10-Q


UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
ý
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2016
or
¨
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from         to                         
COMMISSION FILE NUMBER 001-12307
ZIONS BANCORPORATION
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
UTAH
87-0227400
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
 
 
One South Main, 15th Floor
Salt Lake City, Utah
84133
(Address of principal executive offices)
(Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (801) 844-7637
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ý    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    Yes  ý    No  ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
ý
Accelerated filer
¨
 
 
 
 
Non-accelerated filer
¨
Smaller reporting company
¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ¨    No  ý
Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date.
Common Stock, without par value, outstanding at April 29, 2016
204,623,502 shares



ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
Table of Contents


 
 
Page
 
 
 
 
Item 1.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Item 2.
 
 
 
Item 3.
 
 
 
Item 4.
 
 
 
 
 
 
Item 1.
 
 
 
Item 1A.
 
 
 
Item 2.
 
 
 
Item 6.
 
 

2


Table of Contents

PART I.
FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1.
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)
ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except shares)
March 31,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
(Unaudited)
 
 
ASSETS
 
 
 
Cash and due from banks
$
517,803

 
$
798,319

Money market investments:
 
 
 
Interest-bearing deposits
3,039,090

 
6,108,124

Federal funds sold and security resell agreements
1,587,212

 
619,758

Investment securities:
 
 
 
Held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (approximate fair value $636,484 and $552,088)
631,646

 
545,648

Available-for-sale, at fair value
8,701,885

 
7,643,116

Trading account, at fair value
65,838

 
48,168

 
9,399,369

 
8,236,932

Loans held for sale
108,764

 
149,880

Loans and leases, net of unearned income and fees
41,418,185

 
40,649,542

Less allowance for loan losses
611,894

 
606,048

Loans, net of allowance
40,806,291

 
40,043,494

Other noninterest-bearing investments
855,813

 
848,144

Premises and equipment, net
925,430

 
905,462

Goodwill
1,014,129

 
1,014,129

Core deposit and other intangibles
14,259

 
16,272

Other real estate owned
10,411

 
7,092

Other assets
901,342

 
916,937

 
$
59,179,913

 
$
59,664,543

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
 
 
 
Deposits:
 
 
 
Noninterest-bearing demand
$
21,872,274

 
$
22,276,664

Interest-bearing:
 
 
 
Savings and money market
25,723,996

 
25,672,356

Time
2,071,688

 
2,130,680

Foreign
219,899

 
294,391

 
49,887,857

 
50,374,091

Federal funds and other short-term borrowings
232,188

 
346,987

Long-term debt
802,448

 
812,366

Reserve for unfunded lending commitments
69,026

 
74,838

Other liabilities
562,657

 
548,742

Total liabilities
51,554,176

 
52,157,024

Shareholders’ equity:
 
 
 
Preferred stock, without par value, authorized 4,400,000 shares
828,490

 
828,490

Common stock, without par value; authorized 350,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 204,543,707 and 204,417,093 shares
4,777,630

 
4,766,731

Retained earnings
2,031,270

 
1,966,910

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
(11,653
)
 
(54,612
)
Total shareholders’ equity
7,625,737

 
7,507,519

 
$
59,179,913

 
$
59,664,543

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents

ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME
(Unaudited)
(In thousands, except per share amounts)
Three Months Ended
March 31,
2016
 
2015
Interest income:
 
 
 
Interest and fees on loans
$
420,508

 
$
415,755

Interest on money market investments
7,029

 
5,218

Interest on securities
47,364

 
27,473

Total interest income
474,901

 
448,446

Interest expense:
 
 
 
Interest on deposits
11,845

 
12,104

Interest on short- and long-term borrowings
10,214

 
18,996

Total interest expense
22,059

 
31,100

Net interest income
452,842

 
417,346

Provision for loan losses
42,145

 
(1,494
)
Net interest income after provision for loan losses
410,697

 
418,840

Noninterest income:
 
 
 
Service charges and fees on deposit accounts
41,261

 
41,194

Other service charges, commissions and fees
49,474

 
43,002

Wealth management income
7,954

 
7,615

Loan sales and servicing income
7,979

 
7,706

Capital markets and foreign exchange
5,667

 
5,501

Dividends and other investment income
4,639

 
9,372

Fair value and nonhedge derivative loss
(2,585
)
 
(1,088
)
Equity securities gains (losses), net
(550
)
 
3,353

Fixed income securities gains (losses), net
28

 
(239
)
Other
2,894

 
922

Total noninterest income
116,761

 
117,338

Noninterest expense:
 
 
 
Salaries and employee benefits
258,338

 
243,519

Occupancy, net
29,779

 
29,339

Furniture, equipment and software
32,015

 
29,713

Other real estate expense, net
(1,329
)
 
374

Credit-related expense
5,934

 
5,939

Provision for unfunded lending commitments
(5,812
)
 
1,211

Professional and legal services
11,471

 
11,483

Advertising
5,628

 
6,975

FDIC premiums
7,154

 
8,119

Amortization of core deposit and other intangibles
2,014

 
2,358

Debt extinguishment cost
247

 

Other
50,134

 
53,947

Total noninterest expense
395,573

 
392,977

Income before income taxes
131,885

 
143,201

Income taxes
41,448

 
51,176

Net income
90,437

 
92,025

Dividends on preferred stock
(11,660
)
 
(16,746
)
Net earnings applicable to common shareholders
$
78,777

 
$
75,279

Weighted average common shares outstanding during the period:
 
 
 
Basic shares
203,967

 
202,603

Diluted shares
204,096

 
202,944

Net earnings per common share:
 
 
 
Basic
$
0.38

 
$
0.37

Diluted
0.38

 
0.37

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Unaudited)

 
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
(In thousands)
 
2016
 
2015
 
 
 
 
 
Net income for the period
 
$
90,437

 
$
92,025

Other comprehensive income, net of tax:
 
 
 
 
Net unrealized holding gains on investment securities
 
32,168

 
486

Reclassification of HTM securities to AFS securities
 

 
10,938

Reclassification to earnings for realized net fixed income securities losses (gains)
 
(17
)
 
148

Net unrealized gains (losses) on other noninterest-bearing investments
 
430

 
(364
)
Net unrealized holding gains on derivative instruments
 
12,901

 
2,553

Reclassification adjustment for increase in interest income recognized in earnings on derivative instruments
 
(1,858
)
 
(629
)
Pension and postretirement
 
(665
)
 

Other comprehensive income
 
42,959

 
13,132

Comprehensive income
 
$
133,396

 
$
105,157

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
(Unaudited)
(In thousands, except shares
and per share amounts)
Preferred
stock
 
Common stock
 
Retained earnings
 
Accumulated other
comprehensive income (loss)
 
Total
shareholders’ equity
Shares
 
Amount
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2015
$
828,490

 
204,417,093

 
$
4,766,731

 
$
1,966,910

 
 
$
(54,612
)
 
 
$
7,507,519

Net income for the period
 
 
 
 
 
 
90,437

 
 
 
 
 
90,437

Other comprehensive income, net of tax
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
42,959

 
 
42,959

Net activity under employee plans and related tax benefits
 
 
126,614

 
10,899

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10,899

Dividends on preferred stock


 
 
 
 
 
(11,660
)
 
