control our existing customer attrition rate, or increase the purchase volume of our existing customers to cover the loss of existing customers, our revenues may decline and our business will suffer. In addition, we plan to attract additional customers for our cloud infrastructure and charge fees for facilities development and/or on-going management and operation. If we cannot attract enough customers for our cloud infrastructure project, we may not be able to recoup our investments and our profitability in connection with this business line will suffer adverse impact, which will in turn affect our overall results of operation.

We may lose customers if they elect to develop solutions internally for the delivery of their own content and applications.

Our customers and potential customers may decide to develop their own content and applications delivery service solutions rather than outsource these solutions to service providers like us. This is particularly true as our customers expand their operations and begin expending greater resources on delivering their internet services and applications using their own resources. If we fail to offer services that are competitive to in-house developed solutions, we may continue to lose customers or fail to attract customers that develop their own solutions in-house, and our business and financial results would suffer.

The decline in the price of our services could negatively impact our gross margins.

The average prices we can charge for our content and application delivery total solutions have declined, and are expected to decline over time, as a result of, among other things, the increasing availability of bandwidth at reduced costs and existing and new competition in the marketplace. Also, we may be forced to reduce the price of our services due to reduced bargaining power with our customers. If the price that we are able to charge customers falls to a greater extent than we anticipate and we are not able to offset this decline with reduction in our cost of revenues, our results of operations would be adversely affected.

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Rapidly evolving technologies or new business models could cause demand for our services to decline or become obsolete.

Third parties may develop technological or business model innovations that address internet services and applications delivery requirements in a manner that is, or is perceived to be, the equivalent or superior to our services. For instance, companies are looking to offer internet-related solutions, such as peer-to-peer file sharing networks, to address certain content and application delivery needs. Our existing and future competitors may introduce new products or services that compete with or surpass the quality, price or performance of our services. We may not anticipate such developments and our services may be unable to adequately compete with these potential solutions. In addition, our customers’ business models may change in ways that we do not anticipate and these changes could reduce or eliminate our customers’ demand for our services. If this occurred, we could lose customers or potential customers, and our business and financial results would suffer. As a result of these or similar potential developments, it is possible that competitive dynamics in our market may require us to reduce our prices, which could harm our revenue, gross margin and results of operations.

If we are unable to successfully develop new services and enhancements to existing services or fail to predict and respond to emerging technological trends and customers’ changing needs, our results of operations may suffer.

The market for content and application delivery services is characterized by rapidly changing technology, evolving customer needs and requirements, and frequent new product and service introductions. Our results of operations depend on our ability to develop and introduce new services into existing and emerging markets. The process of developing new technologies is complex and uncertain. We must commit significant resources to developing new services or enhancements to our existing services before we are able to develop services that are widely accepted by the market. For example, individuals are increasingly using mobile devices to access internet content. Our ability to provide new and innovative solutions to address challenges posed by mobile device users is important to our future growth potential. Furthermore, we may not successfully execute our technology initiatives or our new services initiatives, such as the internet exchange and data center business, because of unexpected complexities in planning or timing, technical hurdles that we fail to overcome in a timely manner, misunderstandings about market demand or a lack of appropriate resources.  In 2015, we experienced an interruption in our services to our clients as a result of technical difficulties we had when migrating our services from our existing platform to our high capacity platform.  Due to the resulting decrease in user traffic, our revenue from this line of business was adversely affected in 2015.  Since then, we have implemented system improvement measures to tackle these issues. However, because the technology underlying our HPCC platform is relatively new, we may face new technical issues in the future.  If we fail to timely and effectively address those issues as they arise, our system performance may be affected resulting in decrease in customer traffic and loss in our number of customers. This may in turn materially and adversely affect our results of operations.  Failures in execution or market acceptance of new services we introduce could also result in competitors providing those solutions before we do, which could lead to loss of market share, revenues and earnings.

The internet and internet-based services in China may fail to grow as quickly as expected.

Our future success depends on the growth of the internet in China. In particular, our business strategy and growth depends on the continued development and utilization of internet-based services such as online games, rich media content, online advertising, e-commerce and mobile internet. Online games, rich media content, e-commerce and mobile internet are relatively new developments in China and may be impacted by regulatory changes in China. Our business prospects and future growth could suffer if the internet or the markets for these internet-based services in China fail to grow as quickly as anticipated. Furthermore, even if the internet and internet-based services in China grow as expected, we may fail to successfully implement our growth strategies, which could have a material adverse impact over our business prospects, results of operations and financial condition.

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Many of our existing and potential customers are pursuing emerging or unproven business models which, if unsuccessful, could lead to a substantial decline in demand for our services.

Because the proliferation of broadband internet connections and the subsequent monetization of internet services and applications are relatively recent phenomena in China, the business models of many of our existing and potential customers primarily focus on the delivery of internet content and applications to users and remain unproven. For example, user-generated content websites, media companies and online game operators have been among our customers and are pursuing emerging strategies for monetizing their internet services and applications or traffic on their websites. These companies will not continue to purchase our content and application delivery total solutions if their internet services or applications fail to generate a sufficient return on their investment or if their own business models fail to succeed. Moreover, some of our existing and potential customers are pursuing business in areas which have undefined regulatory parameters in China, and such companies face a risk of having their activities restricted or shut down for regulatory reasons. A reduction in spending on our services by our existing and potential customers or our customers’ inability or refusal to pay us due to their own financial condition or other reasons would harm our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and our growth and prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

We depend on a limited number of customers for a substantial portion of our revenues, and the loss of, or a significant shortfall in demand from, these customers could significantly harm our results of operations.

During any given fiscal period, a relatively small number of customers typically account for a significant percentage of our revenue. Our five largest customers contributed 32.6%, 31.5% and 37.5% of our total net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. In the past, our top five customers have continually changed, and we also have experienced significant fluctuations in our individual customers’ usage of our services. Our large customers may decrease the amount of services they purchase from us or may stop purchasing our services altogether as a result of a number of factors, including their level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with our services, the prices of our services, the prices of services offered by our competitors and reductions in our customers’ spending levels.

Our operating costs, however, are relatively fixed in the near term. As a consequence, we may not be able to adjust our expenses in the short term to address the unanticipated loss of a large customer during any particular period. As such, we may experience significant and unanticipated fluctuations in our results of operations which may cause us to not meet our expectations or those of stock market analysts, which could cause our stock price to decline.

Our business substantially depends on telecommunications carriers and other third-party providers for communications and storage capacity. Any change that adversely affects our communications and storage capacity could result in interruptions in our services.

Our business and operations are dependent upon telecommunications carriers and other third-party providers for communications and storage capacity, including bandwidth, optical fiber cable, servers and other equipment. We obtain bandwidth primarily from telecommunications carriers. We lease optical fiber cable to serve as part of our private transmission backbone from third-party providers. We purchase servers and other equipment from suppliers and deploy our servers in numerous third-party co-location facilities. In addition, we need access to end-user access networks operated by telecommunications carriers and internet service providers, or ISPs, in order to complete the delivery of internet content and applications to end-users.

We believe that we currently have good business relationships with telecommunications carriers and major third-party providers, and we have access to adequate communications and storage capacity to provide our services. However, there can be no assurance that we will always be able to secure communications and storage capacity on commercially acceptable terms, and that we are adequately prepared for unexpected increases in bandwidth demands or unplanned network interruptions. If we are unable to obtain transmission capacity on terms commercially acceptable to us or at all, our business and financial results could suffer.

In the past, system disruptions in the networks of certain regional telecommunications carriers and ISPs have affected our ability to provide our services. Some telecommunications carriers or ISPs may also take measures, such as the deployment of filters, that could degrade, disrupt or increase the cost of our or our customers’ access to networks operated by them. Telecommunications carriers and ISPs could also decide to limit or prohibit the use of their networks to support or facilitate our services, or charge additional fees to us, our customers or end-users in connection with our services. Third-party suppliers may not be able to meet our demand for servers or other equipment in a timely manner. In addition, as we deploy our servers in numerous third-party co-location facilities, any system outages or other disruptions in these third-party facilities could constrain our ability to deliver our services. Any of these interruptions, interferences or restrictions could result in a loss of existing customers, increased costs and impairment of our ability to attract new customers, thereby harming our revenues and growth.

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A severe or prolonged downturn in the global or Chinese economy could materially and adversely affect our business and our financial condition.

The global macroeconomic environment is facing challenges, including the escalation of the European sovereign debt crisis since 2011, the end of quantitative easing by the U.S. Federal Reserve and the economic slowdown in the Eurozone in 2014. The growth of the Chinese economy has slowed since 2012 and such slowdown may continue. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, China’s gross domestic product (GDP) growth slowed to 6.9% in 2015. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. There have been concerns over unrest and terrorist threats in the Middle East and Africa, which have resulted in volatility in oil and other markets, and over the conflicts involving Ukraine and Syria. There have also been concerns on the relationship among China and other Asian countries, which may result in or intensify potential conflicts in relation to territorial disputes. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China.

To the extent customers are unable to profitably monetize the content we deliver on their behalf due to an economic slowdown or otherwise, they may reduce or eliminate the traffic we deliver on their behalf. Such reductions in traffic would lead to a reduction in our revenues. Additionally, in economic downturns, we may experience the negative effects of increased competitive pricing pressure, customer loss, slowdown in commerce over the internet and corresponding decrease in traffic delivered over our network and failures by customers to pay amounts owed to us on a timely basis or at all. Suppliers on which we rely for servers, bandwidth, co-location and other services could also be negatively impacted by economic conditions which, in turn, could have a negative impact on our operations or expenses. Any prolonged slowdown in the global or Chinese economy may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition, and continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs.

We expect to continue to experience intense competition.

We compete in a market that is intensely competitive and rapidly changing. We have experienced and expect to continue to experience intense competition. In China, we primarily compete with domestic content and application delivery service providers. Our primary domestic competitors include ChinaNetCenter, Dnion Technology, 21Vianet, which acquired FastWeb in 2012, and Alibaba, which launched its Ali Cloud CDN services in 2014. Although multinational companies currently do not have a significant presence in the content and application delivery services market in China, in part due to regulatory restrictions in China’s telecommunications sector, we may face competition from multinational companies if regulatory restrictions in China are lifted in the future. Also, as a result of the growth of the content delivery services market, a number of companies are currently attempting to enter our market, either directly or indirectly, some of which may become significant competitors in the future. Some of our current or potential competitors may have greater financial, marketing and other resources than we do and may have stronger governmental support. Some of our competitors may offer lower prices on competing services in order to gain market share. Our competitors may be able to respond more quickly than we can to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements. Furthermore, some of our current or potential competitors may bundle their offerings with other services, software or hardware in a manner that may discourage content providers from purchasing the services that we offer. Increased competition could result in price reductions and revenue decline, loss of customers and loss of market share, which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Any unplanned interruption in the functioning of our network or services could lead to significant costs and disruptions.

Our business is dependent on providing our customers with fast, efficient and reliable delivery of internet content and applications. Many of our customers depend on our services to operate their businesses. Consequently, any disruption of our services could have a material impact on our customers’ businesses. Our network or services could be disrupted by numerous events, including natural disasters, power losses and failure of our software or network. From time to time, we need to correct errors and defects in our software or in other aspects of our network. There may be errors and defects originating with third-party networks or software on which we rely that harm our ability to deliver our services. We may also experience disruptions caused by software viruses or other attacks by unauthorized users. Despite our significant capital investments, we may have insufficient communications and server capacity to address these or other disruptions, which could result in interruptions in our services. Any widespread interruption of the functioning of our networks and related services for any reason would reduce our revenues and could harm our business and financial results. If such a widespread interruption occurred or if we failed to deliver internet services and applications to users as expected during a high-profile media event or well-publicized circumstance, our reputation could be severely damaged. Moreover, any disruptions could undermine confidence in our services and cause us to lose customers or make it more difficult to attract new ones, either of which could harm our business and results of operations.

The occurrence of cyber incidents, or a deficiency in our cybersecurity, could disrupt our services, cause damage to our brand and adversely affect our results of operations.

Our computer networks may be vulnerable to cyber incidents, including but not limited to unauthorized access, computer hacking, computer viruses and other security problems caused by unauthorized access to, or improper use of, systems by third parties or employees. A hacker who circumvents our cybersecurity measures could misappropriate proprietary information or cause interruptions, malfunctions or disruptions to our operations. Our electronic data may also be vulnerable to attacks, unauthorized access and misappropriation, which may corrupt our electronic data. We have not experienced a major cybersecurity breach to date. However, if a major cybersecurity breach were to occur, the losses or liabilities associated with such breach could have a material adverse effect on our business. We have implemented solutions, processes, and procedures to help mitigate our exposure to these types of cybersecurity risks, but these measures do not guarantee that we will not in the future experience a major cybersecurity breach. Actual or perceived concerns that our systems may be vulnerable to such cyber attacks or disruptions may deter customers from using our solutions or services and could result in our customers making claims for damages. As a result, we may be required to devote significant incremental amounts of resources to protect against the threat or perceived threat of these cybersecurity risks or to alleviate problems caused by cyber incidents, if and when they were to occur.

We may have difficulty scaling and adapting our existing network to accommodate increased traffic and technology advances or changing business requirements.

Our services are complex and are designed to be deployed in and across numerous large and complex networks. Our network must perform well and be reliable in order for us to be successful. The greater the user traffic and the greater the complexity of our products and services, the more resources we will need to invest in additional network capacity and support. We have spent and expect to continue to spend substantial amounts on the purchase and lease of equipment and data centers and the upgrade of our technology and network to handle increased traffic over our network and to roll out new products and services. This expansion is expensive and complicated and could result in inefficiencies, operational failures or defects in our network and related software. If we do not expand successfully, or if we experience inefficiencies and operational failures, the quality of our products and services and user experience could decline. These occurrences could damage our reputation and lead to a loss of current and potential customers. We must continuously upgrade our network in order to keep pace with our customers’ evolving demands. Cost increases or the failure to accommodate increased traffic or these evolving business demands without disruption could harm our results of operations and financial condition.

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If we fail to manage future growth effectively, our business and results of operations could be adversely affected.

We have expanded our operations in recent years and we anticipate further expansion in the future. This expansion has placed, and will continue to place, substantial demands on our managerial, operational, technological, financial and other resources. Our planned expansion will also require us to maintain the consistency of our service offerings to ensure that our brand does not suffer as a result of any deviations, whether actual or perceived, in the quality of our service offerings. Our future results of operations depend to a large extent on our ability to manage this expansion and growth successfully. Risks that we face in undertaking this expansion include:

·                  training new sales personnel to become productive and generate revenue;

·                  controlling expenses and investments in anticipation of expanded operations;

·                  implementing and enhancing our network; and

·                  addressing new markets.

A failure to manage our growth effectively could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Any difficulties identifying and consummating future acquisitions or integrating current and future acquisitions may have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Selective acquisitions and strategic investments form part of our strategy to further expand our business. However, acquisitions present challenges, including the difficulty of integrating the operations and personnel of the acquired companies, the potential disruption of our ongoing business, the potential distraction of management, expenses related to the acquisition, potential unknown liabilities or penalties associated with acquired businesses. Any inability to integrate operations or personnel in an efficient and timely manner could harm our results of operations.

We may be unsuccessful in identifying and consummating future acquisitions and strategic investments, which could impair our growth potential. In addition, future acquisitions and strategic investments will require the use of our available cash or dilutive issuances of securities. We may also experience significant turnover from the acquired operations or from our current operations as we integrate businesses. Such difficulties in identifying and consummating future acquisitions and strategic investments or any difficulties encountered in integrating current and future acquisitions may have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

Our results of operations may fluctuate in the future. This may result in significant volatility in, and otherwise adversely affect, the market for our ADSs.

Our results of operations may fluctuate as a result of various factors, many of which are outside of our control. These fluctuations are often not seasonable but could result in significant volatility in, and otherwise adversely affect, the market price of our ordinary shares. Fluctuations in our results of operations may be due to a number of factors, including:

·                  our ability to increase sales to existing customers and attract new customers;

·                  the loss of major customers, or a significant variation in their use of our services;

·                  service outages or security breaches;

·                  the amount and timing of operating costs and capital expenditures related to the maintenance and expansion of our business, operations and network;

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·                  the occurrence of significant events in a particular period that results in an increase in the use of our services, such as a major media event or a customer’s online release of a new or updated video game;

·                  changes in our pricing policies or those of our competitors;

·                  share-based compensation expenses associated with attracting and retaining key personnel;

·                  limitations of the capacity of our platform and related systems;

·                  the timing of costs related to the development or acquisition of technologies, services or businesses;

·                  general economic, industry, market and regulatory conditions and those conditions specific to internet usage and online businesses; and

·                  reduced usage of our services by our customers.

Our revenues and results of operations may vary significantly in the future and period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations may not be meaningful. You should not rely on the results of one period as an indication of future performance.

We may face intellectual property infringement claims that could be time-consuming and costly to defend. If we fail to defend ourselves against such claims, we may lose significant intellectual property rights and may be unable to continue providing our existing services.

Our technologies and business methods may be subject to third-party claims or rights that limit or prevent their use. Companies, organizations or individuals, including our competitors, may hold or obtain patents or other proprietary rights that would prevent, limit or interfere with our ability to make, use or sell our services or develop new services, which could make it more difficult for us to operate our business. Intellectual property registrations or applications by others relating to the type of services that we provide may give rise to potential infringement claims against us. In addition, due to being a public company, we may face a higher risk of being subject to intellectual property infringement claims from third parties. The global content and application delivery services industry is characterized by the existence of a large number of patents, trademarks and copyrights and by frequent litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. We expect that infringement claims may further increase as the number of products, services and competitors in our market increases. Further, continued success in this market may provide an impetus to those who might use intellectual property litigation as a tool against us.

It is critical that we use and develop our technology and services without infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties, including but not limited to patents, copyrights, trade secrets and trademarks. Intellectual property litigation is expensive and time-consuming and could divert management’s attention from our business. A successful infringement claim against us, whether with or without merit, could, among others things, require us to pay substantial damages, develop non-infringing technology or enter into royalty or license agreements that may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all, and cease making, licensing or using products that have infringed a third party’s intellectual property rights. Protracted litigation could also result in existing or potential customers deferring or limiting their purchase or use of our products until resolution of such litigation, or could require us to indemnify our customers against infringement claims in certain instances. Any intellectual property litigation could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations or financial condition.

We have patents, patent applications and software copyright registrations in China relating to the technologies used in our business. However, we have no issued patents in the U.S. Certain U.S.-based companies have been granted patents or have licensed patents in the U.S. relating to the content and application delivery business. In the past, we have conducted substantially all of our business operations in China. We primarily rely upon our local business partners in the U.S. to address our content and application delivery needs in those markets. However, the possibility of intellectual property rights infringement claims against us may still increase as we expand outside China.

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If we fail to defend ourselves against any intellectual property infringement claim, we may lose significant intellectual property rights and may be unable to continue providing our existing services, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and business prospects.

We may not be able to prevent others from unauthorized use of our intellectual property.

We rely on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark, software registration and trade secret laws, as well as nondisclosure agreements and other methods to protect our intellectual property rights. As of the date of this annual report, we have 41 patents, 23 PRC patent applications, two PCT patent applications and 23 software copyright registrations. To protect our trade secrets and other proprietary information, employees, consultants, advisors and collaborators are required to enter into confidentiality agreements. However, a patent filing may not result in an issued patent and an issued patent may not sufficiently protect our intellectual property rights and our current patent portfolio may not be broad enough to protect our technologies. In addition, implementation of intellectual property-related laws in China has historically been lacking, primarily because of ambiguities in the PRC laws and difficulties in enforcement. Accordingly, intellectual property rights and confidentiality protections in China may not be as effective as in the United States or other countries, and infringement of intellectual property rights continues to pose a serious risk of doing business in China. Policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology is difficult and expensive. The steps we have taken may be inadequate to prevent the misappropriation of our proprietary technology. Reverse engineering, unauthorized copying or other misappropriation of our proprietary technologies could enable third parties to benefit from our technologies without paying us for doing so, which could harm our business and competitive position. Although we are not currently involved in any litigation with respect to intellectual property, we may need to enforce our intellectual property rights through litigation. Litigation relating to our intellectual property may not prove successful and might result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

If our ability to deliver services and applications in popular proprietary formats is restricted or becomes cost-prohibitive, demand for our services could decline, we could lose customers and our financial results could suffer.

Our business partially depends on our ability to deliver internet services and applications in all major formats. If our legal right or technical ability to store and deliver internet services and applications in one or more popular proprietary formats, such as Adobe Flash or Windows Media, is limited, our ability to serve our customers in these formats would be impaired and the demand for our content and application delivery total solutions by customers using these formats would decline. Owners of proprietary formats may be able to block, restrict, or impose fees or other costs on, our use of such formats, which could lead to additional expenses for us and for our customers, or which could prevent our delivery of this type of internet services and applications altogether. Such interference could result in a loss of existing customers, increased costs and impairment of our ability to attract new customers, which would harm our revenues, results of operations and growth.

If we are unable to retain our key employees and hire qualified sales and technical personnel, our ability to compete could be harmed.

Our future success depends upon the continued services of our executive officers and other key technology, sales, marketing and support personnel who have critical industry experience and relationships that they rely on in implementing our business plan. We do not have “key person” insurance policies covering any of our officers or other key employees, and we therefore have no way of mitigating our financial loss were we to lose their services. The loss of the services of any of our key employees could disrupt our operations, delay the development and introduction of our services, and negatively impact our ability to sell our services. There is increasing competition for qualified individuals with the specialized knowledge relevant to providing content and application network services and this competition affects both our ability to retain key employees and hire new ones. If we cannot identify and hire additional qualified employees, or if we fail to provide appropriate training, career opportunities or otherwise motivate and retain our quality employees, we may not be able to successfully execute our growth strategies and our business could suffer.

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We may not be able to recoup our investment in international expansions.

As part of our growth strategy, we may continue to expand our international network. Such expansion could require us to make significant expenditures, including the purchase of additional network equipment and the hiring of local employees, in advance of generating any revenues. As a consequence, we may fail to achieve profitability or recoup our investment in international locations.

If we fail to maintain a strong brand identity, our business may not grow and our financial results may be adversely impacted.

Maintaining and enhancing the value of our “ChinaCache” and “Blue I.T.” brands is important to attracting customers. Our success in maintaining brand awareness and recognition in the content and application delivery services market in China will depend on our ability to consistently provide high-quality, value-added services and solutions. As our business grows, we plan to continue to focus our efforts to establish a wider recognition of our “ChinaCache” and “Blue I.T.” brands to attract potential customers, which may require additional marketing resources. We cannot assure you that we will effectively allocate our resources for these activities or succeed in maintaining and broadening our brand recognition and appeal. If we fail to maintain a strong brand identity, our business and financial results may be adversely impacted.

If we are required to seek additional funding, such funding may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

We may need to obtain additional funding due to a number of factors beyond our control, including a shortfall in revenues, increased expenses, increased investment in capital equipment or the acquisition of significant businesses or technologies. In addition, although we have completed building constructions for our cloud infrastructure, we may need to incur substantial investments in the future to equip the buildings with hardware according to potential customers’ specifications. Also, we utilized the funds prepaid by people.cn and Beijing Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives, or BFSMC, for the construction of the buildings to be sold to people.cn and BFSMC.  In the event where we cannot successfully complete the sale of the data center buildings to purchasers like people.cn and BFSMC, those purchasers may demand the repayment of their prepayment and thus affecting our cash position. In particular, under our framework agreement with BFSMC, we agree to turn over the subject building by September 2015.  The construction of such building, however, has not yet been completed as of the date of this annual report and the turnover of the building is subject to requisite governmental approvals. BFSMC has not demanded any repayment from us as of the date of this annual report.  If, however, BFSMC successfully claims repayment by us of their prepayment, our cash position will be materially and adversely affected.  We believe that our cash and cash equivalents, and anticipated cash from operating activities will be sufficient to fund our operations and proposed capital expenditures for at least the next 12 months. If for unforeseen circumstances we do need to obtain additional funding, it may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. If we are unable to obtain sufficient funding, our business would be harmed. Even if we are able to find outside funding sources, we may be required to issue securities in a transaction that could be highly dilutive to our investors or we may be required to issue securities with greater rights than the securities we have outstanding today. We may also be required to take other actions that could lessen the value of our ADSs, including borrowing money on terms that are not favorable to us. If we are unable to generate or raise capital that is sufficient to fund our operations, we may be required to curtail operations, reduce our capabilities or cease operations in certain jurisdictions or completely. Similarly, if we are unable to generate or raise capital that is sufficient to fund proposed investments in our cloud infrastructure hardware, we may not be able to provide our customers with cloud data centers that meet their requirements. We may, as a result, not be able to fully implement our cloud infrastructure strategy.

If our preferential tax treatment for ChinaCache Beijing and Beijing Blue I.T. becomes unavailable, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

The Enterprise Income Tax Law, effective as of January 1, 2008, permits certain “high and new enterprises strongly supported by the state” which hold independent ownership of core intellectual property and simultaneously meet a list of other financial or non-financial criteria to enjoy a reduced 15% enterprise income tax rate subject to certain new qualification criteria. ChinaCache Beijing was subject to a reduced tax rate of 15% from fiscal year 2010 to 2012 due to its having received “high and new technology enterprise” status from the Beijing Science and Technology Commission, Beijing Finance Bureau, Beijing Administration of State Taxation and Beijing Administration of Local Taxation on December 24, 2010. On November 11, 2013, ChinaCache Beijing obtained the certificate of “high and new technology enterprise” jointly issued by the same governmental authorities in Beijing, with which ChinaCache Beijing will be eligible for a reduced income tax rate of 15% for fiscal years 2013, 2014 and 2015. If we fail to maintain the “high and new technology enterprise” status of ChinaCache Beijing, the enterprise income tax rate of ChinaCache Beijing will increase to 25%.

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Beijing Blue I.T. had previously been entitled to a reduced 15% income tax rate from 2008 through 2010, due to its qualification of the “high and new technology enterprise” status in December 2008. In January 2011, Beijing Blue I.T. lost its status as a result of failing to apply for a timely renewal of such qualification. In 2013, Beijing Blue I.T. was recognized as “high and new technology enterprise” again and is eligible for a preferential tax rate of 15% effective retrospectively from 2012 to 2014. In July 2015, Beijing Blue I.T. was recognized as a “high and new technology enterprise” and is eligible for a preferential tax rate of 15% effective from 2015 to 2018.

In May 2013, Beijing Blue I.T. was recognized as a key software enterprise covered by the national planning layout scheme, or Key Software Enterprise, jointly by the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT, Ministry of Commerce and State Administration of Taxation, which entitled it to enjoy a preferential income tax rate of 10% for 2011 and 2012. Beijing Blue I.T. has applied for “Key Software Enterprise” status for 2013 and 2014 and received official approval as “Key Software Enterprise” in December 2013, and therefore is eligible for a preferential tax rate of 10% for 2013 and 2014. According to a Circular issued by the MIIT and the SAT on Matters relating to Preferential Corporate Income Tax Policies for Software Enterprises in May 27, 2015, the recognition of “Key Software Enterprise” was stopped since May 2015, and Beijing Blue I.T. subsequently lost the “Key Software Enterprise” status. See “Item 5.A. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results—Taxation—PRC.”

If our preferential tax treatment of ChinaCache Beijing and Beijing Blue I.T. become unavailable, our income tax expenses would increase, which may have a material adverse effect on our net income and results of operations.

Failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could have a material and adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs.

We are subject to the reporting obligations under the U.S. securities laws. Although our management concluded, and our independent registered public accounting firm reported, that we maintained effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, we cannot assure you that we will maintain effective internal control over financial reporting on an ongoing basis. If we fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting, we will not be able to conclude and our independent registered public accounting firm will not be able to report that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 in our future annual report on Form 20-F covering the fiscal year in which this failure occurs. Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports. Any failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could have a material and adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs. Furthermore, we may need to incur additional costs and use additional management and other resources as our business and operations further expand or in an effort to remediate any significant control deficiencies that may be identified in the future.

We have granted, and may continue to grant, stock options and restricted shares under our stock incentive plans, resulting in increased share based compensation expenses and, therefore, adversely affecting our results of operations.

We have adopted a total of four stock incentive plans, in the years 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2011. There were options to purchase 13,760,054 of our ordinary shares and 44,406,588 shares as restricted shares in accordance with these plans granted and outstanding as of December 31, 2015. See “Item 6.B. Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation—Stock Incentive Plans.” For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, we recorded RMB11.9 million, RMB17.0 million and RMB48.6 million (US$7.5 million), respectively, in share-based compensation expenses for employees. If we grant more stock options to attract and retain key personnel, the expenses associated with share based compensation may adversely affect our results of operations. However, if we do not grant stock options or reduce the number of stock options that we grant, we may not be able to attract and retain key personnel.

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We may incur losses due to business interruptions resulting from occurrence of natural catastrophes, acts of terrorism or fires, and we have limited insurance coverage.

The occurrence of natural catastrophes such as earthquakes, floods, typhoons or any acts of terrorism may result in significant property damages as well as loss of revenues due to interruptions in our business operations. In addition, the provision of our services depends on the continuing operation of our information technology and communications systems, which are also vulnerable to damage or interruption from natural catastrophes and acts of terrorism. Some of our data centers are located in areas with a high risk of typhoons or earthquakes. Our disaster recovery planning cannot account for every conceivable possibility. Any damage to or failure of our systems could result in interruptions in our services, which could reduce our revenues and profits, and our brand could be damaged if people believe our systems are unreliable.

The insurance industry in China is not fully developed. Insurance companies in China offer limited business insurance products. While business disruption insurance may be available to a limited extent in China, we have determined that the risks of disruption and the difficulties and costs associated with acquiring such insurance render it commercially impractical for us to have such insurance. As a result, we do not have any business liability, disruption or litigation insurance coverage for our operations in China. Any business disruption or litigation might result in our incurring substantial costs and the diversion of resources.

We face risks related to natural disasters, health epidemics and other outbreaks, which could significantly disrupt our operations.

Our business could be materially and adversely affected by natural disasters or the outbreak of health epidemic. Any such occurrences could cause severe disruption to our daily operations, and may even require a temporary closure of our facilities. In May 2008, a severe earthquake hit part of Sichuan province in southwestern China, and in April 2010, another severe earthquake hit part of Qinghai province in western China, and in August 2014, another strong earthquake hit part of Yunnan province in south, each of which resulted in significant casualties and property damage. While we did not suffer any loss or experience any significant increase in cost resulting from these earthquakes, if a similar disaster were to occur in the future affecting Beijing or another city where we have major operations in China, our operations could be materially and adversely affected due to loss of personnel and damages to property. In addition, any outbreak of avian flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), influenza A (H1N1), H7N9, Ebola, or other adverse public health epidemic in China may have a material and adverse effect on our business operations. These occurrences could require the temporary closure of our offices or prevent our staff from traveling to our customers’ offices to provide on-site services. Such closures could severely disrupt our business operations and adversely affect our results of operations.

We are subject to China’s anti-corruption laws and the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. Our failure to comply with these laws could result in penalties, which could harm our reputation and have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or the FCPA, which generally prohibits companies and anyone acting on their behalf from offering or making improper payments or providing benefits to foreign officials for the purpose of obtaining or keeping business, along with various other anti-corruption laws, including China’s anti-corruption laws. Our policies prohibit any such conduct and require that we, our employees and intermediaries comply with the FCPA and other anti-corruption laws to which we are subject. There is, however, no assurance that such policies or procedures will work effectively all the time or protect us against liability under the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws for actions taken by our employees and intermediaries with respect to our business or any businesses that we may acquire. We operate in the content and application delivery services industry in China and generally purchase bandwidth from state or government-owned telecommunications carriers and provide a portfolio of services and solutions to government agencies. This puts us in frequent contact with persons who may be considered “foreign officials” under the FCPA, resulting in an elevated risk of potential FCPA violations. If we are found to be not in compliance with the FCPA and other applicable anti-corruption laws governing the conduct of business with government entities or officials, we may be subject to criminal and civil penalties and other remedial measures, which could have an adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Any investigation of any potential violations of the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws by U.S. or foreign authorities, including Chinese authorities, could adversely impact our reputation, cause us to lose customer sales and access to end-user access networks, and lead to other adverse impacts on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure

If the PRC government finds that the arrangements that establish the structure for operating our business do not comply with PRC government restrictions on foreign investment in the telecommunications business, we could be subject to severe penalties.

The PRC government regulates telecommunications-related businesses through strict business licensing requirements and other government regulations. These laws and regulations also include limitations on foreign ownership of PRC companies that engage in telecommunications-related business. Specifically, foreign investors are not allowed to own more than a 50% equity interest in any PRC company engaging in value-added telecommunications business (except e-commerce) and any such foreign investor must have experience in providing value-added telecommunications services overseas and maintain a good track record in accordance with the Guidance Catalog of Industries for Foreign Investment promulgated in 2007, as amended in 2011 and in 2015, respectively, and other applicable laws and regulations.

Because we are a Cayman Islands company, we are classified as a foreign enterprise under PRC laws and regulations, and our PRC subsidiaries, ChinaCache Beijing and Xin Run, are foreign-invested enterprises. To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we conduct our content and application delivery total solution business in China through a set of contractual arrangements with each of Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian and their respective shareholders. These contractual arrangements provide us with effective control over Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 4.C—Information on the Company—Organizational Structure—Contractual Arrangements with Our Consolidated Variable Interest Entities.”

The MIIT issued a circular in July 2006 requiring a foreign investor to set up a foreign-invested enterprise and obtain a value-added telecommunications business operating license, or VAT license, in order to conduct any value-added telecommunications business in China. Pursuant to this circular, a domestic VAT license holder is prohibited from leasing, transferring or selling the license to foreign investors in any form, and from providing any assistance, including providing resources, sites or facilities, to foreign investors that conduct value-added telecommunications business illegally in China. Furthermore, the relevant trademarks and domain names that are used in the value-added telecommunications business must be owned by the local VAT license holder or its shareholder. The circular further requires each VAT license holder to have the necessary facilities for its approved business operations and to maintain such facilities in the regions covered by its license. In addition, all value-added telecommunications service providers are required to maintain network and information security in accordance with the standards set forth under relevant PRC regulations. Due to a lack of interpretations from the regulator, it is unclear what impact this circular will have on us or other similarly situated companies.

In the opinion of Han Kun Law Offices, our PRC legal counsel, (i) the ownership structure of our PRC subsidiary, our PRC consolidated variable interest entities and their branches and subsidiaries comply with all existing PRC laws and regulations; (ii) each of the documents under the contractual arrangements among us, our PRC subsidiary, PRC consolidated variable interest entities and their shareholders governed by PRC law are valid, binding and enforceable, and will not result in any violation of PRC laws or regulations currently in effect and (iii) the business operations of our PRC subsidiary, our PRC consolidated variable interest entities and their branches and subsidiaries are in all material respects in compliance with existing PRC laws and regulations and the terms of their licenses and permits. However, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations, including the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, and the above circular. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the PRC regulatory authorities that regulate providers of content and application delivery services and other participants in the telecommunications industry, in particular, the MIIT, will ultimately take a view that is consistent with the opinion of our PRC legal counsel.

The relevant PRC regulatory authorities have broad discretion in determining whether a particular contractual structure is in violation of PRC laws and regulations. If our corporate and contractual structure is deemed by the relevant PRC regulatory authorities to be illegal, either in whole or in part, we may have to modify such structure to comply with regulatory requirements. However, we cannot assure you that we can achieve this without material disruption to our business. Further, if our corporate and contractual structure is found to be in violation of any existing or future PRC laws or regulations, the relevant regulatory authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violations, including:

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·                  revoking our business and operating licenses;

·                  levying fines on us;

·                  confiscating any of our income that they deem to be obtained through illegal operations;

·                  shutting down a portion or all of our networks and servers;

·                  discontinuing or restricting our operations in China;

·                  imposing conditions or requirements with which we may not be able to comply;

·                  requiring us to restructure our corporate and contractual structure;

·                  restricting or prohibiting our use of the proceeds from a public offering to finance our PRC consolidated variable interest entities’ business and operations; and

·                  taking other regulatory or enforcement actions that could be harmful to our business.

Occurrence of any of these events could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

ChinaCache Beijing’s contractual arrangements with Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian may result in adverse tax consequences to us.

We could face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that ChinaCache Beijing’s contractual arrangements with Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian were not made on an arm’s length basis and adjust our income and expenses for PRC tax purposes in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could adversely affect us by (i) increasing the respective tax liabilities of Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian without reducing ChinaCache Beijing’s tax liability, which could further result in late payment fees and other penalties to Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian for underpaid taxes; or (ii) limiting the ability of ChinaCache Beijing, Beijing Blue I.T. or Beijing Jingtian to obtain or maintain preferential tax treatments and other financial incentives. Due to our corporate structure and ChinaCache Beijing’s contractual arrangements with Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian, effective in September 2012, we are subject to a 6% value-added tax, or VAT, on revenues derived from ChinaCache Beijing and Beijing Jingtian and certain type of revenues from Beijing Blue I.T. Effective from June 2014, all services provided by Beijing Blue I.T. fall within the scope of the pilot program on telecom industry and revenues generated by these services are subject to VAT instead of business tax.

We rely on contractual arrangements with Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian and their respective shareholders for our China operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control.

We rely on contractual arrangements with our consolidated variable interest entities, Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian, and their respective shareholders, to operate our business in China. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Item 7.B. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions—Contractual Arrangements with Our Consolidated Variable Interest Entities.” These contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over our consolidated variable interest entities. Under the current contractual arrangements, as a legal matter, if our consolidated variable interest entities or their shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under these contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend significant resources to enforce such arrangements in reliance on legal remedies under PRC law. These remedies may not always be effective, particularly in light of uncertainties in the PRC legal system and we may incur substantial costs and expend significant resources in pursuing such enforcement actions.

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All of these contractual arrangements are governed by PRC law and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in the PRC. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC law and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal environment in the PRC is not as developed as in other jurisdictions, such as the United States. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements, which may make it difficult to exert effective control over our consolidated variable interest entities, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected. See “—Risks Related to Doing Business in China—Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could limit legal protections available to you and us.”

The shareholders of our consolidated variable interest entities may have potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The shareholders of our consolidated variable interest entities, Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian, are also the founders, directors, executive officers, employees or shareholders of our company. Conflicts of interests between their roles may arise. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise, any or all of these individuals will act in the best interests of our company or that conflicts of interest will be resolved in our favor. In addition, these individuals may breach or cause our consolidated variable interest entities to breach the existing contractual arrangements. Currently, we do not have arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these individuals and our company. We rely on these individuals to abide by the laws of the Cayman Islands and China. If we cannot resolve any conflicts of interest or disputes between us and the shareholders of our two consolidated variable interest entities, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

Our ability to enforce the share pledge agreements between us and the shareholders of Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian may be subject to limitations based on PRC laws and regulations.

Pursuant to the share pledge agreements which our wholly owned subsidiary ChinaCache Beijing has entered into with Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian and their respective shareholders, the shareholders of Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian have agreed to pledge their respective equity interests in Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian to ChinaCache Beijing to secure Beijing Blue I.T.’s and Beijing Jingtian’s performance of their obligations under the relevant contractual arrangements. The rest of the share pledges of Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian under these share pledge agreements have been registered with the relevant local branch of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, or SAIC.

In addition, when registering the pledges over the equity interests under the share pledge agreements with the local branch of SAIC, the amount of secured liabilities as stated on the application forms was RMB20 million for Beijing Blue I.T. and RMB10 million for Beijing Jingtian, corresponding to the pledged equity interests. The share pledge agreements with the shareholders of Beijing Blue I.T. provide that the pledged equity interest shall constitute continuing security for any and all of the payment obligations under all of the principal service agreements. The share pledge agreements with the shareholders of Beijing Jingtian provide that the pledged equity interest shall constitute continuing security for any and all of payment obligations, including payment of consulting and service fees, under the business cooperation agreement. However, it is possible that a PRC court may take the position that RMB10 million or RMB20 million, as applicable, represents the full amount of the collateral that has been registered and perfected. If this is the case, the obligations that are supposed to be secured in the share pledge agreements and are in excess of RMB10 million or RMB20 million, as applicable, could be determined by the PRC court as unsecured debt, which takes secondary priority comparing with other creditors with secured debts.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

Our business may be adversely affected by government policies and regulations in China.

Laws and regulations that apply to communications and commerce conducted over the internet are becoming more prevalent in China, and may impose additional burdens on companies conducting business online or providing internet-related services such as us and many of our customers. Increased regulation could negatively affect our business directly, as well as the businesses of our customers, which could reduce their demand for our services.

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The PRC government has adopted regulations governing internet access and the distribution of news and other information over the internet. Under these regulations, internet content providers and internet publishers are prohibited from posting or displaying over the internet content that, among other things, violates PRC laws and regulations, impairs the national dignity of China, or is reactionary, obscene, superstitious, fraudulent or defamatory. Failure to comply with these requirements may result in the revocation of licenses to provide internet content and other licenses and the closure of the concerned websites. In the past, failure to comply with such requirements has resulted in the closure of certain websites. In addition, the MIIT has published regulations that subject website operators to potential liability for content displayed on their websites and the actions of users and others using their systems, including liability for violations of PRC laws and regulations prohibiting the dissemination of content deemed to be socially destabilizing. The Ministry of Public Security has the authority to order any local internet service provider to block any internet website at its sole discretion. From time to time, the Ministry of Public Security has stopped the dissemination over the internet of information which it believes to be socially destabilizing. The State Secrecy Bureau is also authorized to block any website it deems to be leaking state secrets or failing to comply with the relevant regulations relating to the protection of state secrets in the dissemination of online information. Our business may be adversely affected if any of our customers’ websites are restricted, blocked or closed or if we face liability for content distributed over our network. If we need to take costly measures to reduce our exposure to these risks, or are required to defend ourselves against such claims, our financial results could be negatively affected.