 
 
 
 
(11,660
)
Dividends on common stock, $0.06 per share
 
 
 
 
 
 
(12,350
)
 
 
 
 
 
(12,350
)
Change in deferred compensation
 
 
 
 
 
 
(2,067
)
 
 
 
 
 
(2,067
)
Balance at March 31, 2016
$
828,490

 
204,543,707

 
$
4,777,630

 
$
2,031,270

 
 
$
(11,653
)
 
 
$
7,625,737

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2014
$
1,004,011

 
203,014,903

 
$
4,723,855

 
$
1,769,705

 
 
$
(128,041
)
 
 
$
7,369,530

Net income for the period
 
 
 
 
 
 
92,025

 
 
 
 
 
92,025

Other comprehensive income, net of tax
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13,132

 
 
13,132

Subordinated debt converted to preferred stock
21

 
 
 
(6
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15

Net activity under employee plans and related tax benefits
 
 
178,088

 
4,707

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4,707

Dividends on preferred stock


 
 
 
 
 
(16,746
)
 
 
 
 
 
(16,746
)
Dividends on common stock, $0.04 per share
 
 
 
 
 
 
(8,176
)
 
 
 
 
 
(8,176
)
Change in deferred compensation
 
 
 
 
 
 
(189
)
 
 
 
 
 
(189
)
Balance at March 31, 2015
$
1,004,032

 
203,192,991

 
$
4,728,556

 
$
1,836,619

 
 
$
(114,909
)
 
 
$
7,454,298

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
(In thousands)

Three Months Ended
March 31,
2016
 
2015
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES
 
 
 
Net income for the period
$
90,437

 
$
92,025

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
Provision for credit losses
36,333

 
(283
)
Depreciation and amortization
40,736

 
34,169

Fixed income securities losses (gains), net
(28
)
 
239

Deferred income tax expense (benefit)
(4,680
)
 
3,402

Net increase in trading securities
(17,670
)
 
(1,021
)
Net decrease in loans held for sale
38,566

 
3,517

Change in other liabilities
17,770

 
25,566

Change in other assets
7,301

 
(65,248
)
Other, net
13,997

 
(3,549
)
Net cash provided by operating activities
222,762

 
88,817

 
 
 
 
CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES
 
 
 
Net decrease in money market investments
2,101,580

 
253,274

Proceeds from maturities and paydowns of investment securities
held-to-maturity
22,036

 
39,323

Purchases of investment securities held-to-maturity
(108,141
)
 
(22,576
)
Proceeds from sales, maturities, and paydowns of investment securities available-for-sale
2,098,526

 
228,894

Purchases of investment securities available-for-sale
(3,123,244
)
 
(784,856
)
Net change in loans and leases
(808,358
)
 
(100,442
)
Purchases of premises and equipment
(40,015
)
 
(33,533
)
Proceeds from sales of other real estate owned
4,304

 
3,401

Other, net
(10,565
)
 
3,351

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities
136,123

 
(413,164
)
 
 
 
 
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES
 
 
 
Net increase (decrease) in deposits
(486,234
)
 
275,285

Net change in short-term funds borrowed
(114,799
)
 
(40,626
)
Repayments of long-term debt
(10,636
)
 
(8,185
)
Proceeds from the issuance of common stock
538

 
962

Dividends paid on common and preferred stock
(27,421
)
 
(23,234
)
Other, net
(849
)
 
(939
)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities
(639,401
)
 
203,263

Net decrease in cash and due from banks
(280,516
)
 
(121,084
)
Cash and due from banks at beginning of period
798,319

 
841,942

Cash and due from banks at end of period
$
517,803

 
$
720,858

 
 
 
 
Cash paid for interest
$
18,430

 
$
22,119

Net refunds received for income taxes
(84
)
 
(500
)
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

7


Table of Contents

ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
(Unaudited)
March 31, 2016
1.
BASIS OF PRESENTATION
The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements of Zions Bancorporation (“the Parent”) and its majority-owned subsidiaries (collectively “the Company,” “Zions,” “we,” “our,” “us”) have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) for interim financial information and with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring accruals) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. References to GAAP, including standards promulgated by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), are made according to sections of the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”). Changes to the ASC are made with Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) that include consensus issues of the Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”). In certain cases, ASUs are issued jointly with International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”).
Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in future periods. In preparing the consolidated financial statements, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2015 is from the audited financial statements at that date, but does not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. For further information, refer to the consolidated financial statements and footnotes thereto included in the Company’s 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform with the current period presentation. These reclassifications did not affect net income or shareholders’ equity.
Zions Bancorporation is a financial holding company headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and with its subsidiaries, provides a full range of banking and related services. Following the close of business on December 31, 2015, the Company completed the merger of its subsidiary banks and other subsidiaries into a single bank, ZB, N.A. The Company continues to manage its banking operations through seven separately managed and branded segments in 11 Western and Southwestern states as follows: Zions Bank, in Utah, Idaho and Wyoming; Amegy Bank (“Amegy”), in Texas; California Bank & Trust (“CB&T”); National Bank of Arizona (“NBAZ”); Nevada State Bank (“NSB”); Vectra Bank Colorado (“Vectra”), in Colorado and New Mexico; and The Commerce Bank of Washington (“TCBW”), in Washington and Oregon. Pursuant to a Board resolution adopted November 21, 2014, The Commerce Bank of Oregon merged into TCBW following the close of business on March 31, 2015.



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Table of Contents
ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

2.
RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
Standard
 
Description
 
Date of adoption
 
Effect on the financial statements or other significant matters
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Standards not yet adopted by the Company
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ASU 2016-09, Stock Compensation (Topic 718), Improvements to Share-Based Payment Accounting
 
The standard requires entities to recognize the income tax effects of share-based payment awards in the income statement when the awards vest or are settled (i.e. the additional paid-in capital pools will be eliminated). The guidance on employers’ accounting for an employee’s use of shares to satisfy the employer’s statutory income tax withholding obligation and for forfeitures is changing. The standard also provides an entity to make an entity-wide accounting policy election to either estimate the number of awards that are expected to vest or account for forfeitures when they occur.
 
January 1, 2017
 
We are currently evaluating the potential impact of this new guidance on the Company’s financial statements.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ASU 2016-01, Financial Instruments – Overall (Subtopic 825-10): Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities
 
The standard provides revised accounting guidance related to the accounting for and reporting of financial instruments. Some of the main provisions include:
– Equity investments that do not result in consolidation and are not accounted for under the equity method would be measured at fair value through net income, unless they qualify for the proposed practicability exception for investments that do not have readily determinable fair values.
– Changes in instrument-specific credit risk for financial liabilities that are measured under the fair value option would be recognized in other comprehensive income.
– Elimination of the requirement to disclose the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value of financial instruments carried at amortized cost. However it will require the use of exit price when measuring the fair value of financial instruments measured at amortized cost for disclosure purposes.
 
January 1, 2018
 
We do not currently expect this new guidance will have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)

ASU 2016-08, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), Principal vs. Agent Considerations (Reporting Revenue Gross versus Net)


 
The core principle of the new guidance is that a company will recognize revenue when it transfers promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the company expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The banking industry does not expect significant changes because major sources of revenue are from financial instruments that have been excluded from the scope of the new standard, (including loans, derivatives, debt and equity securities, etc.). However, these new standards affect other fees charged by banks, such as asset management fees, credit card interchange fees, deposit account fees, etc. Adoption may be made on a full retrospective basis with practical expedients, or on a modified retrospective basis with a cumulative effect adjustment. Early adoption of the guidance is permitted as of January 1, 2017.
 
January 1, 2018, as extended in August 2015 by ASU 2015-14
 
While we currently do not expect these standards will have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements, we are still in process of conducting our evaluation.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

ASU 2016-02,
Leases (Topic 842)
 
The standard requires that a lessee recognize assets and liabilities for leases with lease terms of more than 12 months. The recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee primarily will depend on its classification as a finance or operating lease. However, the standard will require both types of leases to be recognized on the balance sheet. It also requires disclosures to better understand the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. These disclosures include qualitative and quantitative requirements, providing additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements.
 
January 1, 2019
 
We are currently evaluating the potential impact of this new guidance on the Company’s financial statements.

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Table of Contents
ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Standard
 
Description
 
Date of adoption
 
Effect on the financial statements or other significant matters
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Standards adopted by the Company
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ASU 2015-02, Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis (Topic 810)
 
The new standard changes certain criteria in the variable interest model and the voting model to determine whether certain legal entities are variable interest entities (“VIEs”) and whether they should be consolidated. Additional disclosures are required for entities not currently considered VIEs, but may become VIEs under the new guidance and may be subject to consolidation. Adoption may be retrospective or modified retrospective with a cumulative effect adjustment.
 
January 1, 2016
 
We currently do not consolidate any VIEs and our adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the Company’s financial statements.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ASU 2015-03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs (Subtopic 835-30)
 
The standard requires that debt issuance costs be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the associated debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. Adoption is retrospective.
 
January 1, 2016
 
Our adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the accompanying financial statements.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ASU 2015-05, Customer’s Accounting for Fees Paid in a Cloud Computing Arrangement (Subtopic 350-40)
 
The standard provides guidance to determine whether an arrangement includes a software license. If it does, the customer accounts for it the same way as for other software licenses. If no software license is included, the customer accounts for it as a service contract. Adoption may be retrospective or prospective.
 
January 1, 2016
 
We adopted this standard on a prospective basis and it did not have a material impact on the accompanying financial statements.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ASU 2015-07, Disclosures for Investments in Certain Entities That Calculate Net Asset Value per Share (or its Equivalent), (Topic 820)
 
The guidance eliminates the current requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy investments whose fair values are measured at net asset value (“NAV”) using the practical expedient in ASC 820. Fair value disclosure of these investments will be made to facilitate reconciliation to amounts reported on the balance sheet. Other related disclosures will continue when the NAV practical expedient is used. Adoption is retrospective.
 
January 1, 2016
 
Our adoption of this standard did not have a material impact on the accompanying financial statements.
3.
SUPPLEMENTAL CASH FLOW INFORMATION
Noncash activities are summarized as follows:
(In thousands)
Three Months Ended
March 31,
2016
 
2015
 
 
 
 
Loans and leases transferred to other real estate owned
$
5,998

 
$
3,568

Loans held for sale reclassified as loans held for investment
1,976

 
13,138

Amortized cost of HTM securities reclassified as AFS securities

 
79,276


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ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

4.
OFFSETTING ASSETS AND LIABILITIES
Gross and net information for selected financial instruments in the balance sheet is as follows:
 
 
March 31, 2016
(In thousands)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet
 
 
Description
 
Gross amounts recognized
 
Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet
 
Net amounts presented in the balance sheet
 
Financial instruments
 
Cash collateral received/pledged
 
Net amount
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal funds sold and security resell agreements
 
$
1,587,212

 
$

 
$
1,587,212

 
$

 
$

 
$
1,587,212

Derivatives (included in other assets)
 
125,363

 

 
125,363

 
(22,322
)
 

 
103,041

 
 
$
1,712,575

 
$

 
$
1,712,575

 
$
(22,322
)
 
$

 
$
1,690,253

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal funds and other short-term borrowings
 
$
232,188

 
$

 
$
232,188

 
$

 
$

 
$
232,188

Derivatives (included in other liabilities)
 
104,469

 

 
104,469

 
(22,322
)
 
(71,149
)
 
10,998

 
 
$
336,657

 
$

 
$
336,657

 
$
(22,322
)
 
$
(71,149
)
 
$
243,186

 
 
December 31, 2015
(In thousands)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross amounts not offset in the balance sheet
 
 
Description
 
Gross amounts recognized
 
Gross amounts offset in the balance sheet
 
Net amounts presented in the balance sheet
 
Financial instruments
 
Cash collateral received/pledged
 
Net amount
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal funds sold and security resell agreements
 
$
619,758

 
$

 
$
619,758

 
$

 
$

 
$
619,758

Derivatives (included in other assets)
 
77,638

 

 
77,638

 
(5,916
)
 

 
71,722

 
 
$
697,396

 
$

 
$
697,396

 
$
(5,916
)
 
$

 
$
691,480

Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal funds and other short-term borrowings
 
$
346,987

 
$

 
$
346,987

 
$

 
$

 
$
346,987

Derivatives (included in other liabilities)
 
72,568

 

 
72,568

 
(5,916
)
 
(61,134
)
 
5,518

 
 
$
419,555

 
$

 
$
419,555

 
$
(5,916
)
 
$
(61,134
)
 
$
352,505

Security repurchase and reverse repurchase (“resell”) agreements are offset, when applicable, in the balance sheet according to master netting agreements. Security repurchase agreements are included with “Federal funds and other short-term borrowings.” Derivative instruments may be offset under their master netting agreements; however, for accounting purposes, we present these items on a gross basis in the Company’s balance sheet. See Note 7 for further information regarding derivative instruments.


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5.
INVESTMENTS 
Investment Securities
Investment securities are summarized below. Note 10 discusses the process to estimate fair value for investment securities.
 
March 31, 2016
(In thousands)

Amortized
cost
 
Gross
unrealized
gains
 
Gross
unrealized
losses
 
Estimated fair
value
Held-to-maturity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Municipal securities
$
631,646

 
$
11,519

 
$
6,681

 
$
636,484

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Government agencies and corporations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agency securities
1,497,652

 
14,055

 
856

 
1,510,851

Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities
4,487,279

 
17,801

 
9,091

 
4,495,989

Small Business Administration loan-backed securities
2,019,668

 
14,480

 
13,321

 
2,020,827

Municipal securities
552,872

 
4,391

 
1,190

 
556,073

Other debt securities
25,434

 
147

 
3,672

 
21,909

 
8,582,905

 
50,874

 
28,130

 
8,605,649

Money market mutual funds and other
96,132

 
104

 

 
96,236

 
8,679,037

 
50,978

 
28,130

 
8,701,885

Total
$
9,310,683

 
$
62,497

 
$
34,811

 
$
9,338,369

 
December 31, 2015
(In thousands) 

Amortized
cost
 
Gross
unrealized
gains
 
Gross
unrealized
losses
 
Estimated fair
value
Held-to-maturity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Municipal securities
$
545,648