In April 2007, the General Administration of Press and Publication of China, now the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television of China, or SAPPRFT, and several other governmental authorities issued a circular requiring the implementation of an “anti-fatigue system” and a real-name registration system by all PRC online game operators in an effort to curb addictive game play behaviors of minors under the age of eighteen. In addition, it is also possible that the PRC government authorities may decide to adopt more stringent policies to monitor the online game industry as a result of adverse public reaction or otherwise. The implementation of these regulations may discourage or otherwise prevent or restrict minors from playing online games, which could limit the growth of online game operators, one of our key customer groups, thus adversely affecting our business and results of operations.

The SAPPRFT and the MIIT issued the Administrative Measures Regarding internet Audio-Video Program Services, or the internet Audio-Video Program Measures, which became effective on January 31, 2008. Among other things, the internet Audio-Video Program Measures stipulate that only entities wholly owned or controlled by state-owned enterprises may apply for “the internet Audio-Video Program Operating License” to engage in the production, editing, integration or consolidation, and transfer to the public through the internet, of audio-video programs, and the provision of audio-video program uploading and transmission services. In addition, the internet Audio-Video Program Measures require that, when providing signal transmission for internet Audio-Video programs, network operators are obligated to examine the licenses or permits of the internet Audio-Video Programs service providers and must provide internet access services within the scope of such licenses or registration documents. The internet Audio-Video Program Measures further provide that no entity may provide signal transmission, internet data center services, fee collection or other financial or technical services to internet Audio-Video Programs service providers that do not have applicable licenses or permits. Although we do not provide audio-video programs on our own, our content and application delivery total solutions include provision of technical assistance to customers, social networking operators in particular, in the uploading and transmission of user-generated content, including audio-video programs. There are significant uncertainties relating to the interpretation and implementation of the internet Audio-Video Program Measures. Accordingly, if we are required to verify our customers’ internet Audio-Video Program Operating Licenses, such requirements may impose additional obligations on us, which may increase our expenses and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Any of these factors could cause significant disruption to our operations and may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to acquire, obtain or maintain applicable telecommunications licenses, or are deemed by relevant governmental authorities to be operating outside the terms of our existing license, our business would be materially and adversely affected.

Pursuant to the Telecommunications Regulations promulgated by the PRC State Council effective from September 2000, telecommunications businesses are divided into two categories, namely, (i) “basic telecommunications business,” which refers to a business that provides public network infrastructure, public data transmission and basic voice communications services, and (ii) “value-added telecommunications business,” which refers to a business that provides telecommunications and information services through the public network infrastructure. Pursuant to the VAT license issued to Beijing Blue I.T. by the MIIT in January 2015, Beijing Blue I.T. is permitted to carry out its domestic internet virtual private networks business, content and application delivery business and its internet data center business under the first category of “value-added telecommunications business.” and internet access business under the second category of “value-added telecommunications business”.

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However, since China’s content and application delivery services market is at an early stage of development, the scope of content and application delivery businesses has been expanding constantly and the concept of content and application delivery services is evolving. We have been continuously developing our content and application delivery business to better serve our customers, and as a result, we introduce new technologies and services from time to time to support and improve our current business. We cannot assure you that PRC governmental authorities will continue to deem of our newly developed technologies, network and services used in our business as a type of value-added telecommunications business covered under the VAT license of Beijing Blue I.T. As we expand our networks across China, it is also possible that the MIIT, in the future, may deem our operations to have exceeded the terms of our existing license. Further, we cannot assure you that Beijing Blue I.T. will be able to successfully renew its VAT license upon its expiration, or that its VAT license will continue to cover all aspects of our content and application delivery business and operations upon its renewal. In addition, new laws, regulations or government interpretations may also be promulgated from time to time to regulate the content and application delivery business or any of our related technology or services, which may require us to obtain additional, or expand existing, operating licenses or permits. Any of these factors could result in Beijing Blue I.T. being disqualified from carrying out its current business, causing significant disruption to our business operations which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Adverse changes in political and economic policies of the PRC government could have a material adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China, which could reduce the demand for our services and adversely affect our competitive position.

Substantially all of our operations are conducted in China and substantially all of our sales are made in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects are affected significantly by economic, political and legal developments in China. The PRC economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the amount of government involvement, the level of development, the growth rate, the control of foreign exchange and allocation of resources. While the PRC economy has grown significantly over the past several decades, the growth has been uneven across different periods, regions and among various economic sectors of China, and the rate of growth has been slowing. We cannot assure you that the Chinese economy will continue to grow, or that if there is growth, such growth will be steady and uniform, or that if there is a slowdown, such a slowdown will not have a negative effect on our business.

The PRC government exercises significant control over China’s economic growth through the allocation of resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies. From late 2003 to mid-2008, the PRC government implemented a number of measures, such as increasing the People’s Bank of China’s statutory deposit reserve ratio and imposing commercial bank lending guidelines that had the effect of slowing the growth of credit, which in turn may have slowed the growth of the Chinese economy. In response to the global and Chinese economic downturn in 2008, the PRC government promulgated several measures aimed at expanding credit and stimulating economic growth including decreasing the People’s Bank of China’s statutory deposit reserve ratio and lowering benchmark interest rates several times. From January 2010 to the second half of 2011, however, the People’s Bank of China increased the statutory deposit reserve ratio in response to rapid growth of credit in 2009. Since December 2011, the People’s Bank of China has again lowered the statutory deposit reserve ratio several times to help stimulate economic growth. It is unclear whether PRC economic policies will be effective in maintaining stable economic growth in the future. Any slowdown in the economic growth of China could lead to reduced demand for our solutions, which could materially and adversely affect our business, as well as our financial condition and results of operations.

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Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could limit legal protections available to you and us.

We conduct our business primarily through our subsidiaries and consolidated variable interest entities in China. Our operations in China are governed by PRC laws and regulations. ChinaCache Beijing is a foreign-invested enterprise and is subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investment in China and, in particular, laws applicable to foreign-invested enterprises. The PRC legal system is a civil law system based on written statutes. Unlike the common law system, prior court decisions may be cited for reference but are not binding.

In 1979, the PRC government began to promulgate a comprehensive system of laws and regulations governing economic matters in general. The overall effect of legislation over the past several decades has significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investments in China. However, China has not developed a fully integrated legal system, and recently enacted laws and regulations may not sufficiently cover all aspects of economic activities in China. In particular, because these laws and regulations are relatively new, and because of the limited volume of published decisions and their nonbinding nature, the interpretation and enforcement of these laws and regulations involve uncertainties. In addition, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules, some of which are not published on a timely basis or at all, which may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until some time after the violation. Any administrative and court proceedings in China may be protracted, resulting in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. These uncertainties may also impede our ability to enforce the contracts we have entered into. As a result, these uncertainties could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation of draft PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

The Ministry of Commerce published a discussion draft of the proposed Foreign Investment Law in January 2015 aiming to, upon its enactment, replace the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The draft Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. The Ministry of Commerce is currently soliciting comments on this draft and substantial uncertainties exist with respect to its enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation. The draft Foreign Investment Law, if enacted as proposed, may materially impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations in many aspects.

Among other things, the draft Foreign Investment Law expands the definition of foreign investment and introduces the principle of “actual control” in determining whether a company is considered a foreign-invested enterprise, or an FIE. The draft Foreign Investment Law specifically provides that entities established in China but “controlled” by foreign investors will be treated as FIEs. The draft Foreign Investment Law further provides that if a foreign entity is controlled by PRC investors, when it invests in the restricted industry as indicated in the “negative list and upon market entry clearance by the Ministry of Commerce, its investments would be treated as investment made by PRC domestic investors. In this connection, “control” is broadly defined in the draft law to cover the following summarized categories: (i) holding 50% of more of the voting rights of the subject entity; (ii) holding less than 50% of the voting rights of the subject entity but having the power to secure at least 50% of the seats on the board or other equivalent decision making bodies, or having the voting power to exert material influence on the board, the shareholders’ meeting or other equivalent decision making bodies; or (iii) having the power to exert decisive influence, via contractual or trust arrangements, over the subject entity’s operations, financial matters or other key aspects of business operations. Once an entity is determined to be an foreign invested enterprise, or FIE, it will be subject to the foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions set forth in a “negative list,” to be separately approved by the State Council later. Unless the underlying business of the FIE falls within the negative list, which calls for market entry clearance by the Ministry of Commerce or its local branches, prior approval from the government authorities as mandated by the existing foreign investment legal regime would no longer be required for establishment of the FIE.

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The “variable interest entity” structure, or VIE structure, has been adopted by many PRC-based companies, including us, to obtain necessary licenses and permits in the industries that are currently subject to foreign investment restrictions in China. See “— Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure” and “Item 4. Information on the Company — Organizational Structure.” Under the draft Foreign Investment Law, variable interest entities that are controlled via contractual arrangement would also be deemed as FIEs, if they are ultimately “controlled” by foreign investors. Therefore, for any companies with a VIE structure in an industry category that is included in the “negative list” as restricted industry, the VIE structure may be deemed legitimate only if the ultimate controlling person(s) is/are of PRC nationality (either PRC companies or PRC citizens). Conversely, if the actual controlling person(s) is/are of foreign nationalities, then the variable interest entities will be treated as FIEs and any operation in the industry category on the “negative list” without market entry clearance may be considered as illegal.

Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian might be found as controlled by foreign investors if the draft Foreign Investment Law is enacted as proposed. However, the draft Foreign Investment Law has not taken a position on what actions shall be taken with respect to the existing companies with a VIE structure, whether or not these companies are controlled by Chinese parties, while it is soliciting comments from the public on this point. In addition, it is uncertain whether the business that Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian operates will be subject to the foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions set forth in the “negative list” to be issued. If the enacted version of the Foreign Investment Law and the final “negative list” mandate further actions, such as MOC market entry clearance, to be completed by companies with existing VIE structure like us, we face uncertainties as to whether such clearance can be timely obtained, or at all.

The draft Foreign Investment Law, if enacted as proposed, may also materially impact our corporate governance practice and increase our compliance costs. For instance, the draft Foreign Investment Law imposes stringent ad hoc and periodic information reporting requirements on foreign investors and the applicable FIEs. Aside from investment implementation report and investment amendment report that are required at each investment and alteration of investment specifics, an annual report is mandatory, and large foreign investors meeting certain criteria are required to report on a quarterly basis. Any company found to be non-compliant with these information reporting obligations may potentially be subject to fines and/or administrative or criminal liabilities, and the persons directly responsible may be subject to criminal liabilities.

We rely principally on dividends paid by our operating subsidiaries to fund cash and financing requirements, and limitations on the ability of our operating subsidiary to make payments to us could have a material adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business and fund our operations.

We are a holding company and conduct substantially all of our business through our operating subsidiaries and consolidated variable interest entities, which are limited liability companies established in China. We rely principally on dividends paid by our subsidiaries for our cash needs, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, to service any debt we may incur and to pay our operating expenses, if any. The payment of dividends by entities organized in China is subject to certain limitations. In particular, regulations in China currently permit payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. Our PRC subsidiaries, ChinaCache Beijing and Xin Run, are also required to set aside at least 10% of their after-tax profit based on PRC accounting standards each year to its general reserves until the accumulative amount of such reserves reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends. In addition, it is required to allocate a portion of its after-tax profit to its staff welfare and bonus fund at the discretion of its board of directors. Moreover, if ChinaCache Beijing or Xin Run incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. Any limitation on the ability of ChinaCache Beijing or Xin Run to distribute dividends and other distributions to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

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Under China’s Enterprise Income Tax Law, we may be classified as a “resident enterprise” of China. Such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC resident shareholders.

Pursuant to the Enterprise Income Tax Law, an enterprise established outside of China with “de facto management bodies” within China is considered a “resident enterprise,” meaning that it can be treated in a manner similar to a Chinese enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes. The term “de facto management body” is defined as the management body that exercises full and substantial control and overall management over the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. The State Administration of Taxation issued SAT Circular 82 in April 2009, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a Chinese-controlled overseas-incorporated enterprise is located in China. In July 2011, the State Administration of Taxation issued additional rules to provide more guidance on the implementation of SAT Circular 82. The additional rules specify that when provided with a copy of Chinese tax resident determination certificate from a resident Chinese controlled offshore incorporated enterprise, the payer should not withhold 10% income tax when paying the Chinese-sourced dividends, interest, royalties, etc. to the Chinese controlled offshore incorporated enterprise. Although SAT Circular 82 and the additional guidance apply only to overseas registered enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises, not to those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in SAT Circular 82 may reflect the State Administration of Taxation’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of offshore enterprises, regardless of whether they are controlled by PRC enterprises or individuals.

If the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, a number of unfavorable PRC tax consequences could follow: (i) we may be subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 25% on our worldwide taxable income as well as PRC enterprise income tax reporting obligations, and (ii) a 10% withholding tax may be imposed on dividends we pay to our non-PRC resident shareholders and a 10% PRC tax may apply to gains derived by our non-PRC resident shareholders from transferring our shares or ADSs, if such income is considered PRC-sourced income. Similarly, such unfavorable tax consequences could apply to our subsidiaries outside China, including ChinaCache North America Inc. and ChinaCache Network (Hong Kong) Limited or their overseas subsidiaries if they are deemed to be “resident enterprises” by the PRC tax authorities. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions, the Enterprise Income Tax Law also provides that the dividends paid between “qualified resident enterprises” are exempt from enterprise income tax. If our Cayman Islands holding company is deemed a “resident enterprise” for PRC enterprise income tax purposes, the dividends it receives from its PRC subsidiaries, ChinaCache Beijing and Xin Run, may constitute dividends between “qualified resident enterprises” and therefore qualify for tax exemption. However, the definition of qualified resident enterprises is unclear and the relevant PRC government authorities have not yet issued guidance with respect to the processing of outbound remittances to entities that are treated as resident enterprises for PRC enterprise income tax purposes. Even if such dividends qualify as “tax-exempt income,” we cannot guarantee that such dividends will not be subject to any withholding tax.

Enhanced scrutiny over acquisition transactions by the PRC tax authorities may have a negative impact on potential acquisitions we may pursue in the future.

In connection with the EIT Law, the Ministry of Finance and the SAT jointly issued a SAT Circular 59 in April 2009, and the SAT issued a SAT Circular 698 in December 2009. Both SAT Circular 59 and Circular 698 became effective retroactively on January 1, 2008, and a Public Notice 7 in replacement of some of the existing rules in Circular 698, which became effective in February 2015.

According to SAT Circular 698, where a non-resident enterprise transfers the equity interests of a PRC “resident enterprise” indirectly by disposition of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise, being the transferor, may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, if the indirect transfer is considered to be an abusive use of company structure without reasonable commercial purposes. As a result, gains derived from such Indirect Transfer may be subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of up to 10%. In addition, the PRC “resident enterprise” is supposed to provide necessary assistance to support the enforcement of SAT Circular 698.

On February 3, 2015, the State Administration of Tax issued a Public Notice Regarding Certain Corporate Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-Tax Resident Enterprises, or Public Notice 7. Public Notice 7 has introduced a new tax regime that is significantly different from that under Circular 698. Public Notice 7 extends its tax jurisdiction to not only indirect transfers set forth under Circular 698 but also transactions involving transfer of other taxable assets, through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, Public Notice 7 provides clearer criteria than Circular 698 on how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. Public Notice 7 also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee (or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of the taxable assets. Where a non-resident enterprise conducts an “indirect transfer” by transferring the taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, the non-resident enterprise being the transferor, or the transferee, or the PRC entity which directly owned the taxable assets may report to the relevant tax authority such indirect transfer. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may re-characterize such indirect transfer as a direct transfer of the equity interests in the PRC tax resident enterprise and other properties in China. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or other person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of up to 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. Both the transferor and the transferee may be subject to penalties under PRC tax laws if the transferee fails to withhold the taxes and the transferor fails to pay the taxes.

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We face uncertainties on the reporting and consequences on private equity financing transactions, share exchange or other transactions involving the transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, or sale or purchase of shares in other non-PRC resident companies or other taxable assets by us. Our company and other non-resident enterprises in our group may be subject to filing obligations or being taxed if our company and other non-resident enterprises in our group are transferors in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company and other non-resident enterprises in our group are transferees in such transactions, under Circular 698 and Public Notice 7. For the transfer of shares in our company by investors that are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiaries may be requested to assist in the filing under Circular 698 and Public Notice 7. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with Circular 698 and Public Notice 7 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company and other non-resident enterprises in our group should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The PRC tax authorities have the discretion under Circular 698 and Public Notice 7 to make adjustments to the taxable capital gains based on the difference between the fair value of the taxable assets transferred and the cost of investment. If the PRC tax authorities make adjustments to the taxable income of the transactions under Circular 698 and Public Notice 7, our income tax costs associated with such potential acquisitions will be increased, which may have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The M&A Rules establish complex procedures for some acquisitions of Chinese companies by foreign investors, which could make it difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions in China.

The M&A Rules include provisions that purport to require approval of the Ministry of Commerce for acquisitions by offshore entities established or controlled by domestic companies, enterprises or natural persons of onshore entities that are related to such domestic companies, enterprises or natural persons, and prohibit offshore entities from using their foreign-invested subsidiaries in China, or through “other means,” to circumvent such requirement. As part of our growth strategy, we obtained control over Beijing Jingtian in July 2008 by entering into contractual arrangements with Beijing Jingtian and its shareholders. We did not seek the approval of the Ministry of Commerce for this transaction based on the legal advice we obtained from our PRC legal counsel in those transactions that such approval was unnecessary. However, the M&A Rules also prohibit companies from using any “other means” to circumvent the approval requirement set forth therein and there is no clear interpretation as to what constitutes “other means” of circumvention of the requirement under the M&A Rules. The Ministry of Commerce and other applicable government authorities would therefore have broad discretion in determining whether an acquisition is in violation of the M&A Rules. If PRC regulatory authorities take a view that is contrary to ours, we could be subject to severe penalties. In addition, we may in the future grow our business in part by acquiring complementary businesses in China. If we are required to obtain the approval from the Ministry of Commerce, completion of such transaction may be delayed or even inhibited. Our ability to expand our business or maintain or expand our market share through future acquisitions would as such be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, in August 2011 the Ministry of Commerce issued the Rules of Ministry of Commerce on Implementation of Security Review System of Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the MOFCOM Security Review Rules. The MOFCOM Security Review Rules, effective from September 1, 2011, require certain merger and acquisition transactions to be subject to merger control review or security review. The MOFCOM Security Review Rules further provide that, when deciding whether a specific merger or acquisition of a PRC enterprise by foreign investors is subject to the security review by the Ministry of Commerce, the principle of substance over form should be applied and foreign investors are prohibited from bypassing the security review requirement by structuring transactions through proxies, trusts, indirect investments, leases, loans, control through contractual arrangements or offshore transactions. There is no explicit provision in the MOFCOM Security Review Rules stating that our content and application delivery business fall into the scope subject to the security review. However, there is a lack of clear statutory interpretation on the implementation of these new rules, there can be no assurance that the Ministry of Commerce will not apply these rules to our contractual arrangements with Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian. If we are found to be in violation of the MOFCOM Security Review Rules, or fail to obtain any required approvals, the relevant regulatory authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violation, including levying fines, confiscating income, revoking our PRC affiliates’ business or operating licenses or requiring us to restructure or unwind the relevant ownership structure or operations. Any of these actions could cause significant disruption to our business operations and may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Further, if the business of any target company that we would like to acquire in the future falls into the ambit of security review, complying with the requirements of the relevant rules could be prohibitively time consuming or we may be legally prohibited from acquiring such company either by equity or asset acquisition, capital contribution or through any contractual arrangement, which could have a material and adverse impact on our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

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PRC regulation of loans and direct investment by offshore holding companies to PRC entities may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds from a public offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary or consolidated variable interest entities, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

As an offshore holding company, we may make loans to our PRC subsidiaries, ChinaCache Beijing and Xin Run, or consolidated variable interest entities, or we may make additional capital contributions to ChinaCache Beijing or Xin Run. Any loans to ChinaCache Beijing or Xin Run or consolidated variable interest entities are subject to PRC regulations. For example, loans by us to ChinaCache Beijing or Xin Run, which is a foreign-invested enterprise, to finance its activities cannot exceed statutory limits and must be registered with the State Administration of Foreign Exchange.

We may also decide to finance our operations in China by means of capital contributions. These capital contributions must be approved by the Ministry of Commerce or its local counterpart. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain these government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future capital contributions by us to our subsidiary. If we fail to receive such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds from a public offering and to capitalize our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our revenues.

Substantially all of our revenues and expenses are denominated in Renminbi. Under PRC laws, the Renminbi is currently convertible under the “current account,” which includes dividends, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, but not under the “capital account,” which includes foreign direct investment and loans, without the prior approval of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange. Currently, our PRC subsidiaries, ChinaCache Beijing and Xin Run, may purchase foreign currencies for settlement of current account transactions, including payments of dividends to us, without the approval of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange. However, foreign exchange transactions by ChinaCache Beijing or Xin Run under the capital account continue to be subject to significant foreign exchange controls and require the approval of or need to register with PRC governmental authorities, including the State Administration of Foreign Exchange. In particular, if ChinaCache Beijing or Xin Run borrows foreign currency loans from us or other foreign lenders, these loans must first be registered with the State Administration of Foreign Exchange. If ChinaCache Beijing or Xin Run, as a wholly foreign-owned enterprise, borrows foreign currency, the accumulative amount of its foreign currency loans shall not exceed the difference between the total investment and the registered capital of ChinaCache Beijing. If we finance ChinaCache Beijing by means of additional capital contributions, these capital contributions must be approved by certain government authorities, including the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Commerce or their respective local counterparts. Any existing and future restrictions on currency exchange may affect the ability of our PRC subsidiaries or consolidated variable interest entities to obtain foreign currencies, limit our ability to meet our foreign currency obligations or otherwise materially and adversely affect our business.

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In April 2015, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Management Approach Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular No.19, which came into effect as of June 1, 2015. Circular No. 19 provides that, among other things, a foreign-invested company may convert the foreign currency in its capital account into RMB on a “at will” basis. However, the RMB funds so converted shall not be used for the purposes of, whether directly or indirectly, (i) paying expenditures out of the ordinary course of business; (ii) investing in securities; (iii) extending entrusted loans or paying off loans extended or assumed by other companies; or (iv) purchasing real estate properties not for self-use except where the foreign invested company is a company approved to engage in real estate development business.

Our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, is not permitted to be subject to inspection by Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, and as such, investors may be deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Our independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit reports included in our annual reports filed with the SEC, as an auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), or PCAOB, is required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards. Because our auditor is located in China, a jurisdiction where PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the PRC authorities, our auditor, like other independent registered public accounting firms operating in China, is currently not inspected by PCAOB. In May 2013, PCAOB announced that it had entered into a Memorandum of Understanding on Enforcement Cooperation with the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, and the PRC Ministry of Finance, which establishes a cooperative framework between the parties for the production and exchange of audit documents relevant to investigations undertaken by PCAOB, the CSRC or the PRC Ministry of Finance in the United States and the PRC, respectively. PCAOB continues to be in discussions with the CSRC and the PRC Ministry of Finance to permit joint inspections in the PRC of audit firms that are registered with PCAOB and audit Chinese companies that trade on U.S. exchanges.

Inspections of other firms that PCAOB has conducted outside of China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. The inability of PCAOB to conduct inspections of independent registered public accounting firms operating in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedures, and to the extent that such inspections might have facilitated improvements in our auditor’s audit procedures and quality control procedures, investors may be deprived of such benefits.

Proceedings instituted recently by the SEC against five PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act.

In December 2012, the SEC brought administrative proceedings against the Big 4 accounting firms in China, including our independent registered public accounting firm, alleging that these accounting firms had violated U.S. securities laws and the SEC’s rules and regulations thereunder by failing to provide to the SEC the firms’ audit papers and other documents related to certain PRC-based companies that are publicly traded in the United States.

On January 22, 2014, the Administrative Law Judge presiding over the matter reached an initial decision that the firms had each violated the SEC’s rules of practice by failing to produce the audit work papers and related documents directly to the SEC. The initial decision further determined that each of the firms should be censured and barred from practicing before the SEC for a period of six months. On February 12, 2014, the Big 4 accounting firms in China appealed to the SEC against this decision. In February 2015, each of the Big 4 accounting firms in China agreed to a censure and to pay a fine to the SEC to settle the dispute and avoid suspension of their ability to practice before the SEC. The settlement requires the firms to follow detailed procedures to seek to provide the SEC with access to Chinese firms’ audit documents via the CSRC. If the firms do not follow these procedures, the SEC could impose penalties such as suspensions, or it could restart the administrative proceedings.

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In the event that the SEC restarts the administrative proceedings, depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about the proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based, United States-listed companies and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely affected.

If our independent registered public accounting firm were denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our financial statements, our financial statements could be determined not to be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to our delisting from the NASDAQ Global Select Market or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

The conversion of Renminbi into foreign currencies, including U.S. dollars, is based on rates set by the People’s Bank of China. The PRC government allowed the Renminbi to appreciate by more than 20% against the U.S. dollar between July 2005 and July 2008. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation was halted and the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the RMB and the U.S. dollar in the future.

To the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars into RMB for capital expenditures and working capital and other business purposes, appreciation of the RMB against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the RMB amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert RMB into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or ADSs, strategic acquisitions or investments or other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the RMB would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us.

Very limited hedging transactions are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedging transactions may be limited and we may not be able to successfully hedge our exposure at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by Chinese exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency.

PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners to personal liability and limit our ability to acquire PRC companies or to inject capital into our PRC subsidiary, limit our PRC subsidiary’s ability to distribute profits to us, or otherwise materially and adversely affect us.

The SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, in July 2014 that requires PRC residents or entities to register with SAFE or its local branch in connection with their establishment or control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas investment or financing. In addition, such PRC residents or entities must update their SAFE registrations when the offshore special purpose vehicle undergoes material events relating to any change of basic information (including change of such PRC citizens or residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, or mergers or divisions.

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SAFE Circular 37 is issued to replace the Notice on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration for PRC Residents Engaging in Financing and Roundtrip Investments via Overseas Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 75.

We are aware that our PRC resident beneficial owners subject to these SAFE registration requirements have registered with the Beijing SAFE branch and will amend the registration to reflect the recent changes to our corporate structure.  However, we cannot assure you that our current and future beneficial owners who are PRC residents will continue to comply with Circular 37; nor can we ensure you that there will not be further filing or registration requirements imposed by the PRC government concerning ownership in foreign companies of PRC residents. The failure or inability of our PRC resident beneficial owners to make any required registrations or comply with these requirements may subject such beneficial owners to fines and legal sanctions and may also limit our ability to contribute additional capital into or provide loans to ChinaCache Beijing, and consolidated variable interest entities, limit ChinaCache Beijing’s ability to pay dividends or otherwise distribute profits to us, or otherwise materially and adversely affect us.

Failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for stock incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

Under the SAFE regulations, PRC residents who participate in an employee stock ownership plan or stock option plan in an overseas publicly-listed company are required to register with SAFE or its local branch and complete certain other procedures. Participants of a stock incentive plan who are PRC residents must retain a qualified PRC agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas publicly listed company, to conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the stock incentive plan on behalf of these participants. Such participants must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise or sale of stock options. In addition, the PRC agent is required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stock incentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the PRC agent or the overseas entrusted institution or other material changes.

We and our PRC resident employees who participate in our stock incentive plan are subject to these regulations. We have registered our 2007 Stock Incentive Plan, 2008 Stock Incentive Plan, 2010 Stock Incentive Plan and 2011 Stock Incentive Plan with Beijing branch of SAFE. If we or our PRC resident option grantees fail to comply with these regulations, we or our PRC resident option grantees may be subject to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions. See “Item 4.B. Information on the Company— Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations on Employee Stock Options Granted by Listed Companies.”

Our ability to transfer ownership of the buildings of our cloud infrastructure may be restricted if we fail to obtain requisite governmental approvals.

In March 2013, we acquired land use right in Tianzhu Comprehensive Bonded Zone in Beijing, upon which we plan to partner with our clients to construct cloud infrastructure. We have entered into agreements with two clients, pursuant to which they agreed to purchase part of the cloud infrastructure from us. The final sales agreements with people.cn will be entered into after the requisite governmental approvals are obtained and the turnover of the building to BFSMC is also subject to such requisite governmental approvals. The land we acquired for the development of our cloud infrastructure is categorized as land for industrial use and hence the transfer of ownership of the buildings constructed on such land, along with relevant land use rights, is subject to the prior approval by multiple administrative authorities. If we fail to obtain such approvals, our ability to transfer ownership of the buildings in our cloud infrastructure to potential investors or clients will be restricted and our financial condition may thereby be adversely affected. See “Item 4.B. Information on the Company—Business Overview—Regulation—Regulations on Transfer of Real Estate Properties”.

Risks Related to Our ADSs

The market price for our ADSs has fluctuated and may continue to be volatile.

The market price for our ADSs has fluctuated significantly since we first listed our ADSs. Since our ADSs became listed on the NASDAQ Global Market on October 1, 2010, the market prices of our ADSs have ranged from US$3.50 to US$35.00 per ADS, and the last reported trading price on April 26, 2016 was US$8.23 per ADS.

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The market price for our ADSs may be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations in response to factors including the following:

·                  actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations;

·                  changes in financial estimates by securities research analysts;

·                  announcements by us or our competitors of acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;

·                  changes in the operating performance or market valuations of other internet content and application delivery service businesses or other internet-related businesses.

·                  addition or departure of key personnel;

·                  fluctuations of exchange rates between the RMB and U.S. dollar;

·                  intellectual property litigation;

·                  general economic or political conditions in China and the U.S.; and

·                  detrimental negative publicity about us, our products and services, our financial results or our compliance with applicable law.

In addition, the stock market in general, and the market prices for internet-related companies and companies with operations in China in particular, have experienced volatility that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of such companies. The securities of some China-based companies that have listed their securities in the United States have experienced significant volatility since their initial public offerings, including, in some cases, substantial price declines in the trading prices of their securities. The trading performances of these Chinese companies’ securities after their offerings may affect the attitudes of investors toward Chinese companies listed in the United States, which consequently may impact the trading performance of our ADSs, regardless of our actual operating performance. In addition, any negative news or perceptions about inadequate corporate governance practices or fraudulent accounting, corporate structure or other matters of other Chinese companies may also negatively affect the attitudes of investors towards Chinese companies in general, including us, regardless of whether we have conducted any inappropriate activities. Further, the global financial crisis and the ensuing economic recessions in many countries have contributed and may continue to contribute to extreme volatility in the global stock markets. These broad market and industry fluctuations may adversely affect operating performance. Volatility or a lack of positive performance in our ADS price may also adversely affect our ability to retain key employees, most of whom have been granted options or other equity incentives.

Substantial future sales of our ADSs in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

Additional sales of our ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline. All of our shares are freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. If any existing shareholder or shareholders sell a substantial amount of ADSs, the prevailing market price for our ADSs could be adversely affected. Such sales also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate.

We have been named as a defendant in a putative shareholder class action lawsuit that could have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and reputation.

We will have to defend against the putative shareholder class action lawsuit described in “Item 8. Financial Information—A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings—Litigation,” including any appeals of such lawsuits should our initial defense be unsuccessful. We are currently unable to estimate the possible loss or possible range of loss, if any, associated with the resolution of these lawsuits. In the event that our initial defense of these lawsuits is unsuccessful, there can be no assurance that we will prevail in any appeal. Any adverse outcome of these cases, including any plaintiff’s appeal of a judgment in these lawsuits, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operation, cash flows and reputation. In addition, there can be no assurance that our insurance carriers will cover all or part of the defense costs, or any liabilities that may arise from these matters. The litigation process may utilize a significant portion of our cash resources and divert management’s attention from the day-to-day operations of our company, all of which could harm our business. We also may be subject to claims for indemnification related to these matters, and we cannot predict the impact that indemnification claims may have on our business or financial results.

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We are a “foreign private issuer,” and have disclosure obligations that are different from those of U.S. domestic reporting companies; as a result, you should not expect to receive the same information about us at the same time when a U.S. domestic reporting company provides the information required to be disclosed.

We are a foreign private issuer and, as a result, we are not subject to the same requirements that are imposed upon U.S. domestic issuers by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC. Under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, we are subject to reporting obligations that, to some extent, are more lenient and less frequent than those of U.S. domestic reporting companies. For example, we are not required to issue quarterly reports or proxy statements. We must file our annual report within four months after the end of our fiscal year, which is December 31 of each year. We are not required to disclose detailed individual executive compensation information that is required to be disclosed by U.S. domestic issuers. Further, our directors and executive officers are not required to report equity holdings under Section 16 of the Securities Act and are not subject to the insider short-swing profit disclosure and recovery regime. As a foreign private issuer, we are also exempt from the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) which, generally, are meant to ensure that select groups of investors are not privy to specific information about an issuer before other investors. We are, however, still subject to the anti-fraud and anti-manipulation rules of the SEC, such as Rule 10b-5 under the Exchange Act. Since many of the disclosure obligations imposed on us as a foreign private issuer are different than those imposed on U.S. domestic reporting companies, our shareholders should not expect to receive the same information about us and at the same time as the information received from, or provided by, U.S. domestic reporting companies.

We may be classified as a passive foreign investment company for United States federal income tax purposes, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. holders of our ADSs or ordinary shares.

Depending upon the value of our assets, the market value of our ADSs and ordinary shares and the nature of our assets and income over time, we could be classified as a passive foreign investment company (a “PFIC”), for United States federal income tax purposes. Based on our income and assets and the value of our ADSs and ordinary shares, we do not believe that we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2015 and we do not expect to be a PFIC for the current taxable year or any future taxable year. However, we can give no assurances in this regard as the PFIC determination is inherently factual and the application of the PFIC rules is subject to ambiguity in several aspects.

Under U.S. federal tax law, we will be classified as a PFIC for any taxable year if either (i) at least 75% of our gross income for the taxable year is passive income or (ii) at least 50% of the value of our assets (based on the average quarterly value of our assets during the taxable year) is attributable to assets that produce or are held for the production of passive income.

Although the law in this regard is unclear, we treat Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian as being owned by us for United States federal income tax purposes, not only because we control their management decisions but also because we are entitled to substantially all of the economic benefits associated with these entities, and, as a result, we consolidate these entities’ results of operations in our consolidated U.S. GAAP financial statements. If it were determined, however, that we are not the owner of Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian for United States federal income tax purposes, we would likely be treated as a PFIC for our current taxable year and any subsequent taxable year. Because of the uncertainties in the application of the relevant rules and because PFIC status is a factual determination made annually after the close of each taxable year on the basis of the composition of our income and the value of our active versus passive assets, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for the current year or any subsequent taxable year. The overall level of our passive assets will be affected by how, and how quickly, we spend our liquid assets and the cash raised in any offering. Under circumstances where revenues from activities that produce passive royalty income significantly increase relative to our revenues from activities that produce non-passive income or where we determine not to deploy significant amounts of cash for working capital or other active purposes, our risk of becoming classified as a PFIC may substantially increase.

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If we were to be or become classified as a PFIC, a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Item 10.E. Additional Information— Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—General”) may incur significantly increased United States income tax on gain recognized on the sale or other disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares and on the receipt of distributions on the ADSs or ordinary shares to the extent such gain or distribution is treated as an “excess distribution” under the United States federal income tax rules. Further, if we were a PFIC for any year during which a U.S. Holder held our ADSs or ordinary shares, we generally would continue to be treated as a PFIC for all succeeding years during which such U.S. Holder held our ADSs or ordinary shares. You are urged to consult your tax advisor concerning the United States federal income tax consequences of acquiring, holding and disposing of ADSs or ordinary shares if we are or become classified as a PFIC. For more information, see “Item 10.E. Additional Information— Taxation—United States Federal Income Tax Considerations—Passive Foreign Investment Company Considerations.”

Holders of our ADSs may not be able to participate in rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings and may not receive cash dividends if it is impractical to make them available.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, the depositary will not offer those rights to ADS holders unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are either registered under the Securities Act or exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. In addition, we may not be able to take advantage of any exemptions from registration under the Securities Act. Accordingly, holders of our ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in their holdings as a result.

In addition, the depositary of our ADSs has agreed to pay to the holders of ADSs the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. The holders of our ADSs will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares their ADSs represent. However, the depositary may, at its discretion, decide that it is inequitable or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, the depositary may determine that it is not practicable to distribute certain property through the mail, or that the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may decide not to distribute such property and the holders of our ADSs will not receive such distribution.

Holders of our ADSs may be subject to limitations on transfer of their ADSs.

The ADSs represented by the ADRs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. In addition, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deem it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

Holders of our ADSs may face difficulties in protecting their interests, and their ability to protect their rights through the U.S. federal courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law, conduct substantially all of our operations in China and a majority of our officers and directors reside outside the United States.

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. We conduct substantially all of our operations in China through our wholly-owned subsidiaries and VIEs in China. The majority of our officers and directors reside outside the United States and a substantial portion of the assets of those persons are located outside of the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for the holders of our ADSs to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the Cayman Islands or in China in the event that they believe that their rights have been infringed under the securities laws or otherwise. Even if the holders of our ADSs are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render the holders of our ADSs unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands or the PRC would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state, and it is uncertain whether such Cayman Islands or PRC courts would be competent to hear original actions brought in the Cayman Islands or the PRC against us or such persons predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state.

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Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association and by the Companies Law (as amended) and common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take legal action against our directors and us, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from English common law, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedents in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws as compared to the United States, and provides significantly less protection to investors. In addition, Cayman Islands companies may not have standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action before the federal courts of the United States.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests through actions against our management, directors or major shareholders than they would as shareholders of a public company of the United States.

Our memorandum and articles of association contain anti-takeover provisions that could adversely affect the rights of holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs.

Our memorandum and articles of association contain certain provisions that could limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company, including a provision that grants authority to our board of directors to establish from time to time one or more series of preferred shares without action by our shareholders and to determine, with respect to any series of preferred shares, the terms and rights of that series. The provisions could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of the opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over the prevailing market price by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transactions.

We incur increased costs as a result of being a public company.

As a public company, we incur significant accounting, legal and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, as well as new rules subsequently implemented by the SEC and the NASDAQ have detailed requirements concerning corporate governance practices of public companies including Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act relating to internal controls over financial reporting. These rules and regulations have increased our director and officer liability insurance, accounting, legal and financial compliance costs and have made certain corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. In addition, we incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules, and we cannot predict or estimate the amount of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

If securities or industry analysts do not actively follow our business or if they publish unfavorable research about our business, our ADS price and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for our ADSs depends in part on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who covers us downgrades our ADSs or publishes unfavorable research about our business, our ADS price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts ceases coverage of our company or fails to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our ADSs could decrease, which could cause our ADS price and trading volume to decline.

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ITEM 4.                                                INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

A.                                    History and Development of the Company

We commenced operations through Beijing Blue I.T. Technologies Co., Ltd., or Beijing Blue I.T., a company incorporated in China in June 1998. In June 2005, we incorporated ChinaCache International Holdings Ltd., or ChinaCache Holdings, under the laws of the Cayman Islands to become our offshore holding company through a series of corporate restructuring transactions.

In August 2005, we established our wholly-owned PRC subsidiary, ChinaCache Network Technology (Beijing) Limited, or ChinaCache Beijing.

In July 2008, we obtained control over Beijing Jingtian Technology Co., Ltd., or Beijing Jingtian, through contractual arrangements.

In October 2010, we completed our initial public offering and our ADSs commenced trading on the NASDAQ Global Market under the symbol “CCIH”.

In July 2011, we established ChinaCache Xin Run Technology (Beijing) Co., Limited, or Xin Run, a PRC-incorporated company, primarily for the purpose of research and development activities.

In November 2012, we transferred our equity interests in ChinaCache Beijing and Xin Run to ChinaCache Networks (Hong Kong) Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of ours.

In November 2013, we established ChinaCache Ireland Limited, or ChinaCache Ireland, a wholly owned subsidiary of ChinaCache Networks (Hong Kong) Limited.

In January 2014, our ADSs were transferred to and listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market.

In March 2014, we issued and sold an aggregate of 53,855,569 ordinary shares, represented by 3,365,973 ADSs, to a group of institutional investors affiliated with Wellington Management Company, LLP for an aggregate purchase price of approximately US$55.0 million.

In March 2014, we repurchased an aggregate of 28,960,922 ordinary shares of us from certain of our existing shareholders for an aggregate purchase price of approximately US$29.6 million.

In August 2014, we established (i) Beijing Shouming Technology Co., Limited, or Beijing Shouming, a 100% subsidiary of Xin Run, (ii) Beijing Zhaodu Technology Co., Limited, or Beijing Zhaodu, a 100% subsidiary of Xin Run and (iii) Beijing Shuoge Technology Co., Limited, or Beijing Shuoge, a 100% subsidiary of Xin Run.

In January 2015, ChinaCache Ireland established a branch office in London. In March 2016, we incorporated ChinaCache Networks (UK) Limited in the United Kingdom and are in the process of transferring our Ireland operations to this U.K. subsidiary.

In September 2015, Xin Run increased its registered capital by US$202,000, which was subscribed by Tianjin Shuishan Technology Co., Ltd (“Tianjin Shuishan”), a PRC company owned by Mr. Song Wang and Ms. Jean Xiaohong Kou. As a result, Xin Run was converted from a wholly foreign owned enterprise to a sino-foreign joint venture. In November 2015, we entered into definitive agreements for Xin Run to sell 60% of Xin Run’s equity interest to three investors, including Tianjin Shuishan, for a total consideration of RMB375.0 million. After the completion of the transaction, we will, through a subsidiary, own 40% equity interest in Xin Run and will cease to consolidate the results of Xin Run and its subsidiaries.