 
$
11,218

 
$
4,778

 
$
552,088

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Government agencies and corporations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agency securities
1,231,740

 
4,313

 
2,658

 
1,233,395

Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities
3,964,593

 
7,919

 
36,037

 
3,936,475

Small Business Administration loan-backed securities
1,932,817

 
12,602

 
14,445

 
1,930,974

Municipal securities
417,374

 
2,177

 
856

 
418,695

Other debt securities
25,454

 
152

 
2,665

 
22,941

 
7,571,978

 
27,163

 
56,661

 
7,542,480

Money market mutual funds and other
100,612

 
61

 
37

 
100,636

 
7,672,590

 
27,224

 
56,698

 
7,643,116

Total
$
8,218,238

 
$
38,442

 
$
61,476

 
$
8,195,204

CDO Sales and Paydowns
During the second quarter of 2015, we sold the remaining portfolio of our collateralized debt obligation (“CDO”) securities, or $574 million at amortized cost, and realized net losses of approximately $137 million. During the first quarter of 2015, we reclassified all of the remaining held-to-maturity (“HTM”) CDO securities, or approximately $79 million at amortized cost, to Available-for-Sale (“AFS”) securities. The reclassification resulted from increased risk weights for these securities under the new Basel III capital rules, and was made in accordance with applicable accounting guidance that allows for such reclassifications when increased risk weights of debt securities must be used for regulatory risk-based capital purposes. No gain or loss was recognized in the statement of income at the time of reclassification.

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Maturities
The amortized cost and estimated fair value of investment debt securities are shown subsequently as of March 31, 2016 by expected timing of principal payments. Actual principal payments may differ from contractual or expected principal payments because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.
 
Held-to-maturity
 
Available-for-sale
(In thousands)
Amortized
cost
 
Estimated
fair
value
 
Amortized
cost
 
Estimated
fair
value
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Principal return in one year or less
$
69,225

 
$
69,515

 
$
1,187,108

 
$
1,189,787

Principal return after one year through five years
238,605

 
242,328

 
3,483,268

 
3,491,732

Principal return after five years through ten years
203,989

 
207,198

 
2,769,584

 
2,781,632

Principal return after ten years
119,827

 
117,443

 
1,142,945

 
1,142,498

 
$
631,646

 
$
636,484

 
$
8,582,905

 
$
8,605,649

The following is a summary of the amount of gross unrealized losses for investment securities and the estimated fair value by length of time the securities have been in an unrealized loss position:
 
March 31, 2016
 
Less than 12 months
 
12 months or more
 
Total
(In thousands)
 
Gross
unrealized
losses
 
Estimated
fair
value
 
Gross
unrealized
losses
 
Estimated
fair
value
 
Gross
unrealized
losses
 
Estimated
fair
value
Held-to-maturity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Municipal securities
$
5,952

 
$
193,737

 
$
729

 
$
12,480

 
$
6,681

 
$
206,217

Available-for-sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Government agencies and corporations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agency securities
312

 
299,591

 
544

 
129,191

 
856

 
428,782

Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities
6,836

 
1,707,106

 
2,255

 
149,293

 
9,091

 
1,856,399

Small Business Administration loan-backed securities
4,549

 
539,651

 
8,772

 
528,850

 
13,321

 
1,068,501

Municipal securities
935

 
140,612

 
255

 
14,231

 
1,190

 
154,843

Other

 

 
3,672

 
11,331

 
3,672

 
11,331

 
12,632

 
2,686,960

 
15,498

 
832,896

 
28,130

 
3,519,856

Mutual funds and other

 

 

 

 

 

 
12,632

 
2,686,960

 
15,498

 
832,896

 
28,130

 
3,519,856

Total
$
18,584

 
$
2,880,697

 
$
16,227

 
$
845,376

 
$
34,811

 
$
3,726,073


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December 31, 2015
 
Less than 12 months
 
12 months or more
 
Total
(In thousands)
 
Gross
unrealized
losses
 
Estimated
 fair
 value
 
Gross
unrealized
losses
 
Estimated
 fair
 value
 
Gross
unrealized
losses
 
Estimated
 fair
 value
Held-to-maturity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Municipal securities
$
4,521

 
$
122,197

 
$
257

 
$
13,812

 
$
4,778

 
$
136,009

Available-for-sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Government agencies and corporations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agency securities
2,176

 
559,196

 
482

 
131,615

 
2,658

 
690,811

Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities
34,583

 
3,639,824

 
1,454

 
65,071

 
36,037

 
3,704,895

Small Business Administration loan-backed securities
5,348

 
567,365

 
9,097

 
535,376

 
14,445

 
1,102,741

Municipal securities
735

 
102,901

 
121

 
5,733

 
856

 
108,634

Other

 

 
2,665

 
12,337

 
2,665

 
12,337

 
42,842

 
4,869,286

 
13,819

 
750,132

 
56,661

 
5,619,418

Mutual funds and other
37

 
35,488

 

 

 
37

 
35,488

 
42,879

 
4,904,774

 
13,819

 
750,132

 
56,698

 
5,654,906

Total
$
47,400

 
$
5,026,971

 
$
14,076

 
$
763,944

 
$
61,476

 
$
5,790,915

At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively, 157 and 187 HTM and 684 and 709 AFS investment securities were in an unrealized loss position.
Other-Than-Temporary Impairment
Ongoing Policy
We review investment securities on a quarterly basis for the presence of other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”). We assess whether OTTI is present when the fair value of a debt security is less than its amortized cost basis at the balance sheet date (the majority of the investment portfolio are debt securities). Under these circumstances, OTTI is considered to have occurred if (1) we have formed a documented intent to sell identified securities or initiated such sales; (2) it is “more likely than not” we will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis; or (3) the present value of expected cash flows is not sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis.
Noncredit-related OTTI in securities we intend to sell is recognized in earnings as is any credit-related OTTI in securities, regardless of our intent. Noncredit-related OTTI on AFS securities not expected to be sold is recognized in other comprehensive income (“OCI”). The amount of noncredit-related OTTI in a security is quantified as the difference in a security’s amortized cost after adjustment for credit impairment, and its lower fair value. Presentation of OTTI is made in the statement of income on a gross basis with an offset for the amount of OTTI recognized in OCI.
OTTI Conclusions
Our 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K describes in more detail our OTTI evaluation process. The following summarizes the conclusions from our OTTI evaluation by each security type that has significant gross unrealized losses at March 31, 2016:
OTTI – U.S. Government Agencies and Corporations
Agency Guaranteed Mortgage-Backed Securities: These pass-through securities are comprised largely of fixed and floating-rate residential mortgage-backed securities issued by the Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”), the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”), or the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”). They were generally purchased at premiums with maturity dates from 10 to 15 years for fixed-rate securities and 30 years for floating-rate securities. These securities benefit from certain guarantee provisions or, in the case of GNMA, direct U.S. government guarantees. Unrealized losses relate to changes in interest rates subsequent to purchase and are not attributable to credit. At March 31, 2016, we did not

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have an intent to sell identified securities with unrealized losses or initiate such sales, and we believe it is more likely than not we would not be required to sell such securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis. Therefore, we did not record OTTI for these securities during 2016.
Small Business Administration (“SBA”) Loan-Backed Securities: These securities were generally purchased at premiums with maturities from 5 to 25 years and have principal cash flows guaranteed by the SBA. Unrealized losses relate to changes in interest rates subsequent to purchase and are not attributable to credit. At March 31, 2016, we did not have an intent to sell identified SBA securities with unrealized losses or initiate such sales, and we believe it is more likely than not we would not be required to sell such securities before recovery of their amortized cost basis. Therefore, we did not record OTTI for these securities during the first quarter of 2016.
The following is a tabular rollforward of the total amount of credit-related OTTI:
(In thousands)

Three Months Ended
March 31, 2016
 
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2015
HTM

AFS

Total

HTM
 
AFS
 
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance of credit-related OTTI at beginning
of period
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
(9,079
)
 
$
(95,472
)
 
$
(104,551
)
Reductions for securities sold or paid off during the period

 

 

 

 
1,313

 
1,313

Reclassification of securities from HTM to AFS

 

 

 
9,079

 
(9,079
)
 

Balance of credit-related OTTI at end of period
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
(103,238
)
 
$
(103,238
)
The following summarizes gains and losses, including OTTI, that were recognized in the statement of income:
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
 
March 31, 2016
 
March 31, 2015
 
(In thousands)
Gross gains
 
Gross
losses
 
Gross gains
 
Gross losses
 
 
Investment securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Held-to-maturity
$

 
$

 
$
1

 
$

 
Available-for-sale
30

 
2

 
958

 
1,198

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other noninterest-bearing investments
3,187

 
3,737

 
3,595

 
242

 
 
3,217

 
3,739

 
4,554

 
1,440

 
Net gains (losses)
 
 
$
(522
)
 
 
 
$
3,114

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Statement of income information:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity securities gains (losses), net
 
 
$
(550
)
 
 
 
$
3,353

 
Fixed income securities gains (losses), net
 
 
28

 
 
 
(239
)
 
Net gains (losses)
 
 
$
(522
)
 
 
 
$
3,114

Interest income by security type is as follows:
(In thousands)
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2016
 
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2015
 
Taxable
 
Nontaxable
 
Total
 
Taxable
 
Nontaxable
 
Total
Investment securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Held-to-maturity
$
2,604

 
$
2,726

 
$
5,330

 
$
3,592

 
$
2,862

 
$
6,454

Available-for-sale
39,607

 
1,955

 
41,562

 
19,768

 
653

 
20,421

Trading
472

 

 
472

 
598

 

 
598

 
$
42,683

 
$
4,681

 
$
47,364

 
$
23,958

 
$
3,515

 
$
27,473

Investment securities with a carrying value of $2.0 billion at March 31, 2016 and $2.3 billion at December 31, 2015 were pledged to secure public and trust deposits, advances, and for other purposes as required by law. Securities are also pledged as collateral for security repurchase agreements.

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Private Equity Investments
Effect of Volcker Rule
The Volcker Rule (“VR”), as published pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act in December 2013 and amended in January 2014, significantly restricted certain activities by covered bank holding companies, including restrictions on certain types of securities, proprietary trading, and private equity investing. The Company’s private equity investments (“PEIs”) consist of Small Business Investment Companies (“SBICs”) and non-SBICs. Following the sales of its CDO securities, the only prohibited investments under the VR requiring divestiture by the Company were certain of its PEIs. Of the recorded PEIs of $134 million at March 31, 2016, approximately $16 million remain prohibited by the VR.
For the first quarter of 2016, we did not sell any PEIs. We sold a total of approximately $9 million of PEIs during 2015. All of these sales related to prohibited PEIs. The 2015 sales resulted in insignificant amounts of realized gains or losses. We will dispose of the remaining $16 million of prohibited PEIs before the required deadline. However, the required deadline has been extended to July 21, 2016 from July 21, 2015 and the Federal Reserve has announced its intention to grant banking entities an additional one-year extension to July 21, 2017. See other discussions in Notes 10 and 11.
As discussed in Note 11, we have $20 million at March 31, 2016 of unfunded commitments for PEIs, of which approximately $6 million relate to prohibited PEIs. Until we dispose of the prohibited PEIs, we expect to fund these commitments if and as the capital calls are made, as allowed under the VR.
6.
LOANS AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES
Loans and Loans Held for Sale
Loans are summarized as follows according to major portfolio segment and specific loan class:
(In thousands)
March 31,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
 
 
 
 
Loans held for sale
$
108,764

 
$
149,880

 
 
 
 
Commercial:
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
13,590,238

 
$
13,211,481

Leasing
437,150

 
441,666

Owner occupied
7,022,429

 
7,150,028

Municipal
695,436

 
675,839

Total commercial
21,745,253

 
21,479,014

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
Construction and land development
1,967,702

 
1,841,502

Term
8,826,375

 
8,514,401

Total commercial real estate
10,794,077

 
10,355,903

Consumer:
 
 
 
Home equity credit line
2,432,632

 
2,416,357

1-4 family residential
5,417,810

 
5,382,099

Construction and other consumer real estate
401,422

 
385,240

Bankcard and other revolving plans
438,540

 
443,780

Other
188,451

 
187,149

Total consumer
8,878,855

 
8,814,625

Total loans
$
41,418,185

 
$
40,649,542

Loan balances are presented net of unearned income and fees, which amounted to $148.5 million at March 31, 2016 and $150.3 million at December 31, 2015.
Owner occupied and commercial real estate (“CRE”) loans include unamortized premiums of approximately $24.9 million at March 31, 2016 and $26.2 million at December 31, 2015.

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Municipal loans generally include loans to municipalities with the debt service being repaid from general funds or pledged revenues of the municipal entity, or to private commercial entities or 501(c)(3) not-for-profit entities utilizing a pass-through municipal entity to achieve favorable tax treatment.
Land development loans included in the construction and land development loan class were $286.8 million at March 31, 2016 and $288.0 million at December 31, 2015.
Loans with a carrying value of approximately $25.3 billion at March 31, 2016 and $19.4 billion at December 31, 2015 have been pledged at the Federal Reserve and various Federal Home Loan Banks (“FHLBs”) as collateral for potential borrowings.
We sold loans totaling $273.2 million and $300.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, that were classified as loans held for sale. The sold loans were derecognized from the balance sheet. Loans classified as loans held for sale primarily consist of conforming residential mortgages and the guaranteed portion of SBA loans. Amounts added to loans held for sale during these periods were $235.7 million and $309.7 million, respectively.
The principal balance of sold loans for which we retain servicing was approximately $1.3 billion at both March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. Income from loans sold, excluding servicing, for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 was $3.0 million and $4.6 million, respectively.
Allowance for Credit Losses
The allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) consists of the allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”) (also referred to as the allowance for loan losses) and the reserve for unfunded lending commitments (“RULC”).
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses
The ALLL represents our estimate of probable and estimable losses inherent in the loan and lease portfolio as of the balance sheet date. Losses are charged to the ALLL when recognized. Generally, commercial and CRE loans are charged off or charged down when they are determined to be uncollectible in whole or in part, or when 180 days past due unless the loan is well secured and in process of collection. Consumer loans are either charged off or charged down to net realizable value no later than the month in which they become 180 days past due. Closed-end consumer loans that are not secured by residential real estate are either charged off or charged down to net realizable value no later than the month in which they become 120 days past due. We establish the amount of the ALLL by analyzing the portfolio at least quarterly, and we adjust the provision for loan losses so the ALLL is at an appropriate level at the balance sheet date.
We determine our ALLL as the best estimate within a range of estimated losses. The methodologies we use to estimate the ALLL depend upon the impairment status and loan portfolio. The methodology for impaired loans is discussed subsequently. For commercial and CRE loans with commitments equal to or greater than $750,000, we assign internal risk grades using a comprehensive loan grading system based on financial and statistical models, individual credit analysis, and loan officer experience and judgment. The credit quality indicators discussed subsequently are based on this grading system. Estimated losses for these commercial and CRE loans are derived from a statistical analysis of our historical default and loss given default (“LGD”) experience over the period of January 2008 through the most recent full quarter.
For consumer and small commercial and CRE loans with commitments less than $750,000, we primarily use roll rate models to forecast probable inherent losses. Roll rate models measure the rate at which these loans migrate from one delinquency category to the next worse delinquency category, and eventually to loss. We estimate roll rates for these loans using recent delinquency and loss experience by segmenting our loan portfolios into separate pools based on common risk characteristics and separately calculating historical delinquency and loss experience for each pool. These roll rates are then applied to current delinquency levels to estimate probable inherent losses.
The current status and historical changes in qualitative and environmental factors may not be reflected in our quantitative models. Thus, after applying historical loss experience, as described above, we review the