In February 2016, we entered into a Strategic Cooperation Framework Agreement with CITIC Telecom International CPC Limited and CITIC Networks Co., Ltd.. The agreement establishes a framework under which the parties agree to collaborate in the areas of domestic and international data transmission and communications, internet exchange (IX) related services, CDN services, data center development and operation, and other value-added services, such as cloud products and services.

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Our principal executive offices are located at Section A, Building 3, Dian Tong Creative Square, No. 7 Jiuixianqiao North Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, PRC. Our telephone number at this address is +86 10 6408 4466. Beijing Blue I.T. currently has 13 branch offices in 13 cities in China, namely, Beijing, Tianjin, Shenyang, Harbin, Shanghai, Nanjing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Wuhan, Chongqing, Chengdu, Xi’an and Taiyuan. ChinaCache Beijing currently has one branch office in Tianjin, and Xin Run currently has one branch office in Tianjin. We have four subsidiaries outside of mainland China, namely ChinaCache North America, Inc., established in California, the United States in August 2007, and ChinaCache Networks (Hong Kong) Limited, established in Hong Kong in April 2008, Metasequoia Investment Limited, established in the British Virgin Islands in March 2012, and ChinaCache Ireland Limited, established in Ireland in November 2013. Our agent for service of process in the United States in connection with our registration statement on Form F-1 for our initial public offering is Law Debenture Corporate Services Inc., located at 400 Madison Avenue, 4th Floor, New York, New York 10017.

B.                                    Business Overview

We provide a portfolio of services and solutions to businesses, government agencies and other enterprises to enhance the reliability and scalability of their online services and applications and improve end-user experience. Our nationwide service platform which consists of our network, servers and intelligent software, is designed to handle planned and unplanned peaks without significant upfront and ongoing capital outlay and other investments on the part of our customers.

We began providing content and application delivery services in China in 2000 and were the first company that is not a telecommunications carrier to obtain from the MIIT, a nationwide operating permit to provide content and application delivery services. As an early mover, we have expanded our business alongside the growth of the internet in China and have acquired extensive local knowledge about the internet infrastructure and telecommunications environment in China. Substantially all of our business operations are conducted in China and substantially all of our revenues are derived from sales within China. Building on our knowledge and experience, we have developed a portfolio of services and solutions designed to address complex and unique issues arising from China’s internet infrastructure and a wide range of turnkey solutions to meet customer- and industry-specific needs.

As a carrier-neutral service provider, our network in China is interconnected with networks operated by all telecommunications carriers, major non-carriers and local internet service providers in China. We deploy servers and nodes across networks throughout China and we use a private transmission backbone that connects our nodes and data centers, thereby optimizing our content and applications delivery performance and reliability. With servers widely deployed at strategic locations, we are able to provide services throughout China. Our wide range of services makes us a top choice for customers requiring content and application delivery total solutions to different regions in China. We believe that our robust nationwide service platform, which is the result of our significant investments in capital, time and human resources, is not easy to replicate and provides us with a competitive advantage.

Our Services and Solutions

We provide a portfolio of content and application delivery total solutions and solutions tailored to our customers’ needs to improve the performance and reliability of their online services and applications, without significant upfront and ongoing capital outlay and other investments on the part of our customers. In 2012, we further enhanced the technical sophistication of our content and application delivery total solutions and rebranded our content delivery network services into “content-aware network service”, which integrates telecommunications network with internet applications. Our content-aware network service is device-aware, network-aware and application-aware. Our content-aware network service is device-aware in the sense that we are able to identify each end user device and optimize data for consumption on such user’s iOS or Android mobile device. Our content-aware network service is network-aware in that its capabilities enable us to determine what kind of network online content is going through, whether it is a fixed or mobile network, and whether data is traveling on a 2G, 3G and 4G. Our content-aware network service is application-aware in that through this service we can provide network services tailored to specific applications such as e-commerce and online video, which require different capabilities and resources.

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Our Services

We provide the following services that are offered on a stand alone basis or combined as part of our integrated solutions:

Web Page Content Services

Our Web Page Content Services allow website operators to improve the performance and reliability of their websites. To ensure quality end-user experience when accessing a website, website operators must overcome several challenges, including network congestion and latency, server scalability and bandwidth constraints. Failure to address any of these can result in end-users experiencing delays or difficulties in accessing websites. Our Web Page Content Services primarily provide the following benefits:

·                  By distributing our customers’ website content through our delivery platform, enabling our customers and the end-users to bypass, as much as is necessary and possible, the often congested internet, thereby alleviating the burden on the origin servers and improving the response speed of our customers’ websites.

·                  Preventing hacking and improving the security of our customers’ websites by hiding their origin servers behind our servers.

·                  Distributing our customers’ website content through our delivery platform increases the reliability of our customers’ websites. As end-users access cached content on our edge servers, a malfunction in the origin server will not affect the accessibility to end-users of our customers’ websites.

·                  Increasing scalability of our customers’ websites by distributing their website content through our delivery platform. As we allocate additional bandwidth for our customers during peak loads, our customers do not need to make substantial investment in network infrastructure in order to meet peak demand.

File Transfer Services

As the internet has developed and become more prevalent and broadband technology has become more advanced and widely accessible, there has also been an increase in the downloading of large-scale content, such as video and music files, game installation packages and software patches. In addition, social networking and media sharing websites that encourage end-users to upload user-generated content, such as short-form videos, onto websites have become increasingly popular. Leveraging our content delivery capabilities, our File Transfer Services increase the speed and reliability of our client’s download and upload services.

Our File Transfer Services primarily provide the following benefits:

·                  Distributing the content to the edge servers to achieve optimal download performance after websites transfer their downloadable content to our platform. In general, end-users automatically obtain the required content from the most suitable node, thereby improving quality of service.

·                  Increasing the upload speed of files from end-users by allowing end-users to connect to the most suitable edge servers to upload information through the exclusive high-speed network channels.

Rich Media Streaming Services

The live streaming of media files to end-users has become an important web application. When media files are streamed to an end-user, the files are not stored on the end-user’s computer, but are played by the end-user’s media player software. We offer a portfolio of rich media streaming services to improve the transmission efficiency of media files, significantly offloading the pressure at the origin server and improving the quality of end-user experience. We combine peer-to-peer technology with streaming technology by facilitating data sharing during the transmission of live streaming content. Through our Rich Media Streaming services, we are able to distribute nearly all major types of rich media content, including video, audio, image and other contents, in a variety of file formats, including Adobe Flash, MP3 audio, QuickTime, RealNetworks RealPlayer and Windows Media.

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Guaranteed Application Services

Our Guaranteed Application Services are designed for websites that incorporate applications that have dynamic features, such as on-line booking and ordering, real-time stock quotes and on-line surveys. Utilizing our dedicated transmission backbone and widely deployed servers, our services enable interactions between end-users and the origin servers to bypass public network congestion. As a result, we ensure reliable and efficient application processing and significantly improve end-user experience.

Managed Internet Data Services

Our Managed Internet Data Services are a “one-stop-shop” services designed to meet customers’ needs for content and application delivery, network infrastructure and network security. Managed Internet Data Services are based on a combination of the traditional internet data center services and our high performance content and application delivery total solutions. The offerings allow us to expand the reach of our content and application delivery total solutions to customers who wish to take advantage of locating their content and applications in secure, high-performance facilities. To our best financial advantage, we primarily use third-party facilities for hosting customers’ network and other equipment with redundant power, environmental controls and security protection. In addition, we distinguish ourselves from conventional internet data services providers by bundling our high performance content and application delivery total solutions and internet data management services. Customers using our Managed Internet Data Services include enterprises, internet companies, media and entertainment companies, government agencies and financial institution.

ChinaCache Cloud Services

Our ChinaCache Cloud Services are designed to meet customer needs for cloud computing and network storage. The services provide high performance computing environment and elastic network storage, supported by our established content and application delivery network. Customers using our ChinaCache Cloud Services include, but not limited to, companies that operate internet social networks, online games, e-commerce or internet media. In July 2014, we received a credible cloud service certificate from Data Center Alliance, a non-profit organization founded by over 60 leading technology enterprises in the cloud computing, data center, content delivery, and big data services industry and supervised by the Academy of Telecommunication Research of the Chinese Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, or the MIIT. Our cloud service and elastic block storage service satisfied all the 13 stringent accreditation criteria required by the MIIT such as durability, mobility, privacy protection, resource allocation and failure recovery.

Content Bridging Services

Our Content Bridging Services utilize our nationwide service platform interconnected with networks operated by all telecommunications carriers to “bridge” internet content exchanges amongst networks. Content Bridging Services effectively reduce cross traffic amongst carriers and significantly help improve end-user experience. Our primary target customers for Content Bridging Services are mobile telecommunications carriers.

Internet Exchange and Data Center Services

We have formed a strategic cooperation with an industry leading independent internet exchange to jointly develop an internet exchange in China to be branded “CHN-IX”.  Upon completion, CHN-IX is expected to provide interconnected data center platform and internet exchange related services for domestic Chinese and international ISPs, cloud and IT services providers, content providers, financial companies, enterprises and network, online games operators and mobile services providers to promote efficient exchanges of internet traffic and interconnections with lower operating cost and increased business opportunities.  In January 2016, Xin Run entered into joint venture agreements with Henan Zhongfu Industrial Corporation, or Zhongfu, to jointly develop internet data centers to tap into the growing demand for IDC services in Henan.  The joint venture is expected to take advantage of the low-cost land and electric resources in Gongyi city, Henan Province in China, to develop internet data centers. Zhongfu agrees to contribute land, electricity and the majority of capital to the joint venture, and Xin Run agrees to primarily provide expertise in the areas of data center technology, market development, project management and data center operating and maintenance services.

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Mobile Internet Solutions

Our mobile internet solutions have been helping carriers to overcome interconnection problems, and we have over 20 provincial-level carrier customers utilizing our solution. In mid-2013, we started pilot testing to extend our caching solution from the core network level into radio base stations, and for some content, we aim to eventually be able to deliver directly to mobile devices. We call this solution “mobile Content-aware Network”, or mCaN. It is a multi-layer caching solution, through which we can cache different content in different network layers and best utilize network resources. In July 2013, we signed a framework agreement with Altobridge, an Irish company specializing in radio network caching, to deliver multi-layered technology solutions for mobile internet content delivery. Traditionally, content delivery network provides caching for a single network layer, but the technology we developed in joint efforts with Altobridge enables caching of data on all three layers of the network. We believe that this multi-layered approach will improve mobile network performance and help carriers optimize user experience of their subscribers.

In March 2014, we signed a memorandum of understanding with Nokia Solutions and Networks, or NSN, to incorporate our innovative CDN technology into NSN’s liquid applications solution, or Liquid Applications. The collaboration is designed to enable content to be delivered directly from the LTE base station, which translates into faster data throughput and a whole new level of personalization for superior customer experience. The goal of the collaboration is to further enhance Liquid Applications and expand our competence in mobile internet content delivery. Liquid Applications will enable innovative features for our current technology, such as improved location capabilities, awareness of user behavior, and real-time adaptation to network conditions.

In addition, we have another mobile internet technology under development, targeted at end user devices including handsets, tablets, WiFi access points, and set top boxes, where our technology can optimize the performance of both application and traffic routes. This product can benefit both existing customers and new customers like AppStore providers, handset manufacturers and carriers. In late 2013, we started trials with certain selected customers.

In June 2014, we entered into a strategic framework agreement with Inmobly, a U.S.-based mobile Internet solution provider, to jointly develop a mobile service platform specifically addressing the business environment in China and the key demand of the end-users. We will focus on video application under this strategic framework and believe this product has significantly improved mobile end-user experience.

In early 2015, we introduced mobile internet intelligence aware solution — MPlus. MPlus extends more advantages to mobile e-commerce, mobile games, mobile social and other mobile Internet companies that generate heavy data traffic, allowing them to achieve transmission speeds that are substantially higher than average. MPlus is a network-aware, terminal-aware and application-aware intelligence solution. MPlus realizes intelligent acceleration through the implementation of file merge, deferred loading and HTML intelligent analysis.

Value-added Services

We also offer a wide variety of value-added services, which include the following:

·                  Geo-Content Acceleration service. Geo-Content Acceleration service enables websites to automatically provide content to end-users corresponding to each end-user’s specific geographic location.

·                  Performance Evaluation Module. Performance Evaluation Module allows our customers to monitor their own websites on a real-time basis and to measure the effect of our services.

·                  Scalable Service Routing service. Scalable Service Routing service provides domain name server resolution and global load balancing for multiple servers located across different regions to address the complex and often-unreliable network issues in China.

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·                  Link Anti-Hijack service. Link Anti-Hijack service helps to prevent unauthorized links to content on our customers’ websites.

·                  NetStorage service. NetStorage service provides high performance data storage over the internet, supported by our network infrastructure with multi-level back-ups and security measures.

·                  User Behavior Analysis service. User Behavior Analysis service clusters and evaluates the targeted audiences’ specific online behavior to assist our customers to better engage the visitors to their websites and improve the interactions between the websites and their visitors.

·                  Website Performance Evaluation service. Website Performance Evaluation service assists customers to identify popular web content and products and determine the geographical locations of their targeted audiences so as to improve the effectiveness of their online marketing.

·                  All-around Application Acceleration Solution. Our network service portfolio has expanded from external web site acceleration to the enterprise’s intranet connection, especially for multi-national companies that have globally distributed data hubs. Our service offering provides both secure and accelerated connections between these data hubs.

·                  Cloud Extension Solution. Cloud Extension is developed for cloud service providers to improve their service quality and end user experience. Our Cloud Extension Solution can provide security for cloud applications, and we are able to protect our customers’ data centers through our approximately 25,000 edge servers.

·                  CC Index. CC Index is China’s first analytics platform that provides internet users real-time data on traffic, bandwidth and usage habits, as well as other key statistics. We gather data on the internet landscape and usage patterns across the country, covering the fixed-line, Wi-Fi, 2G and 3G networks of various carriers. We believe that the analytics provided by CC Index are valuable to government agencies, major carriers and other ISPs as well as end-users looking to increase online speed and improve the overall web experience. CC Index also has 24-hour real-time data that provides additional analysis of internet speeds across China and is available at www.ccindex.cn, which is a free service to the public.

·                  File Aware Download. For game developers and enterprise portals who distribute software electronically, we have introduced “File Aware Download,” or FAD. FAD is a one-stop solution, which not only offers CDN technology, end-user control ability and a fully customizable user interface, but also provides insight into download analytics and content usage information. It guarantees download performance and enhances user experience, which is crucial to game publishers.

Cloud Infrastructure Development

In early 2013, we acquired land use right in Tianzhu Comprehensive Bonded Zone in Beijing and intended to develop cloud infrastructure in collaboration with our clients. In December 2015, we entered into definitive agreements for Xin Run, which owns and operates ChinaCache’s Atecsys Cloud Data Center, or Atecsys, to sell 60% of Xin Run’s equity interest to three investors, one of which being Tianjin Shuishan, for a total consideration of RMB375.0 million. After the completion of the transaction, we will, through a subsidiary, own 40% equity interest in Xin Run and will cease to consolidate the results of Xin Run and its subsidiaries. Atecsys is located in Shunyi Tianzhu Tax Free Zone in Beijing, China and is expected to become the largest International T3+ Data Center in Beijing based on the total number of server racks, which will be approximately 15,000 when completed.

In early 2015, we officially launched our next generation cloud-based CDN platform, HPCC. HPCC offers our customers enhanced stability and utilization through a unified distribution platform that dispatches available bandwidth across all customer verticals. The HPCC platform is expected to result in better traffic load balance, higher bandwidth reuse rates, lower maintenance costs, and greater efficiency through automated dispatching that maximizes bandwidth utilization, accelerates bandwidth allocation, and minimizes the potential for human error as compared with traditional CDN architectures.

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In May 2015, we launched NovaCDN’s intuitive website: www.novacdn.com. As an extension of our self-provisioned platform, Weblucker (www.webluker.com), NovaCDN provides world-class one-stop CDN solutions, Internet Content Provider (ICP) licenses and cloud hosting services for international customers.

Given the emerging cloud computing trend, more large enterprises in China will want to have their own cloud data center. With the development of our cloud infrastructure and cloud platform, we are well positioned to be the innovative cloud CDN leader in China.

Our Customer-tailored Integrated Solutions

We divide our customer base into six industry groups. Based on the needs and preferences of customers of each industry, we have developed a wide range of integrated solutions that are tailored to the characteristics of each industry.

Media and Entertainment. As more and more advertising spending is being shifted to online media, our customers in the media industry are adapting to this trend and investing significant resources in online content delivery. To capitalize on this opportunity, we customize our services aimed at media companies, enabling them to carry online broadcasting of major events, such as the CCTV Spring Festival Gala, and other rich media content to audiences. We customize our Rich Media Streaming Services and File Transfer Services to specifically address media companies’ rich media delivery needs. In addition, our services for media companies typically include our Link Anti-Hijack and certain other value- added services. Entertainment or online game operators seek to cost-effectively deliver large files to hundreds of thousands of game players simultaneously accessing the same online game through different networks. In addition, due to the unreliable interconnectivity among different telecommunications networks in China, players located in different regions often cannot simultaneously play in the same game zone. Our online game solution is designed to address these problems by enabling online game operators to bypass traditional server and bandwidth limitations to ensure reliable and efficient file downloading, handle peak traffic conditions and substantially increase the level of interconnectivity. Our online game solution typically includes our Guaranteed Application Services, Web Page Content Services and File Transfer Services and certain other value-added services.

Enterprises. Our enterprise customers place importance on having their website give visitors from around the world a uniform experience, thereby projecting a consistent brand image. They also want to minimize or avoid interruptions or delays when implementing major promotions or other major events on their websites. We tailor our content and application delivery total solutions to address these needs, ensuring the same satisfactory internet experience for end-users throughout different parts of the world. Our enterprise solution also includes our Web Page Content Services, Rich Media Streaming Services and additional value-added services.

E-commerce. Companies engaged in the fast-growing e-commerce sector in China face significant internet-related problems specific to China’s internet infrastructure. Internet congestion may affect the performance of websites or otherwise reduce the operating efficiency, thereby frustrating consumers. In addition, e-commerce companies need to effectively control internet security risks. To address the needs of our e-commerce customers, we have designed our e-commerce solution to allow proactive monitoring and rapid response to security-related incidents and anomalies. Our server network is designed to reduce the possibility of a single point of failure and reduce the impact of security attacks. Our e-commerce solution typically includes our Guaranteed Application Services.

Internet and Software Services. Internet portals often provide geographic- specific advertisements or other information and contain rich media content and applications, which require Rich Media Streaming and Guaranteed Application Services. Software providers typically have significant download traffic. Surges in traffic due to new software launches or the distribution of security updates can overwhelm traditional delivery system, impacting website performance and causing end-user downloads to be disrupted or fail. Our internet and software services solution helps these customers to address these needs. For instance, our Geo-Content Acceleration service enables customers’ websites to automatically provide geographic-specific content to end-users corresponding to each end-user’s specific geographic location. Our File Transfer Services can significantly increase the speed and reliability of software download.

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Mobile Internet. Mobile internet refers to access to the internet from a mobile device, such as a smartphone. While mobile internet is a fast growing industry in China, mainstream mobile service providers in China are confronted with certain challenges in capitalizing on this development: Specifically, when accessing internet content from a mobile device, there are generally internet interconnection bottlenecks with other networks operated by fixed-line operators and general congestion within the mobile network. Leveraging our carrier- neutral network, our customized mobile internet solutions effectively address the interconnectivity bottleneck issues by facilitating the data exchanges between the networks operated by the mobile service providers and those operated by fix-line service providers.

Customers and Customer Support

Our customer base has increased from 2,031 active customers as of December 31, 2014 to 2,169 active customers as of December 31, 2015 and includes some of China’s and the world’s leading companies in the areas of media, mobile internet, online game, e-commerce, internet and software, enterprises, financial institutions and government agencies.

In 2013, 2014 and 2015, our five largest customers contributed 32.6%, 31.5% and 39.2% of our total net revenues, respectively. We anticipate that our customer base will continue to grow and our customer concentration to decline as we acquire additional customers.

Our customer contracts typically provide for a one-year service term, with automatic renewal provisions. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, 87.4%, 90.2% and 75.3%, respectively, of our existing customers chose to renew their contract or enter into new contract with us.

We devote significant resources to developing customers support and services. We have a dedicated customer service team. Our customers may directly contact the customer service team to seek assistance or enquire about the status of a reported issue. The team actively follows up with our operations team to ensure that the problem is addressed in an effective and timely manner. Each of our customer accounts is assigned a service manager who is responsible for ensuring that all our services are performed in a satisfactory manner. We offer a broad range of internet-based customer-care tools. We operate, for example, an e-mail service center where our customers can contact and receive responses from our customer service representatives by e-mail.

We also offer service level agreements on most of our services to our customers. Such agreements set the expectations on service level between us and our customers and drive our internal process to meet or exceed the customer’s expectations.

Our Network and Technologies

Inadequate interconnectivity within China’s public internet infrastructure between different regions of China, among competing telecommunications networks and across different areas within the same operator network is a significant problem in China. There are several telecommunications carriers that operate internet backbone in China, including China Telecom, the predominant carrier in Southern China, and China Netcom, the predominant carrier in Northern China. Each of these companies runs its own independent network, which is constrained by respective networks’ coverage. Different networks must connect to one another in order to allow the users to communicate. Due to inadequate cooperation among telecommunications carriers, interconnectivity bottlenecks remain major problem in China, contributing to a slow transmission speed across services and applications.

As a carrier-neutral service provider, we have developed an extensive network and a series of innovative technologies to effectively address network complexity issues with respect to content and applications delivery. Through our highly scalable and intelligent network platform, with a dedicated private transmission backbone, widely distributed edge servers and advanced operating support system, we increase the level of interconnectivity and ensure the quality and reliability of our services.

Our network has the following key elements:

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Architecture

Our network architecture consists of three layers: the data center layer, the edge server layer and the peer-assistance layer. The following diagram illustrates our network architecture:

The first layer of our network architecture is the data center layer, which is composed of super nodes, clusters of specially-configured servers and storage systems, interconnected with public networks and supported by our private transmission backbone. This layer ensures the delivery quality from origin servers to the super nodes residing at strategic locations throughout China and effectively addresses the issue of inadequate interconnectivity across different telecommunications carriers in China.

The second layer of our network architecture is the edge server layer, which is composed of clusters of edge nodes connected to different telecommunications carriers and ISPs. Each edge node consists of edge servers programmed to answer domain name inquiries, replicate and refresh content, receive and forward uploads from end-users, record usage information for billing purposes and provide network performance data. The edge server layer allows end-users to connect to the appropriate ChinaCache edge servers to optimize the performance of the delivery process.

The last layer of our network architecture is the peer-assistance layer, which is composed of multiple public internet access networks belonging to different service providers. We do not own or operate any of these internet access networks. Instead, we deploy our peer-assistance technology over this layer by installing our proprietary software on the operating systems of end-users. As a result, we are able to facilitate data sharing among network end-users, which significantly improves the user experience and enhances the scalability of our services.

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Widely Deployed Servers and Dedicated Backbone

As of December 31, 2015, we deployed approximately 30,000 servers in China and over 1,280 servers overseas. In addition, we lease, through long-term contracts, dedicated optical fibers to serve as our private transmission backbone. Our private transmission backbone to connect directly to a significant portion of our nodes, designated as super nodes, each of which is interconnected with networks owned by different telecommunications carriers or ISPs. The private transmission backbone enhances the quality and scalability of our internet services and applications delivery.

As a carrier-neutral service provider, our networks in China are interconnected with: (i) networks operated by all three telecommunications carriers in China, namely China Telecom, China Unicom and China Mobile; (ii) non-carrier networks operated by China Education and Research Network and China Science and Technology Network; and (iii) networks operated by major local ISPs, including Beijing Gehua CATV Networks and Shanghai Oriental Network.

We purchase bandwidth usage, co-location services and data storage from telecommunications carriers or ISPs. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, 93%, 97% and 95%, respectively, of our bandwidth, co-location and data storage fees were paid for services purchased from two major PRC telecommunications carriers, China Telecom and China Unicom, through their respective subsidiaries and sales agents. Our agreements with the telecommunication carriers typically use a standard form provided by the carriers, with pricing terms individually negotiated with the carriers’ local subsidiaries or sales agents. The agreements are typically of a one-year term with renewal options. We pay monthly service fees based on the number of internet gateways, bandwidth usage and the number of server clusters.

We have also deployed service nodes in 116 cities worldwide, with over 1,280 servers covering parts of Asia, North America, Western Europe, the Middle East and North Africa to allow our customers in China to distribute internet services and applications to end-users in those regions and vice versa. We have also obtained access to networks operated by international ISPs through contractual arrangements to further extend our services to other countries.

Technologies

Our content-aware network service, is an enhanced next-generation of CDN technology that improved our capabilities of delivering content and application delivery total solutions. Our content-aware network service is device-aware, network-aware and application-aware. Our content-aware network service is device-aware in the sense that we are able to identify each end user device and optimize data for consumption on such user’s iOS or Android mobile device. Our content-aware network service is network-aware in that its capabilities enable us to determine what kind of network online content is going through, whether it is a fixed or mobile network, and whether data is traveling on a 2G, 3G or 4G mobile network. Our content-aware network service is application-aware in that through this service we can provide network services tailored to specific applications such as e-commerce and online video, which require different capabilities and resources.

Our key technologies include the following:

Request routing technology. Our request routing technology routes client requests to an appropriate server for the delivery of content. Utilizing our proprietary Scalable Service Routing technology, we are able to use a set of metrics, such as network proximity, client perceived latency, distance and replica server load, to direct users to the most suitable servers that can best serve the request. We have developed a system that can assess the link quality between users and our servers/nodes, so we can collect the quality topology of China internet and Global internet.

Content distribution and management technology. Our content distribution and management technology includes content storage, content outsourcing, content delivery, and content management technologies. We have developed and deployed various software tools on our platform, such as Flexible Cache (FC), Purging, Configurations, and Log Configurations, to deliver caching, streaming and dynamic services. We have also developed a system that meets the demand of governmental administration.

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System management technology. Our system management technology includes our Operational Support Systems, or OSS, and Business Support Systems, or BSS. OSS primarily deals with supporting processes such as maintaining inventory, providing services, configuring components, security, monitoring service quality and managing faults. BSS typically deals with customer supporting processes, such as taking orders, processing bills and collecting payments.

Intelligent Traffic Reduction Technology. Our Intelligent traffic reduction technology, known as ITR, can deliver the same content over a mobile network with significantly less data transmitted than the same content delivered to a PC.

Mobile Internet Technology. In mid-2013, we started pilot testing to extend our caching solution from the core network level into radio base stations, and for some content, we aim to eventually be able to deliver directly to mobile devices. We call this solution “mobile Content-aware Network”, or mCaN. It is a multi-layer caching solution, through which we can cache different content in different network layers, and best utilize network resources. In July 2013, we signed a frame work agreement with Altobridge, to deliver multi-layered technology solutions for mobile internet content delivery. Traditionally, content delivery network, or CDN, provides caching for a single network layer, but the technology we developed in joint efforts with Altobridge enables caching of data on all three layers of the network.

MPlus Technology.  In early 2015, we introduced the industry’s first mobile internet intelligence-aware solution named MPlus.  MPlus is a network-aware, terminal-aware and application-aware intelligence solution.  MPlus realizes intelligent acceleration through the implementation of file merge, deferred loading and HTML intelligent analysis.  MPlus extends more advantages to mobile e-commerce, mobile games, mobile social and other mobile Internet companies that generate heavy data traffic, allowing them to achieve transmission speed.  By integrating with this customized one-stop free traffic data solution, MPlus can help clients lower their operating costs while significantly enhancing the end-user experience with zero-traffic consumed. We expect MPlus to enhance mobile Internet enterprises’ competitive advantages in an increasingly competitive market.

Research and Development

We believe that the continual development of our technology will be vital to maintaining our long-term competitiveness. Therefore, we intend to continue to devote a significant amount of time and resources to carrying out our market-oriented research and development efforts.

Our internal research and development team consisted of 445 engineers as of December 31, 2015, representing approximately 39% of our work force. Our senior management team leads our research and development efforts and sets strategic initiatives to improve our services and products, focusing on efforts to sustain our technology leadership, raise our productivity and enhance the competitiveness of our services. We send selected engineers in China to our research and development center in Silicon Valley on a regular basis for training purposes. Our North America research and development center in Silicon Valley focuses on developing our next-generation content-aware network services and provide additional resources for our North American customers. It allows us to maintain close communications with international clients and also strengthens our ability to provide services overseas while also supporting the international business development goals of Chinese companies. This research and development center’s research works mainly focus on technological developments in mobile internet, cloud computing and network safety and reliance.

We instituted our ChinaCache Engineering Process to increase productivity and ensure a well-managed product lifecycle. Our ChinaCache Engineering Process is comprised of policies and procedures that facilitate the exchange of information, the collaboration of research and development activities and joint development of new services and solutions among our different divisions. With the implementation of these policies and procedures, we increase the marketability of new services and solutions, and lower the costs of developing new technologies by reducing duplicated research efforts.

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In addition to our own research and development efforts, we cooperate with leading universities and research institutes in China to develop technologies that enhance our solutions, services and network operation. For instance, we have established a joint laboratory with Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications to undertake leading edge research in the content and application delivery field, beginning in March 2012. Under our framework agreement with Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, we provide financial and other support to the university to co-develop technologies related to content and application delivery.

We also play a strategic role in improving the overall network environment in China. In November 2013, we set up a joint laboratory with the MIIT. This is a collaborative effort with the government in which we will use our network resources and expertise to research on and generate ideas for the next generation CDN and other important network technology developments, especially in the mobile internet, big data and cloud computing areas.

Intellectual Property

As of the date of this annual report, we have 41 patents issued by, and 23 PRC patent applications and two PCT patent application pending with, the State Intellectual Property Offices of China, all relating to different aspects of content and application delivery service technologies. In addition, we have 23 PRC software copyright registrations relating to media streaming services, operation support systems, caching services and dynamic content services. We also have 48 trademark registrations issued by, and 13 trademark applications pending with, the Trademark Bureau of the State Administration for Industry and Commerce covering our company name, logo and service.

We rely on a combination of copyright, patent, trademark, trade secret and other intellectual property laws, nondisclosure agreements and other protective measures to protect our intellectual property rights. We generally control access to and use of our proprietary software and other confidential information through the use of internal and external controls, including physical and electronic security, contractual protections, and intellectual property law. We have implemented a strict security and information technology management system, including the prohibition of copying and transferring of codes. We educate our staff on the need to, and require them to, comply with such security procedures. We also promote protection through contractual prohibitions, such as requiring our employees to enter into confidentiality and non-compete agreements.

Sales and Marketing

We have both domestic and international sales and marketing teams. Our domestic sales and marketing team is primarily based in four regions in China, namely, Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou and Shenzhen. We also have overseas sales offices in Hong Kong, United States and Europe for international business. We sell our services and solutions through our direct sales force and, to a lesser extent, sale agencies. We up-sell and cross-sell our broad portfolio of services and solutions to our existing customer base. We actively market our portfolio of services and solutions through our sales personnel. In addition, in an effort to better anticipate and respond to our customers’ needs, we require and foster the collaborations among our sales teams, product development teams and research and development teams to develop additional services and solutions that meet the needs of our customers.

We have six sales units, with each of these sales units providing our services to a particular type of customers. These six sales units are (1) internet sales unit, (2) enterprise sales unit, (3) media sales unit, (4) global business development unit, (5) operator sales unit, (6) North America sales unit, (7) Europe sales unit, (8) Asia sales unit and (9) IX sales unit.

We also utilize a variety of other methods to raise awareness of our company, our services and our brand. We promote our technologies and solutions to different types of customers, especially mobile internet and enterprise customers, in various ways, such as customer activities, media publicity and online coverage. For example, we host and sponsor seminars, conferences and special events, such as our China CDN Summit and US-China Internet Strategy Summit, to raise our profile with potential customers. We also participate in events, such as Global and CDN Summit, Mobile World Congress and Global Internet Technology Conference, which are organized by third parties. Additionally, we collaborate with equipment vendors, software developers, internet solution providers and other companies to market our services. We release to the public various industry data and the China internet Report on a regular basis by collecting data from our CCIndex. We also market our company through social media, such as weibo, wechat and APP. We have a special marketing team responsible for generating demand for our services and solutions and work with our other teams to secure new customers.

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We also have a designated product marketing team, which mainly focuses on product definition and product analysis. It is also responsible for establishing and maintaining product quality monitoring system as well as leading the long term product strategy planning. Internally, this team serves to collaborate sales, marketing and research and development teams to ensure a seamless communication. Externally, it participates in promotion activities to enhance communications with customers.

Competition

In China, we primarily compete with domestic content and application delivery service providers. Our primary domestic competitors include ChinaNetCenter, Dnion Technology, and 21Vianet, which acquired FastWeb in 2012, and Alibaba, which launched its Ali Cloud CDN commercial services in 2014 to offer third-party CDN services. In March 2015, Tencent also announced its launch of TencentCloud CDN. We believe that the principal competitive factors affecting the content and application delivery services market include:

·                  performance, as measured by response time and end-user experience;

·                  quality and reliability of services;

·                  network coverage and scale;

·                  technologies and network capabilities;

·                  price;

·                  industry knowledge;

·                  scope and range of service offering; and

·                  scalability and flexibility of platforms.

We believe that we compete favorably with our domestic competitors on the basis of these factors.

We believe that there are no foreign competitors with a significant presence in the content and application delivery services market in China partly due to the regulatory barriers in China’s telecommunications sector. As China represents a potentially lucrative market for foreign competitors, some foreign providers may seek to enter the China market. We believe we have accumulated a deep understanding of the requirements of China’s content and application delivery services market through our extensive operational experience and have developed a comprehensive suite of services and solutions tailored to the unique characteristics of the internet market in China.

Regulation

This section sets forth a summary of the most significant regulations or requirements that affect our business activities in China or our shareholders’ rights to receive dividends and other distributions from us.

As the content and application delivery industry is at an early stage of development in China, new laws and regulations may be adopted from time to time that will require us to obtain additional licenses and permits in addition to those that we currently have, and address new issues that arise from time to time. As a result, substantial uncertainties exist regarding the interpretation and implementation of current and any future PRC laws and regulations applicable to the content and application delivery services industry. See “Item 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China.”

Regulations on Value-Added Telecommunications Business and Content and Application Delivery Business

Our content and application delivery business is regarded as telecommunications services, which are primarily regulated by the MIIT, the Ministry of Commerce, and the State Administration for Industry and Commerce. Pursuant to the applicable PRC laws and regulations, telecommunications businesses are defined as the activities of delivering, transmitting or receiving voice, text, data, graphics and other form of information via wired or wireless electromagnetic systems or optoelectronic systems. Telecommunications businesses are divided into two categories under the Telecommunications Regulations, namely (i) the “basic telecommunications business,” which refers to the business of providing public network infrastructure, public data transmission and basic voice communications services, and (ii) “value-added telecommunications business,” which refers to the telecommunications and information services provided through the public network infrastructure.

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In the Telecommunications Services Classification Catalogue 2015 version promulgated by MIIT in December 2015, the internet data service business and content and application delivery business is listed under the first category of the value-added telecommunications business. Pursuant to the Value-Added Telecommunications Business Operating License, or the VAT license, issued to Beijing Blue I.T. by the MIIT in January 2015. Beijing Blue I.T. is permitted to carry out domestic internet virtual private networks business, content and application delivery business and internet data center business under the first category of “value-added telecommunications business” and internet access business under the second category of “value-added telecommunications business.”

Pursuant to the Telecommunications Regulations, value-added telecommunications services covering two or more provinces, autonomous regions, and/or municipalities directly under the central government shall be approved by the MIIT, and the providers of such cross-regional value-added telecommunications services are required to obtain the Cross-Regional Value-Added Telecommunications Business Operating Licenses, or the Cross-Regional VAT licenses. Value-added telecommunications services covering certain area within one province, autonomous region, and/or municipality directly under the central government shall be approved by the local telecommunications administration authority of in such region and the providers of such value-added telecommunications services are required to obtain the VAT licenses. Pursuant to the Administrative Measures for Telecommunications Business Operating Licenses, Cross-Regional VAT licenses shall be approved and issued by the MIIT with five-year terms.

Currently, Beijing Blue I.T. holds a Cross-Regional VAT license, issued by the MIIT with an effective term until October 17, 2017 under the first and second categories of the “value-added telecommunications services.” As specified in this Cross-Regional VAT license, Beijing Blue I.T. is permitted to carry out (i) the content and application delivery services and internet data center services across 79 cities in China; (ii) the domestic internet virtual private networks business across 8 cities in China; and (iii) internet access business across two cities in China. Beijing Blue I.T. also holds an ICP License with an effective term until December 10, 2017. Beijing Jingtian holds an ICP License with an effective term until July 9, 2019.

Regulation on Taxation

In November 2011, the PRC Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation jointly issued two circulars setting out the details of the pilot VAT reform program, which change the charge of sales tax from business tax to VAT for certain pilot industries. The pilot VAT reform program initially applied only to the pilot industries in Shanghai, and has been expanded to eight additional regions, including, among others, Beijing, in 2012. According to two circulars jointly issued by the PRC Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation in May and December 2013, the pilot program has been expanded nationwide. On April 29, 2014, the Ministry of Finance and the SAT issued the Circular on the Inclusion of Telecommunications Industry in the Pilot Collection of Value-added Tax in Lieu of Business Tax.  On March 23, 2016, the Ministry of Finance and the SAT issued the Circular on Comprehensively Promoting the Pilot Program of the Collection of Value-added Tax in Lieu of Business Tax.  Effective from May 1, 2016, the PRC tax authorities will collect VAT in lieu of Business Tax on a trial basis within the territory of China, and in industries such as construction industries, real estate industries, financial industries, and living service industries.

Effective in September 2012, 6% of VAT, replaced the original 5% business tax in Beijing as a result of the PRC government’s pilot VAT reform program, which applies to all services provided by Chinacache Beijing and Beijing Jingtian and certain services provided by Beijing Blue I.T. Effective from June 2014, all services provided by Beijing Blue I.T. fall within the scope of the pilot program on telecom industry, and revenues generated by these services are subject to VAT instead of business tax.

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In January, 2009, the SAT promulgated the Provisional Measures for the Administration of Withholding of Enterprise Income Tax for Non-resident Enterprises, or the Non-resident Enterprises Measures, pursuant to which, the entities which have the direct obligation to make certain payments to a non-resident enterprise shall be the relevant tax withholders for such non-resident enterprise. Further, the Non-resident Enterprises Measures provides that in case of an equity transfer between two non-resident enterprises which occurs outside China, the non-resident enterprise which receives the equity transfer payment shall, by itself or engage an agent to, file tax declaration with the PRC tax authority located at place of the PRC company whose equity has been transferred, and the PRC company whose equity has been transferred shall assist the tax authorities to collect taxes from the relevant non-resident enterprise. On April 30, 2009, the MOF and the SAT jointly issued the Notice on Issues Concerning Process of Enterprise Income Tax in Enterprise Restructuring Business, or Circular 59. On December 10, 2009, the SAT issued the Notice on Strengthening the Administration of the Enterprise Income Tax concerning Proceeds from Equity Transfers by Non-resident Enterprises, or Circular 698. Both Circular 59 and Circular 698 became effective retroactively as of January 1, 2008. By promulgating and implementing these two circulars, the PRC tax authorities have enhanced their scrutiny over the direct or indirect transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise by a non-resident enterprise.

On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued a Public Notice [2015] No.7, or Public Notice 7, to supersede the existing tax rules in relation to the Indirect Transfer as set forth in Circular 698, while the other provisions of Circular 698 remain in force. Public Notice 7 introduces a new tax regime that is significantly different from that under Circular 698. Public Notice extend its tax jurisdiction to capture not only Indirect Transfer as set forth under Circular 698 but also transactions involving transfer of immovable property in China and assets held under the establishment and place, in China of a foreign company through the offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. Public Notice 7 also addresses the term transfer of the equity interest in a foreign intermediate holding company widely. In addition, Public Notice 7 provides clearer criteria than Circular 698 on how to assess reasonable commercial purposes and introduces safe harbor scenarios applicable to internal group restructurings on. However, it also brings challenges to both the foreign transferor and transferee of the Indirect Transfer as they have to make self-assessment on whether the transaction should be subject to PRC tax and to file or withhold the PRC tax accordingly.

The PRC tax authorities have the discretion under SAT Circular 59, Circular 698 and Public Notice 7 to make adjustments to the taxable capital gains based on the difference between the fair value of the equity interests transferred and the cost of investment.

Regulations on Internet Information Services

Beijing Blue I.T. operates a website, www.chinacache.com, to provide information related to its business. Internet information services in China are primarily regulated by the MIIT. Pursuant to the applicable regulations, to engage in commercial internet information services, the service providers shall obtain a VAT license for internet information services, or an “ICP License.” Beijing Blue I.T. holds an ICP License, issued by the Beijing Telecommunications Administration Department, with an effective term until October 17, 2017. Beijing Blue I.T.’s ICP License permits it to carry out commercial internet information services. Beijing Jingtian also has an ICP License issued by Beijing Telecommunications Administration Department, effective until July 9, 2019.