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quantitatively derived level of ALLL for each segment using qualitative criteria and use those criteria to determine our estimate within the range. We track various risk factors that influence our judgment regarding the level of the ALLL across the portfolio segments. These factors primarily include:
Changes in lending policies and procedures, including changes in underwriting standards and collection, charge-off, and recovery practices
Changes in international, national, regional, and local economic and business conditions
Changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and in the terms of loans
Changes in the experience, ability, and depth of lending management and other relevant staff
Changes in the volume and severity of past due loans, the volume of nonaccrual loans, and the volume and severity of adversely classified or graded loans
Changes in the quality of the loan review system
Changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans
The existence and effect of any concentration of credit, and changes in the level of such concentrations
The effect of other external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements
The magnitude of the impact of these factors on our qualitative assessment of the ALLL changes from quarter to quarter according to changes made by management in its assessment of these factors, the extent these factors are already reflected in historic loss rates, and the extent changes in these factors diverge from one to another. We also consider the uncertainty inherent in the estimation process when evaluating the ALLL.
Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments
We also estimate a reserve for potential losses associated with off-balance sheet commitments, including standby letters of credit. We determine the RULC using the same procedures and methodologies that we use for the ALLL. The loss factors used in the RULC are the same as the loss factors used in the ALLL, and the qualitative adjustments used in the RULC are the same as the qualitative adjustments used in the ALLL. We adjust the Company’s unfunded lending commitments that are not unconditionally cancelable to an outstanding amount equivalent using credit conversion factors, and we apply the loss factors to the outstanding equivalents.
Changes in ACL Assumptions
During the first quarter of 2016, due to the consolidation of our separate banking charters, we enhanced our methodology to estimate the ACL on a Company-wide basis. As described previously, for large commercial and CRE loans, we began estimating historic loss factors by separately calculating historic default and LGD rates, instead of directly calculating loss rates for groupings of probability of default and LGD grades using a loss migration approach. For small commercial and CRE loans, we began using roll rate models to forecast probable inherent losses. For consumer loans, we began pooling loans by current loan-to-value, where applicable. The impact of these changes was largely neutral to the total ACL at March 31, 2016.


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Changes in the allowance for credit losses are summarized as follows:

 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016
(In thousands)
Commercial
 
Commercial
real estate
 
Consumer
 
Total
Allowance for loan losses
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of period
$
454,277

 
$
113,992

 
$
37,779

 
$
606,048

Additions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Provision for loan losses
45,875

 
1,701

 
(5,431
)
 
42,145

Adjustment for FDIC-supported/PCI loans

 

 

 

Deductions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Gross loan and lease charge-offs
(43,230
)
 
(975
)
 
(3,905
)
 
(48,110
)
Recoveries
7,065

 
2,994

 
1,752

 
11,811

Net loan and lease charge-offs
(36,165
)
 
2,019

 
(2,153
)
 
(36,299
)
Balance at end of period
$
463,987

 
$
117,712

 
$
30,195

 
$
611,894

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of period
$
57,696

 
$
16,526

 
$
616

 
$
74,838

Provision credited to earnings
(1,429
)
 
(3,767
)
 
(616
)
 
(5,812
)
Balance at end of period
$
56,267

 
$
12,759

 
$

 
$
69,026

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total allowance for credit losses at end of period
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Allowance for loan losses
$
463,987

 
$
117,712

 
$
30,195

 
$
611,894

Reserve for unfunded lending commitments
56,267

 
12,759

 

 
69,026

Total allowance for credit losses
$
520,254

 
$
130,471

 
$
30,195

 
$
680,920

 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
(In thousands)
Commercial

Commercial
real estate

Consumer

Total
Allowance for loan losses
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of period
$
412,514

 
$
145,009

 
$
47,140

 
$
604,663

Additions:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Provision for loan losses
24,934

 
(26,887
)
 
459

 
(1,494
)
Adjustment for FDIC-supported/PCI loans
(38
)
 

 

 
(38
)
Deductions:
 
 
 
 
 
 

Gross loan and lease charge-offs
(15,951
)
 
(626
)
 
(3,611
)
 
(20,188
)
Recoveries
20,613

 
14,119

 
2,338

 
37,070

Net loan and lease charge-offs
4,662

 
13,493

 
(1,273
)
 
16,882

Balance at end of period
$
442,072

 
$
131,615

 
$
46,326

 
$
620,013


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reserve for unfunded lending commitments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of period
$
58,931

 
$
21,517

 
$
628

 
$
81,076

Provision charged (credited) to earnings
3,844

 
(2,580
)
 
(53
)
 
1,211

Balance at end of period
$
62,775

 
$
18,937

 
$
575

 
$
82,287


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total allowance for credit losses at end of period
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Allowance for loan losses
$
442,072


$
131,615


$
46,326


$
620,013

Reserve for unfunded lending commitments
62,775

 
18,937

 
575

 
82,287

Total allowance for credit losses
$
504,847

 
$
150,552

 
$
46,901

 
$
702,300


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ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

The ALLL and outstanding loan balances according to the Company’s impairment method are summarized as follows:
 
March 31, 2016
(In thousands)
Commercial
 
Commercial
real estate
 
Consumer
 
Total
Allowance for loan losses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Individually evaluated for impairment
$
76,987

 
$
3,047

 
$
7,230

 
$
87,264

Collectively evaluated for impairment
386,943

 
114,448

 
22,882

 
524,273

Purchased loans with evidence of credit deterioration
57

 
217

 
83

 
357

Total
$
463,987

 
$
117,712

 
$
30,195

 
$
611,894

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding loan balances:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Individually evaluated for impairment
$
477,363

 
$
95,784

 
$
86,957

 
$
660,104

Collectively evaluated for impairment
21,219,580

 
10,649,342

 
8,782,839

 
40,651,761

Purchased loans with evidence of credit deterioration
48,310

 
48,951

 
9,059

 
106,320

Total
$
21,745,253

 
$
10,794,077

 
$
8,878,855

 
$
41,418,185

 
 
December 31, 2015
(In thousands)
Commercial
 
Commercial
real estate
 
Consumer
 
Total
Allowance for loan losses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Individually evaluated for impairment
$
36,909

 
$
3,154

 
$
9,462

 
$
49,525

Collectively evaluated for impairment
417,295

 
110,417

 
27,866

 
555,578

Purchased loans with evidence of credit deterioration
73

 
421

 
451

 
945

Total
$
454,277

 
$
113,992

 
$
37,779

 
$
606,048

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Outstanding loan balances:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Individually evaluated for impairment
$
289,629

 
$
107,341

 
$
92,605

 
$
489,575

Collectively evaluated for impairment
21,129,125

 
10,193,840

 
8,712,079

 
40,035,044

Purchased loans with evidence of credit deterioration
60,260

 
54,722

 
9,941

 
124,923

Total
$
21,479,014

 
$
10,355,903

 
$
8,814,625

 
$
40,649,542

Nonaccrual and Past Due Loans
Loans are generally placed on nonaccrual status when payment in full of principal and interest is not expected, or the loan is 90 days or more past due as to principal or interest, unless the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection. Factors we consider in determining whether a loan is placed on nonaccrual include delinquency status, collateral value, borrower or guarantor financial statement information, bankruptcy status, and other information which would indicate that the full and timely collection of interest and principal is uncertain.
A nonaccrual loan may be returned to accrual status when all delinquent interest and principal become current in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement; the loan, if secured, is well secured; the borrower has paid according to the contractual terms for a minimum of six months; and analysis of the borrower indicates a reasonable assurance of the ability and willingness to maintain payments. Payments received on nonaccrual loans are applied as a reduction to the principal outstanding.
Closed-end loans with payments scheduled monthly are reported as past due when the borrower is in arrears for two or more monthly payments. Similarly, open-end credit such as charge-card plans and other revolving credit plans are reported as past due when the minimum payment has not been made for two or more billing cycles. Other multi-payment obligations (i.e., quarterly, semiannual, etc.), single payment, and demand notes are reported as past due when either principal or interest is due and unpaid for a period of 30 days or more.

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Nonaccrual loans are summarized as follows:
(In thousands)
March 31,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
Commercial:
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
356,034

 
$
163,906

Leasing
14,107

 
3,829

Owner occupied
74,369

 
73,881

Municipal
926

 
951

Total commercial
445,436

 
242,567

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
Construction and land development
6,152

 
7,045

Term
33,051

 
40,253

Total commercial real estate
39,203

 
47,298

Consumer:
 
 
 
Home equity credit line
10,700

 
8,270

1-4 family residential
43,791

 
50,254

Construction and other consumer real estate
645

 
748

Bankcard and other revolving plans
1,791

 
537

Other
202

 
186

Total consumer loans
57,129

 
59,995

Total
$
541,768

 
$
349,860

Past due loans (accruing and nonaccruing) are summarized as follows:
 
March 31, 2016
(In thousands)
Current
 
30-89 days
past due
 
90+ days
past due
 
Total
past due
 
Total
loans
 
Accruing
loans
90+ days
past due
 
Nonaccrual
loans
that are
current 1
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
13,464,106

 
$
90,610

 
$
35,522

 
$
126,132

 
$
13,590,238

 
$
4,388

 
$
287,662

Leasing
436,597

 
59

 
494

 
553

 
437,150

 

 
13,613

Owner occupied
6,965,082

 
21,987

 
35,360

 
57,347

 
7,022,429

 
13,350

 
46,289

Municipal
695,436

 

 

 

 
695,436

 

 
926

Total commercial
21,561,221

 
112,656

 
71,376

 
184,032

 
21,745,253

 
17,738

 
348,490

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Construction and land development
1,960,562

 
2,573

 
4,567

 
7,140

 
1,967,702

 

 
1,533

Term
8,782,301

 
10,173

 
33,901

 
44,074

 
8,826,375

 
18,295

 
15,791

Total commercial real estate
10,742,863

 
12,746

 
38,468

 
51,214

 
10,794,077

 
18,295

 
17,324

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity credit line
2,420,364

 
7,015

 
5,253

 
12,268

 
2,432,632

 

 
4,604

1-4 family residential
5,386,087

 
10,617

 
21,106

 
31,723

 
5,417,810

 
321

 
20,131

Construction and other consumer real estate
397,809

 
3,365

 
248

 
3,613

 
401,422

 

 
355

Bankcard and other revolving plans
435,092

 
2,241

 
1,207

 
3,448

 
438,540

 
848

 
1,340

Other
187,760

 
630

 
61

 
691

 
188,451

 

 
78

Total consumer loans
8,827,112

 
23,868

 
27,875

 
51,743

 
8,878,855

 
1,169

 
26,508

Total
$
41,131,196

 
$
149,270

 
$
137,719

 
$
286,989

 
$
41,418,185

 
$
37,202

 
$
392,322


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ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

 
December 31, 2015
(In thousands)
Current
 
30-89 days
past due
 
90+ days
past due
 
Total
past due
 
Total
loans
 
Accruing
loans
90+ days
past due
 
Nonaccrual
loans
that are
current 1
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
13,114,045

 
$
60,523

 
$
36,913

 
$
97,436

 
$
13,211,481

 
$
3,065

 
$
117,942

Leasing
440,963

 
183

 
520

 
703

 
441,666

 

 
3,309

Owner occupied
7,085,086

 
37,776

 
27,166

 
64,942

 
7,150,028

 
3,626

 
43,984

Municipal
668,207

 
7,586

 
46

 
7,632

 
675,839

 
46

 
951

Total commercial
21,308,301

 
106,068

 
64,645

 
170,713

 
21,479,014

 
6,737

 
166,186

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Construction and land development
1,835,360

 
842

 
5,300

 
6,142

 
1,841,502

 

 
1,745

Term
8,469,390

 
10,424

 
34,587

 
45,011

 
8,514,401

 
21,697

 
24,867

Total commercial real estate
10,304,750

 
11,266

 
39,887

 
51,153

 
10,355,903

 
21,697

 
26,612

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity credit line
2,407,972

 
4,717

 
3,668

 
8,385

 
2,416,357

 

 
3,053

1-4 family residential
5,340,549

 
14,828

 
26,722

 
41,550

 
5,382,099

 
1,036

 
20,939

Construction and other consumer real estate
374,987

 
8,593

 
1,660

 
10,253

 
385,240

 
1,337

 
408

Bankcard and other revolving plans
440,358

 
1,861

 
1,561

 
3,422

 
443,780

 
1,217

 
146

Other
186,436

 
647

 
66

 
713

 
187,149

 

 
83

Total consumer loans
8,750,302

 
30,646

 
33,677

 
64,323

 
8,814,625

 
3,590

 
24,629

Total
$
40,363,353

 
$
147,980

 
$
138,209

 
$
286,189

 
$
40,649,542

 
$
32,024

 
$
217,427

1 
Represents nonaccrual loans that are not past due more than 30 days; however, full payment of principal and interest is still not expected.
Credit Quality Indicators
In addition to the past due and nonaccrual criteria, we also analyze loans using loan risk grading systems, which vary based on the size and type of credit risk exposure. The internal risk grades assigned to loans follow our definitions of Pass, Special Mention, Substandard, and Doubtful, which are consistent with published definitions of regulatory risk classifications.
Definitions of Pass, Special Mention, Substandard, and Doubtful are summarized as follows:
Pass – A Pass asset is higher quality and does not fit any of the other categories described below. The likelihood of loss is considered remote.
Special Mention A Special Mention asset has potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If left uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the bank’s credit position at some future date.
Substandard – A Substandard asset is inadequately protected by the current sound worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Assets so classified have well-defined weaknesses and are characterized by the distinct possibility that the bank may sustain some loss if deficiencies are not corrected.
Doubtful – A Doubtful asset has all the weaknesses inherent in a Substandard asset with the added characteristics that the weaknesses make collection or liquidation in full highly questionable and improbable.
We generally assign internal risk grades to commercial and CRE loans with commitments equal to or greater than $750,000 based on financial and statistical models, individual credit analysis, and loan officer experience and judgment. For these larger loans, we assign one of multiple grades within the Pass classification or one of the following four grades: Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful, and Loss. Loss indicates that the outstanding

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ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

balance has been charged off. We confirm our internal risk grades quarterly, or as soon as we identify information that affects the credit risk of the loan.
For consumer loans and certain small commercial and CRE loans with commitments less than $750,000, we generally assign internal risk grades similar to those described previously based on automated rules that depend on refreshed credit scores, payment performance, and other risk indicators. These are generally assigned either a Pass or Substandard grade and are reviewed as we identify information that might warrant a grade change.
Outstanding loan balances (accruing and nonaccruing) categorized by these credit quality indicators are summarized as follows:
 
March 31, 2016
(In thousands)
Pass
 
Special
Mention
 
Sub-
standard
 
Doubtful
 
Total
loans
 
Total
allowance
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
12,245,903

 
$
390,768

 
$
953,316

 
$
251

 
$
13,590,238

 
 
Leasing
402,160

 
7,106

 
27,884

 

 
437,150

 
 
Owner occupied
6,577,162

 
156,723

 
288,544

 

 
7,022,429

 
 
Municipal
678,377

 
7,888

 
9,171

 

 
695,436

 
 
Total commercial
19,903,602

 
562,485

 
1,278,915

 
251

 
21,745,253

 
$
463,987

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Construction and land development
1,921,338

 
14,540

 
31,824

 

 
1,967,702

 
 
Term
8,634,484

 
41,331

 
150,560

 

 
8,826,375

 
 
Total commercial real estate
10,555,822

 
55,871

 
182,384

 

 
10,794,077

 
117,712

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity credit line
2,418,415

 

 
14,217

 

 
2,432,632

 
 
1-4 family residential
5,368,085

 

 
49,725

 

 
5,417,810

 
 
Construction and other consumer real estate
399,765

 

 
1,657

 

 
401,422

 
 
Bankcard and other revolving plans
433,989

 

 
4,551

 

 
438,540

 
 
Other
188,099

 

 
352

 

 
188,451

 
 
Total consumer loans
8,808,353

 

 
70,502

 

 
8,878,855

 
30,195

Total
$
39,267,777

 
$
618,356

 
$
1,531,801

 
$
251

 
$
41,418,185

 
$
611,894

 
December 31, 2015
(In thousands)
Pass
 
Special
Mention
 
Sub-
standard
 
Doubtful
 
Total
loans
 
Total
allowance
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
12,007,076

 
$
399,847

 
$
804,403

 
$
155

 
$
13,211,481

 
 
Leasing
411,131

 
5,166

 
25,369

 

 
441,666

 
 
Owner occupied
6,720,052

 
139,784

 
290,192

 

 
7,150,028

 
 
Municipal
663,903

 

 
11,936

 

 
675,839

 
 
Total commercial
19,802,162

 
544,797

 
1,131,900

 
155

 
21,479,014

 
$
454,277

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Construction and land development
1,786,610

 
42,348

 
12,544

 

 
1,841,502

 
 
Term
8,319,348

 
47,245

 
139,036

 
8,772

 
8,514,401

 
 
Total commercial real estate
10,105,958

 
89,593

 
151,580

 
8,772

 
10,355,903

 
113,992

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity credit line
2,404,635

 

 
11,722

 

 
2,416,357

 
 
1-4 family residential
5,325,519

 

 
56,580

 

 
5,382,099

 
 
Construction and other consumer real estate
381,738

 

 
3,502

 

 
385,240

 
 
Bankcard and other revolving plans
440,282

 

 
3,498

 

 
443,780

 
 
Other
186,836

 

 
313

 

 
187,149

 
 
Total consumer loans
8,739,010

 

 
75,615

 

 
8,814,625

 
37,779

Total
$
38,647,130

 
$
634,390

 
$
1,359,095

 
$
8,927

 
$
40,649,542

 
$
606,048


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ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Impaired Loans
Loans are considered impaired when, based on current information and events, it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan agreement, including scheduled interest payments. For our non-purchased credit-impaired loans, if a nonaccrual loan has a balance greater than $1 million, or if a loan is a troubled debt restructuring (“TDR”), including TDRs that subsequently default, or if the loan is no longer reported as a TDR, we individually evaluate the loan for impairment and estimate a specific reserve for the loan for all portfolio segments under applicable accounting guidance. Smaller nonaccrual loans are pooled for ALLL estimation purposes. Purchase credit-impaired (“PCI”) loans are included in impaired loans and are accounted for under separate accounting guidance. See subsequent discussion under Purchased Loans.
When a loan is impaired, we estimate a specific reserve for the loan based on the projected present value of the loan’s future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate, the observable market price of the loan, or the fair value of the loan’s underlying collateral. The process of estimating future cash flows also incorporates the same determining factors discussed previously under nonaccrual loans. When we base the impairment amount on the fair value of the loan’s underlying collateral, we generally charge off the portion of the balance that is impaired, such that these loans do not have a specific reserve in the ALLL. Payments received on impaired loans that are accruing are recognized in interest income, according to the contractual loan agreement. Payments received on impaired loans that are on nonaccrual are not recognized in interest income, but are applied as a reduction to the principal outstanding. The amount of interest income recognized on a cash basis during the time the loans were impaired within the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 was not significant.
Information on impaired loans individually evaluated is summarized as follows, including the average recorded investment and interest income recognized for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015:
 
March 31, 2016
(In thousands)

Unpaid
principal
balance
 
Recorded investment
 
Total
recorded
investment
 
Related
allowance
with no
allowance
 
with
allowance
 
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
457,773

 
$
68,388

 
$
329,801

 
$
398,189

 
$
71,962

Owner occupied
124,637

 
74,158

 
39,778

 
113,936

 
4,162

Municipal
1,405

 
926

 

 
926

 

Total commercial
583,815

 
143,472

 
369,579

 
513,051

 
76,124

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Construction and land development
22,202

 
4,806

 
9,319

 
14,125

 
883

Term
134,297

 
81,795

 
26,275

 
108,070

 
1,706

Total commercial real estate