The PRC government regulates and restricts internet content in China to protect state security and ensure the legality of the internet content. The National People’s Congress has enacted legislation that may subject to criminal punishment in China any person who: (i) gains improper entry into a computer or system of strategic importance; (ii) disseminates politically disruptive information; (iii) leaks state secrets; (iv) spreads false commercial information; or (v) infringes intellectual property rights. The Ministry of Public Security has also promulgated measures that prohibit use of the internet in ways that, among other things, result in a leakage of state secrets or a spread of socially destabilizing content. The Ministry of Public Security has supervision and inspection rights in this regard.

Regulations on Foreign Investment in Telecommunications Enterprises

The PRC government imposes limitations on foreign ownership of PRC companies that engage in telecommunications-related business. Under the Administrative Rules for Foreign Investments in Telecommunications Enterprises, a foreign investor is currently prohibited from owning more than 50% of the equity interest in a PRC company that engages in value-added telecommunications business. The Guidance Catalog of Industries for Foreign Investment amended in 2015 and Circular of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology on Removing the Restrictions on Shareholding Ratio Held by Foreign Investors in Online Data Processing and Transaction Processing (Operating E-commerce) Business, or Circular 196 promulgated by MIIT in June 2015 allows a foreign investor to own more than 50% of the total equity interest in an E-Commerce business.

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The Circular on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in and Operation of Value-Added Telecommunications Business, among others, requires a foreign investor to set up a foreign-invested enterprise and obtain an operating permit in order to carry out any value-added telecommunications business in China. Under this circular, a domestic value-added telecommunications service operator that holds a VAT license is prohibited from leasing, transferring or selling such license to foreign investors, and from providing any assistance in the form of resources, sites or facilities to foreign investors that conduct value-added telecommunications business illegally in China. Furthermore, the relevant trademarks and domain names that are used in the value-added telecommunications business of domestic operators must be owned by such domestic operators or their shareholders. The circular further requires each VAT license holder to have the necessary facilities for its approved business operations and to maintain such facilities in the regions covered by its VAT license. In addition, all value-added telecommunications service operators are required to maintain network and information security in accordance with the standards set forth under relevant PRC regulations. Due to a lack of interpretations from the regulator, it remains unclear what impact this circular would have on us.

We conduct our businesses in China primarily through two sets of contractual arrangements. In this regard, we have contractual arrangements with Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian and their respective shareholders. Beijing Blue I.T. holds a Cross-Regional VAT license and currently owns all necessary trademarks and domain names in connection with our business covered by its VAT license. In the opinion of Han Kun Law Offices, our PRC legal counsel, each of the documents under the VIE arrangements among us, our PRC subsidiary, PRC consolidated variable interest entities and their shareholders governed by PRC law are valid, binding and enforceable, and will not result in any violation of PRC laws or regulations currently in effect. However, there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of PRC laws and regulations. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the PRC regulatory authorities may not in the future take a view that is contrary to the above opinion of our PRC legal counsel. If the PRC government finds that the arrangements that establish the structure for operating our business do not comply with PRC law and regulations restricting foreign investment in the telecommunications business, we could be subject to severe penalties.

In addition, the Circular on Strengthening the Administration of Foreign Investment in and Operation of Value-Added Telecommunications Business provides that domestic telecommunications companies that intend to be listed overseas must obtain the approval from the MIIT for such overseas listing. Up to the date of this annual report, the MIIT has not issued any definitive rule concerning whether offerings like ours would be deemed an indirect overseas listing of our PRC affiliates that engage in telecommunications business. Based on our oral consultation with certain officials of the MIIT, in practice, our offerings should not be deemed an overseas listing of a domestic company. If the MIIT subsequently requires that we obtain its approval, it may have a material adverse effect on the trading price of our ADSs.

The Ministry of Commerce, published a discussion draft of the proposed Foreign Investment Law in January 2015 aiming to, upon its enactment, replace the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-owned Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The draft Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. The Ministry of Commerce is currently soliciting comments on this draft and substantial uncertainties exist with respect to its enactment timetable, interpretation and implementation. The draft Foreign Investment Law, if enacted as proposed, may materially impact our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations in many aspects.

Among other things, the draft Foreign Investment Law expands the definition of foreign investment and introduces the principle of “actual control” in determining whether a company is considered a foreign-invested enterprise, or an FIE. The draft Foreign Investment Law specifically provides that entities established in China but “controlled” by foreign investors will be treated as FIEs. The draft Foreign Investment Law further provides that if a foreign entity is controlled by PRC investors, when it invests in the restricted industry as indicated in the “negative list and upon market entry clearance by the Ministry of Commerce, its investments would be treated as investment made by PRC domestic investors. In this connection, “control” is broadly defined in the draft law to cover the following summarized categories: (i) holding 50% of more of the voting rights of the subject entity; (ii) holding less than 50% of the voting rights of the subject entity but having the power to secure at least 50% of the seats on the board or other equivalent decision making bodies, or having the voting power to exert material influence on the board, the shareholders’ meeting or other equivalent decision making bodies; or (iii) having the power to exert decisive influence, via contractual or trust arrangements, over the subject entity’s operations, financial matters or other key aspects of business operations. Once an entity is determined to be an foreign invested enterprise, or FIE, it will be subject to the foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions set forth in a “negative list,” to be separately approved by the State Council later. Unless the underlying business of the FIE falls within the negative list, which calls for market entry clearance by the Ministry of Commerce or its local branches, prior approval from the government authorities as mandated by the existing foreign investment legal regime would no longer be required for establishment of the FIE.

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The “variable interest entity” structure, or VIE structure, has been adopted by many PRC-based companies, including us, to obtain necessary licenses and permits in the industries that are currently subject to foreign investment restrictions in China. See “—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure” and “Contractual Arrangements with Our Consolidated Variable Interest Entities.” Under the draft Foreign Investment Law, variable interest entities that are controlled via contractual arrangement would also be deemed as FIEs, if they are ultimately “controlled” by foreign investors. Therefore, for any companies with a VIE structure in an industry category that is included in the “negative list” as restricted industry, the VIE structure may be deemed legitimate only if the ultimate controlling person(s) is/are of PRC nationality (either PRC companies or PRC citizens). Conversely, if the actual controlling person(s) is/are of foreign nationalities, then the variable interest entities will be treated as FIEs and any operation in the industry category on the “negative list” without market entry clearance may be considered as illegal.

However, the draft Foreign Investment Law has not taken a position on what actions shall be taken with respect to the existing companies with a VIE structure, whether or not these companies are controlled by Chinese parties, while it is soliciting comments from the public on this point. In addition, it is uncertain whether the business that Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian operates will be subject to the foreign investment restrictions or prohibitions set forth in the “negative list” to be issued. If the enacted version of the Foreign Investment Law and the final “negative list” mandate further actions, such as MOC market entry clearance, to be completed by companies with existing VIE structure like us, we face uncertainties as to whether such clearance can be timely obtained, or at all.

Regulations on Foreign Exchange Registration of Overseas Investment by PRC Residents

SAFE issued SAFE Circular on Relevant Issues Relating to Domestic Resident’s Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, that became effective in July 2014, replacing the previous SAFE Circular 75. SAFE Circular 37 regulates foreign exchange matters in relation to the use of special purpose vehicles, or SPVs, by PRC residents or entities to seek offshore investment and financing or conduct round trip investment in China. Under SAFE Circular 37, a SPV refers to an offshore entity established or controlled, directly or indirectly, by PRC residents or entities for the purpose of seeking offshore financing or making offshore investment, using legitimate onshore or offshore assets or interests, while “round trip investment” refers to direct investment in China by PRC residents or entities through SPVs, namely, establishing foreign-invested enterprises to obtain the ownership, control rights and management rights. SAFE Circular 37 provides that, before making contribution into an SPV, PRC residents or entities are required to complete foreign exchange registration with SAFE or its local branch. In addition, SAFE issued Circular on Further Simplifying and Improving the Direct Investment-related Foreign Exchange Administration Policies, or SAFE Circular 13, which became effective in June 1, 2015. SAFE Circular 13 provides that the foreign exchange registration under domestic direct investment and the foreign exchange registration under overseas direct investment will be directly reviewed and handled by banks, cancelling the administrative examination and approval procedure.

PRC residents or entities who had contributed legitimate onshore or offshore interests or assets to SPVs but had not obtained SAFE registration before the implementation of the SAFE Circular 37 must register their ownership interests or control in the SPVs with SAFE or its local branch. An amendment to the registration is required if there is a material change with respect to the SPV registered, such as any change of basic information (including change of the PRC residents, name and operation term), increases or decreases in investment amount, transfers or exchanges of shares, and mergers or divisions. Failure to comply with the registration procedures set forth in SAFE Circular 37, or making misrepresentation on or failure to disclose controllers of the foreign-invested enterprise that is established through round-trip investment, may result in restrictions being imposed on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant foreign-invested enterprise, including payment of dividends and other distributions, such as proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation, to its offshore parent or affiliate, and the capital inflow from the offshore parent, and may also subject relevant PRC residents or entities to penalties under PRC foreign exchange administration regulations.

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We are aware that our PRC resident beneficial owners subject to these SAFE registration requirements have registered with the Beijing SAFE branch and will amend the registration to reflect the recent changes to our corporate structure. However, we cannot assure you that our current and future beneficial owners who are PRC residents will continue to comply with Circular 37; nor can we ensure you that there will not be further filing or registration requirements imposed by the PRC government concerning ownership in foreign companies of PRC residents. See “Item 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China— PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners to personal liability and limit our ability to acquire PRC companies or to inject capital into our PRC subsidiary, limit our PRC subsidiary’s ability to distribute profits to us, or otherwise materially and adversely affect us.”

Regulations on Employee Stock Options Granted by Listed Companies

Pursuant to the Notices on Issues concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Publicly-Listed Companies, or the Stock Option Rules, which was promulgated by SAFE in February 2012, PRC individuals who are granted shares or share options under a share incentive plan of a company listed on an overseas stock exchange are required to register with the SAFE or its local counterparts. Pursuant to the Stock Option Rules, PRC residents participating in the employee stock option plans of the overseas listed companies shall retain a qualified PRC agent, which could be a PRC subsidiary of such overseas publicly-listed company or another qualified institution selected by such PRC subsidiary, to conduct the SAFE registration and other procedures with respect to the stock incentive plans on behalf of these participants. Such participant must also retain an overseas entrusted institution to handle matters in connection with their exercise of stock options, purchase and sale of corresponding stocks or interests and fund transfer. In addition, the PRC agents are required to amend the SAFE registration with respect to the stock incentive plan if there is any material change to the stock incentive plan, the PRC agent, the overseas entrusted institution or other material change. The PRC agents or the employers shall, on behalf of the PRC residents who have the right to exercise the employee stock options, apply annually to SAFE or its local offices for a quota for the conversion and/or payment of foreign currencies in connection with the domestic individuals’ exercise of the employee stock options. The foreign exchange proceeds received by the PRC residents from sale of shares under the stock option plans granted by the overseas listed companies must be remitted into the bank accounts in China opened by the PRC agents. In addition, the PRC agents shall file with SAFE or its local branches each quarter a form in relation to the Domestic Individuals Participating in the Stock Incentive Plans of Overseas Listed Companies.

On October 16, 2008, May 22, 2009, May 28, 2010 and June 20, 2011, we adopted our 2007, 2008 and 2010 Stock Incentive Plans and our 2011 Share Incentive Plan, respectively. Pursuant to these four plans, we issue employee stock options to our qualified employees and directors on a regular basis. In the application documents filed with the Beijing office of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange in connection with the registration of Mr. Song Wang’s and Ms. Jean Xiaohong Kou’s overseas investment in ChinaCache Holdings, it was indicated that approximately 7% of the share capital of ChinaCache Holdings are reserved for the employee stock options and service incentive shares. As of the date of this annual report, we have granted employee stock options and incentive shares within the scope noted in the application documents which were filed with the Beijing office of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange. After our initial public offering, we have advised our employees and directors participating in the Stock Incentive Plan to handle foreign exchange matters in accordance with the relevant SAFE rules. We have registered our 2007 Stock Incentive Plan, 2008 Stock Incentive Plan, 2010 Stock Incentive Plan and 2011 Stock Incentive Plan with Beijing branch of SAFE. The failure of our PRC stock options holders to complete their registration pursuant to Stock Option Rules and other foreign exchange requirements may subject us or our PRC stock options holders to fines and legal sanctions.

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Further, a notice concerning the individual income tax on earnings from employee stock options, jointly issued by the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation, provides that domestic companies that implement employee share option programs shall (1) file the employee share option plans and other relevant documents to the local tax authorities having jurisdiction over them before implementing such employee share option plans; and (2) file share option exercise notices and other relevant documents to the local tax authorities having jurisdiction over them before exercise by the employees of the share options, and clarify whether the shares issuable under the employee share options mentioned in the notice are the shares of publicly listed companies.

M&A Regulations and Overseas Listings

The M&A Rules, effective on September 8, 2006 and as amended subsequently, include provisions that purport to require an offshore “special purpose vehicle” to obtain the approval of the CSRC prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. Under the M&A Rules, “special purpose vehicle” is defined as an offshore company directly or indirectly controlled by PRC domestic companies or individuals for the purposes of listing the equity interest in PRC companies on overseas stock exchanges. On September 21, 2006, the CSRC published on its official website the procedures regarding its approval of overseas listings by special purpose vehicles. The approval procedures require the filing of a number of documents and would take several months. However, it remains unclear whether the M&A Rules and the requirement of the CSRC approval apply. Up to the date of this annual report, the CSRC has not issued any rules or written interpretation clarifying whether offerings like our initial public offering are subject to this new procedure.

Our PRC legal counsel, Han Kun Law Offices, has advised us that the M&A Rules do not require an application to be submitted to the CSRC for its approval of the listing and trading of the ordinary shares on the NASDAQ Global Market, given that we have completed our restructuring in all material respects prior to the effective date of the M&A Rules, and that ChinaCache Beijing was established in 2005 through new incorporation rather than acquisition of any equity or assets of a “PRC domestic company” as defined under the M&A Rules and no explicit provision in the M&A Rules classifies the contractual arrangements as a type of transaction falling under the M&A Rules.

Regulations on Foreign Currency Exchange

Pursuant to applicable PRC regulations on foreign currency exchange, Renminbi is freely convertible only to the extent of current account items, such as trade-related receipts and payments, interest and dividends. Capital account items, such as direct equity investments, loans and repatriation of investment, require the prior approval from the State Administration for Foreign Exchange or its local branch for conversion of Renminbi into a foreign currency, such as U.S. dollars. Payments for transactions that take place within the PRC must be made in Renminbi. Domestic companies or individuals can repatriate foreign currency payments received from abroad, or deposit these payments abroad subject to the requirement that such payments by repatriated within a certain period of time. Foreign-invested enterprises may retain foreign exchange in accounts with designated foreign exchange banks. Foreign currencies received for current account items can be either retained or sold to financial institutions that have foreign exchange settlement or sales business without prior approval from the State Administration for Foreign Exchange, subject to certain regulations. Foreign exchange income under capital account can be retained or sold to financial institutions that have foreign exchange settlement and sales business, with prior approval from the State Administration for Foreign Exchange, unless otherwise provided.

On February 28, 2015, the SAFE promulgated the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving the Administration of the Foreign Exchange Concerning Direct Investment, or SAFE Circular 13. After SAFE Circular 13 became effective on June 1, 2015, instead of applying for approvals regarding foreign exchange registrations of foreign direct investment and overseas direct investment from SAFE, entities and individuals will be required to apply for such foreign exchange registrations from qualified banks. The qualified banks, under the supervision of the SAFE, will directly examine the applications and conduct the registration.

In March 2015, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Reforming the Management Approach Regarding the Foreign Exchange Capital Settlement of Foreign-invested Enterprises, or SAFE Circular No.19, which effected as of June 1, 2015, supersede the SAFE Circular No.142. Circular No. 19 provides that, among other things, a foreign-invested company may convert the foreign currency in its capital account into RMB on a “at will” basis. However, the RMB funds so converted shall not be used for the purposes of, whether directly or indirectly, (i) paying expenditures out of the ordinary course of business; (ii) investing in securities; (iii) extending entrusted loans or paying off loans extended or assumed by other companies; or (iv) purchasing real estate properties not for self-use except where the foreign invested company is a company approved to engage in real estate development business.

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Regulations on Dividend Distribution

Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, foreign-invested enterprises in China may pay dividends only out of their accumulated profits, if any, determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, foreign-invested enterprises in China are required to allocate at least 10% of their respective accumulated profits each year, if any, to fund statutory reserve funds unless these reserves have reached 50% of the registered capital of the respective enterprises. These reserves are not distributable as cash dividends.

Regulations on Transfer of Real Estate Properties

According to applicable PRC laws and regulations when a property owner transfers a building, the ownership of the building and the land use right associated with the site on which the building is situated are transferred simultaneously. Pursuant to the applicable regulations, with respect to the transfer of land use right and ownership of the above-ground buildings, the parties must enter into a transfer contract in writing and register the transfer with the relevant property administration authority within 90 days of the execution of the transfer contract. If the land is divided into several parcels during the transfer and the transferee will obtain a separate land use right certificate for each parcel of the land so divided, the transfer of land use right and the relevant transfer of the above-ground building must be approved by the relevant land and housing administration departments of relevant municipal or county level governments.

On October 8, 2010, the Beijing Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources issued the Notice on Further Strengthening the Administration of Research and Development Projects and Industrial Projects. Pursuant to the notice, application for transfer of an industrial project must be submitted to Beijing Municipal Commission of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, which will, after preliminary review together with other relevant administrative departments, submit the application to the People’s Government of Beijing Municipality for final approval.

C.                                    Organizational Structure

The following diagram sets out details of our subsidiaries and consolidated variable interest entities as of the date of this annual report:

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Contractual Arrangements with Our Consolidated Variable Interest Entities

PRC laws and regulations currently restrict foreign ownership of telecommunications value-added services, including content and application delivery services. Because we are a Cayman Islands company, we are classified as a foreign enterprise under PRC laws and regulations and our wholly-owned PRC subsidiary, ChinaCache Beijing, is a foreign-invested enterprise. To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we conduct our operations in China through a series of contractual arrangements with Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian, and their respective shareholders. Beijing Blue I.T. is currently 55% owned by Song Wang, our co-founder, chairman of our board of directors, our chief executive officer and our shareholder, and 45% owned by Jean Xiaohong Kou, our co-founder, director, senior vice president and our shareholder. Beijing Jingtian is 50% owned by Ms. Huiling Ying, and 50% owned by Mr. Lei Wang, who replaced the previous shareholder and became a shareholder of Beijing Jingtian in July 2013. Both Ms. Ying and Mr. Wang are our employees. All current shareholders of Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian are PRC citizens and accordingly these two entities are domestic companies under the PRC laws.

We have been and are expected to continue to rely on our consolidated variable interest entities to operate our content and application delivery business in China as long as PRC laws and regulations do not allow us to directly operate such business in China. Our contractual arrangements with Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian, and their respective shareholders enable us to:

·                  exercise effective control over Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian;

·                  receive substantially all of the economic benefits of Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian in consideration for the services provided by our subsidiaries in China, and incur substantially all the losses of Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian; and

·                  have an exclusive option to purchase all of the equity interest in Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian when and to the extent permitted under PRC law.

Accordingly, under U.S. GAAP, we consolidate Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian as our “variable interest entities” in our consolidated financial statements.

Our contractual arrangements with our consolidated variable interest entities and their shareholders are described in further detail as follows:

Agreements that Provide Us Effective Control

Share Pledge Agreements. Pursuant to the share pledge agreements entered into on September 23, 2005 among ChinaCache Beijing, each shareholder of Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Blue I.T., each shareholder pledged his or her equity interest in Beijing Blue I.T. to ChinaCache Beijing to secure Beijing Blue I.T.’s obligations under the exclusive business cooperation agreement with ChinaCache Beijing. Each shareholder also agreed not to transfer or create any new encumbrance adverse to ChinaCache Beijing on his or her equity interest in Beijing Blue I.T. without the prior written consent of ChinaCache Beijing. During the term of the share pledge agreement, ChinaCache Beijing is entitled to all the dividends declared on the pledged equity interest. If Beijing Blue I.T. fails to perform its contractual obligations, ChinaCache Beijing, as pledgee, will be entitled to certain rights, including the right to take possession and to dispose of the pledged equity interest. The share pledge agreements shall terminate once Beijing Blue I.T. fulfilled its obligations under the principal agreements between ChinaCache Beijing and Beijing Blue I.T., including the full payment of consulting and service fees and license fees under the principal agreements.

Pursuant to the share pledge agreement entered into on December 3, 2012 among ChinaCache Beijing, Ms. Huiling Ying and Beijing Jingtian, which superseded the share pledge agreements entered into on July 31, 2008 and the share pledge agreement entered into on July 1, 2013 among ChinaCache Beijing, Mr. Lei Wang and Beijing Jingtian, each shareholder of Beijing Jingtian pledged his or her equity interest in Beijing Jingtian to ChinaCache Beijing to secure Beijing Jingtian’s obligations under the exclusive business cooperation agreement with ChinaCache Beijing. The other terms of the share pledge agreements are substantially the same as those of the share pledge agreements between ChinaCache Beijing, each shareholder of Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Blue I.T.

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We have registered the pledges of the equity interests in Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian with the local administration for industry and commerce.

Irrevocable Power of Attorney. Each shareholder of Beijing Blue I.T. executed an irrevocable power of attorney on September 23, 2005, appointing ChinaCache Beijing or a person designated by ChinaCache Beijing as his or her attorney-in-fact to attend shareholders’ meetings of Beijing Blue I.T. and to vote on his or her behalf on all matters requiring shareholder approval, including but not limited to, the sale, transfer, pledge, or disposition of his or her shareholding in Beijing Blue I.T. The power of attorney remains valid and irrevocable from the date of its execution, so long as he or she remains the shareholder of Beijing Blue I.T.

Pursuant to the irrevocable power of attorney entered into on July 31, 2008 by Ms. Huiling Ying and on July 1, 2013 by Mr. Lei Wang, each shareholder of Beijing Jingtian appointed ChinaCache Beijing or a person designated by ChinaCache Beijing as his or her attorney-in-fact to attend shareholders’ meetings and to vote on his or her behalf on all matters requiring shareholder approval. These powers of attorneys are substantially the same as those granted by each of the shareholders of Beijing Blue I.T. to ChinaCache Beijing. On May 10, 2010, the board of directors and the shareholders of ChinaCache Beijing each approved resolutions whereby, among other things, all shareholder rights that ChinaCache Beijing has in Beijing Blue I.T. pursuant to the irrevocable powers of attorney executed by the shareholders of Beijing Blue I.T. on September 23, 2005, and all shareholder rights that ChinaCache Beijing has in Beijing Jingtian pursuant to the irrevocable powers of attorney executed by the shareholders of Beijing Jingtian on July 31, 2008, were re-assigned to ChinaCache Beijing’s shareholders or a party designated by ChinaCache Beijing’s shareholders.

Exclusive Option Agreements. On September 23, 2005, ChinaCache Holdings entered into exclusive option agreements with Beijing Blue I.T. and each of its two shareholders, Mr. Song Wang and Ms. Jean Xiaohong Kou. Such agreements were amended and supplemented on May 10, 2010 and superseded by the exclusive option agreements entered into by and among ChinaCache Holdings, Beijing Blue I.T. and each of its two shareholders on January 20, 2016. Pursuant to these agreements, the shareholders irrevocably granted ChinaCache Holdings or its designated representative an exclusive option to purchase, when and to the extent permitted under PRC law, all or part of the equity interest in Beijing Blue I.T. The consideration in excess of the outstanding loan amount when received by the shareholders upon the exercise of the exclusive option is required to be remitted to ChinaCache Beijing in accordance with PRC law. The shareholders must remit any funds received from Beijing Blue I.T. to ChinaCache Beijing in the manner permitted under PRC law, in the event that any distributions are made by Beijing Blue I.T. pursuant to any written consents by ChinaCache Holdings. ChinaCache Holdings or its designated representative has sole discretion to decide when to exercise the option and whether in part or in full. The term of these agreements is 10 years and will expire on January 20, 2026. The agreements may be renewed for an additional 10 years at ChinaCache Holdings’ sole discretion, and the times of such renewals are unlimited.

On December 3, 2012, ChinaCache Beijing entered into an exclusive option agreement with Beijing Jingtian and Ms. Huiling Ying, which superseded the exclusive option agreements entered into on July 31, 2008 and their supplementary agreements entered into on May 10, 2010. On July 1, 2013, ChinaCache Beijing entered into an exclusive option agreement with Beijing Jingtian and Mr. Lei Wang. Pursuant to the exclusive option agreements, the shareholders irrevocably granted ChinaCache Beijing or its designated representative an exclusive option to purchase, to the extent permitted under PRC law, all or part of the equity interest in Beijing Jingtian. ChinaCache Beijing has sole discretion to decide when to exercise the option and whether in part or in full. The term of these exclusive option agreements is 10 years. The term of the agreements may be renewed at ChinaCache Beijing’s sole discretion. Other terms of the exclusive purchase option agreement with Beijing Jingtian are substantially the same as those of the agreement between ChinaCache Holdings and Beijing Blue I.T.

Agreements that Transfer Economic Benefits to Us or Absorb Losses

Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement. Pursuant to the exclusive business cooperation agreement between ChinaCache Beijing and Beijing Blue I.T. entered into on September 23, 2005, ChinaCache Beijing agreed to provide Beijing Blue I.T. with exclusive business support and technical and consulting services, including technical services, business consultations, intellectual property licensing, equipment or property leasing, marketing consultancy, system integration, research and development, and system maintenance in return for fees determined at the sole discretion of ChinaCache Beijing. Beijing Blue I.T. agreed that it will not accept any consultation or services provided by any third party without ChinaCache Beijing’s prior written consent. ChinaCache Beijing is entitled to have exclusive and proprietary rights and interests to any intellectual properties or technologies arising out of or created during the performance of this agreement. Pursuant to the exclusive business cooperation agreement, ChinaCache Beijing and Beijing Blue I.T. entered into the exclusive technical consultation and training agreement and exclusive technical support and service agreement (both described below), under which service fees are paid by Beijing Blue I.T. to ChinaCache Beijing. The initial term of the exclusive business cooperation agreement is 10 years and it was extended for another ten years upon ChinaCache Beijing’s written confirmation in September 20 2015, which will expire on September 23, 2025. Prior to this agreement’s and subsequent agreements’ expiration dates, ChinaCache Beijing can at its sole discretion renew at a term of its choice through written confirmation.

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The exclusive business cooperation agreement dated July 31, 2008 between ChinaCache Beijing and Beijing Jingtian contains terms substantially similar to those of the exclusive business cooperation agreement between ChinaCache Beijing and Beijing Blue I.T.

Exclusive Technical Consultation and Training Agreement. On September 23, 2005, ChinaCache Beijing and Beijing Blue I.T. entered into an exclusive technical consultation and training agreement. Under this agreement, ChinaCache Beijing agreed to provide Beijing Blue I.T. with evaluation and analysis of Beijing Blue I.T.’s research and development system, process and results of operations, and training service. In return, Beijing Blue I.T. agreed to pay ChinaCache Beijing service fees determined at the sole discretion of ChinaCache Beijing. Beijing Blue I.T. agreed that it will not accept any consultation or services provided by any third party without ChinaCache Beijing’s prior written consent. ChinaCache Beijing is entitled to have exclusive and proprietary rights and interests arising out of or created during the performance of this agreement, whether by ChinaCache Beijing or Beijing Blue I.T., including but not limited to, patent, copyright, and know-how property. The initial term of this agreement was five years and it was extended for another five years upon ChinaCache Beijing’s written confirmation in September 2010 and was extended again for another five years upon ChinaCache Beijing’s written confirmation in September 20, 2015  which will expire on September 23, 2020. The term can be extended at the sole discretion of ChinaCache Beijing by written notice prior to the expiration of the term, and the extended term shall be determined by ChinaCache Beijing.

Exclusive Technical Support and Service Agreement. Pursuant to the exclusive technical support and service agreement between ChinaCache Beijing and Beijing Blue I.T., entered into on September 23, 2005, ChinaCache Beijing has the exclusive right to provide Beijing Blue I.T. with technical support and services, including but not limited to, research and development of technology, daily maintenance, monitoring, testing and malfunction resolution of Beijing Blue I.T.’s equipment, and consultation on Beijing Blue I.T.’s network equipment, products and software. In return, Beijing Blue I.T. agreed to pay ChinaCache Beijing service fees determined at the sole discretion of ChinaCache Beijing. Beijing Blue I.T. agreed that it will not accept any consultation or services provided by any third party without ChinaCache Beijing’s prior written consent. ChinaCache Beijing is entitled to have exclusive and proprietary rights and interests arising out of or created during the performance of this agreement, whether by ChinaCache Beijing or Beijing Blue I.T., including but not limited to, patent, copyright, and know-how property. The initial term of this agreement was five years and it was extended for another five years upon ChinaCache Beijing’s written confirmation in September 2010 and was extended again for another five years upon ChinaCache Beijing’s written confirmation in September 20, 2015 which will expire on September 23, 2020. The term can be extended solely by ChinaCache Beijing by written notice prior to the expiration of the term, and the extended term shall be determined by ChinaCache Beijing.

Equipment Leasing Agreement. Under the equipment leasing agreement between ChinaCache Beijing and Beijing Blue I.T. dated September 23, 2005, ChinaCache Beijing agreed to lease its equipment to Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Blue I.T. agreed to pay the rent within five business days of the first month of each quarter. Beijing Blue I.T. can only use the equipment to conduct business according to its authorized business scope. The initial term of this agreement was five years. The agreement may be renewed at ChinaCache Beijing’s sole discretion. The agreement was extended for another five years upon ChinaCache Beijing’s written confirmation in September 2010 and was extended again for another five years upon ChinaCache Beijing’s written confirmation in in September 20, 2015 which will expire on September 23, 2020. The term can be extended solely by ChinaCache Beijing by written notice prior to the expiration of the term, and the extended term shall be determined by ChinaCache Beijing.

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Loan Agreements. Each shareholder of Beijing Blue I.T. entered into a loan agreement on September 23, 2005 and a supplementary agreement on May 10, 2010 with ChinaCache Holdings. Pursuant to these agreements, ChinaCache Holdings provided an interest-free loan facility of RMB5.5 million and RMB4.5 million, respectively, to the two shareholders of Beijing Blue I.T., Mr. Song Wang and Ms. Jean Xiaohong Kou, for the purpose of providing capital to Beijing Blue I.T. to develop its business. In addition, ChinaCache Holdings also agreed to provide continuous financial support to the shareholders of Beijing Blue I.T. to be used for the operations of Beijing Blue I.T. The term of the loan agreement is ten years and it was extended for another ten years upon the contracting parties’ written confirmation in September 20, 2015, which will expire on September 23, 2025. The term of the loan agreement may be extended upon mutual written consent of the parties. On January 20, 2016 each shareholder of Beijing Blue I.T. entered into another loan agreement with ChinaCache Holdings. Pursuant to these agreements, ChinaCache Holdings provided an interest-free loan facility of RMB5.5 million and RMB 4.5 million, respectively, to the two shareholders of Beijing Blue I.T., Mr. Song Wang and Ms. Jean Xiaohong Kou, for the purpose of subscribe for the capital increase of Beijing Blue I.T. The term of the loan agreement is ten years and expires on January 20, 2026. The term of the loan agreement may be extended upon mutual written consent of the parties. The method of repayment shall be at the sole discretion of ChinaCache Holdings and the proceeds from the transfer of the shareholder’s equity interest in Beijing Blue I.T. to ChinaCache Holdings or another person designated by ChinaCache Holdings as permitted under PRC law shall be used to repay the loan. The shareholders shall repay the loans immediately upon certain events, including the shareholder leaving our employment, a third-party filing a claim against the shareholder which exceeds RMB100,000 or ChinaCache Holdings exercising its option to purchase the shareholder’s equity interest in Beijing Blue I.T. pursuant to the exclusive option agreement described above. Each loan agreement contains a number of covenants that restrict the actions the shareholders can take or cause Beijing Blue I.T. to take. For example, these covenants provide that the shareholder will:

·                  not transfer, pledge or otherwise dispose of or encumber his or her equity interest in Beijing Blue I.T. without the prior written consent of ChinaCache Holdings;

·                  not take any action without the prior written consent of ChinaCache Holdings, if such action will have a material impact on the assets, business and liabilities of Beijing Blue I.T.;

·                  not vote for, or execute any resolutions to approve, any merger or consolidation with any person, or any acquisition of or investment in any person by Beijing Blue I.T. without the prior written consent of ChinaCache Holdings; and

·                  vote to elect the directors candidates nominated by ChinaCache Holdings.

Ms. Huiling Ying and Ms. Xinxin Zheng, who were then shareholders of Beijing Jingtian, entered into a loan agreement on July 31, 2008, which was supplemented on May 10, 2010 and December 3, 2012 with ChinaCache Beijing. Pursuant to these agreements, ChinaCache Beijing provided an interest-free loan of RMB4,250,000 to Ms. Xinxin Zheng and Ms. Huiling Ying, as shareholders of Beijing Jingtian at that time, for their investment in the registered share capital of Beijing Jingtian. On July 1, 2013, as a result of a transfer by Ms. Xinxin Zheng of all her equity interests in Beijing Jingtian to Mr. Lei Wang. Ms. Zheng and Mr. Wang entered into a loan assignment agreement, pursuant to which all liabilities of Ms. Zheng under the previous loan agreements were assigned to and assumed by Mr. Wang. The other terms of these agreements are substantially the same as those of the loan agreement and supplementary agreement between ChinaCache Holdings and the shareholders of Beijing Blue I.T. The term of these loan agreements is ten years from the date of execution. Such agreement can be extended upon mutual written consent of ChinaCache Beijing and the two shareholders of Beijing Jingtian. ChinaCache Holdings also agreed to provide continuous financial support to the shareholders of Beijing Jingtian to be used for the operations of Beijing Jingtian and agreed to forego the right to seek repayment in the event that the shareholders of Beijing Jingtian are unable to repay such funding, to the extent permitted by PRC law.

In the opinion of Han Kun Law Offices, our PRC legal counsel:

·                  the ownership structure of our PRC subsidiary, our PRC consolidated variable interest entities and their branches and subsidiaries comply with all existing PRC laws and regulations;

·                  each and all of the documents under the VIE arrangements among us, our PRC subsidiary, PRC consolidated variable interest entities and their shareholders governed by PRC law are valid, binding and enforceable, and will not result in any violation of PRC laws or regulations currently in effect; and

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·                  the business operations of our PRC subsidiary, our PRC consolidated variable interest entities and their branches and subsidiaries are in all material respects in compliance with existing PRC laws and regulations and the terms of their licenses and permits.

We have been advised by our PRC legal counsel, however, that there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws and regulations. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the PRC regulatory authorities, in particular the MIIT, which regulates providers of content and application delivery services and other participants in the PRC telecommunications industry, and the Ministry of Commerce, will not in the future take a view that is contrary to the above opinion of our PRC legal counsel. We have been further advised by our PRC legal counsel that if the PRC government finds that the agreements that establish the structure for operating our content and application delivery business in China do not comply with PRC government restrictions on foreign investment in the telecommunications industry, we could be subject to severe penalties including being prohibited from continuing our operations. See “Item 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—If the PRC government finds that the arrangements that establish the structure for operating our business do not comply with PRC government restrictions on foreign investment in the telecommunications business, we could be subject to severe penalties.” In addition, these contractual arrangements may not be as effective in providing us with control over Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian as would direct ownership of such entities. See “Item 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Corporate Structure—We rely on contractual arrangements with Beijing Blue I.T. and Beijing Jingtian and their respective shareholders for our China operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control.”

In December 2015, we entered into definitive agreements for Xin Run to sell 60% of Xin Run’s equity interest to three investors, one of which being Tianjin Shuishan, for a total consideration of RMB375.0 million. After the completion of the transaction, we will, through a subsidiary, own 40% equity interest in Xin Run and will cease to consolidate the results of Xin Run and its subsidiaries. Tianjin Shuishan will own approximately 36% of Xin Run after the completion of the transaction and the remaining equity interests of Xin Run will be owned by unrelated third parties.

D.                                    Property, Plants and Equipment

Our headquarters is located at Section A, Building 3, Dian Tong Creative Square, No. 7 Jiuixianqiao North Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100015, PRC, where we lease approximately 10,792 square meters of office space. As of December 31, 2015, our other offices in mainland China occupied an aggregate of 1,835 square meters of leased space, and we also leased an aggregate of 8,983 square feet in the U.S., London and Hong Kong.

We have paid RMB51.7 million to acquire land use right in relation to approximately 39,000 square meters of land in Tianzhu Comprehensive Bonded Zone in Beijing. See “Item 5.A. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Capital Expenditures.” In December 2014, we entered into agreements with BFSMC, pursuant to which we agreed to sell to BFSMC one of the data center buildings with construction areas of 12,000 square meters, which will be constructed on the aforementioned land in the Tianzhu Comprehensive Bonded Zone. Under our agreements with BFSMC, we agree to turn over the subject building by September 2015.  In addition, we also agreed to lease back the building from a subsidiary of BFSMC holding the building upon the completion of the transfer. The construction of such building, however, has not yet been completed as of the date of this annual report.  In April 2014, we entered into a framework agreement with people.cn, pursuant to which we agreed to sell to people.cn one of the data center buildings to be constructed in the Tianzhu Comprehensive Bonded Zone. This building is still under construction.  The final sales agreement for the people.cn transfer will be entered into after the requisite governmental approvals are obtained. Expenditures arising out of the construction of the BFSMC and people.cn data centers are primarily funded with payments we receive from the clients.

ITEM 4A.                                       UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

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ITEM 5.                                                OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 20-F. This discussion and analysis may contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors” or in other parts of this annual report on Form 20-F.

A.                                    Operating Results

Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Our financial condition and results of operations are mainly affected by the following factors:

Number of active customers and customer mix

The number of active customers affects our revenues. We had 1,697, 2,031 and 2,169 active customers as of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Revenues from our top five customers accounted for 32.6%, 31.5% and 37.5% of our total net revenues in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. We anticipate that our customer base will continue to grow.

Our revenues are also affected by the composition of our customer base, which we refer to as customer mix. Our overall customer base widened in 2013, 2014 and 2015 as compared to prior years due to an increase in the number of customers. In 2013, we witnessed growth across the board as internet traffic continued to grow. Our revenues in 2015 remained at the same level as that in 2014, mainly because our services were temporarily affected by issues arising out of the continuing HPCC platform optimization process. We intend to attract and retain more high-value customers to increase our revenues and to maintain our margin at a stable level, meanwhile, we target gradual improvement in margins as our scale continues to grow and maintain a good level of customer mix.

Selling price

We operate in a competitive market and we face pricing pressure for our services. We typically charge customers on a per-gigabit per-second basis for the bandwidth usage or per-gigabyte basis for traffic volume used. Prices for our services are affected by a variety of factors, including supply and demand conditions and pricing pressures from our competitors. In recent years, the selling prices for our services have declined. The price erosion was partially due to price discounts granted at the outset of the arrangement to customers with large contractual service commitments. Furthermore, increased competition has also caused price declines. We expect that we will continue experiencing pricing pressure in the future and thus we must reduce our cost of revenues to offset the price decline and to maintain and increase our gross profit.

Cost reductions

Our ability to achieve and increase profitability depends on our ability to effectively reduce our cost of revenues. Our cost of revenues as a percentage of our total net revenues increased from 68.6% in 2013 to 69.8% in 2014 and to 76.9% in 2015, primarily as a result of the increase of depreciation of property and equipment. We plan to devote significant resources to enhancing the efficiency of our operations and in particular to improve our bandwidth usage. However, if we fail to effectively reduce our cost of revenues, our profitability and competitiveness will be adversely affected.

A significant component of our cost of revenues is the depreciation of our network equipment, which is related to our capital expenditures. We had capital expenditures of RMB139.6 million, RMB259.3 million and RMB417.8 million (US$64.5 million) in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. We make our investment decisions based upon evaluation of a number of factors, such as the amount of bandwidth and storage that our customers may demand, the cost of the physical network equipment required to meet such requirements and the forecasted capacity utilization of our network. If we over-estimate or under-estimate future demand for our services, our results of operations may suffer.

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Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

In 2013, 2014 and 2015, we generated net revenues of RMB1,103.2 million, RMB1,384.3 million and RMB1,353.6 million (US$209.0 million), respectively.

Most of our revenues were derived from the sale of our content and application delivery total solutions to our customers. We typically charge customers on a per-gigabit per-second basis for the bandwidth usage or per-gigabyte basis for traffic volume used. Our customer service agreements generally commit the customers to a minimum level of usage and specify the rate that the customers must pay for actual usage above the minimum usage commitment. These agreements typically provide for a one-year term with a one-year renewal option.

The number of our active customers has steadily grown in the past three years, from 1,697 as of December 31, 2013 to 2,031 as of December 31, 2014 and to 2,169 as of December 31, 2015. We categorize our customers into five industry groups: internet and software, mobile internet, media and entertainment, enterprises and e-commerce and government agencies. We experienced growth in sales to customers in the media and entertainment, internet and software, mobile internet, enterprises and e-commerce industry groups in 2013, 2014 and 2015. During any given period, a relatively small number of customers typically accounts for a significant percentage of our total net revenues.

Effective in September 2012, 6% of VAT, replaced the original 5% business tax in Beijing as a result of the PRC government’s pilot VAT reform program, which applies to all services provided by Chinacache Beijing and Beijing Jingtian and certain services provided by Beijing Blue I.T. Effective from June 2014, all services provided by Beijing Blue I.T. fall within the scope of the pilot program on telecom industry, and revenues generated by these services are subject to VAT instead of business tax. Our revenues are presented net of such VAT taxes and related charges in the same period in which the related revenues are recognized.

Cost of Revenues and Operating Expenses

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, our cost of revenues and operating expenses, in absolute amount and as a percentage of total net revenues: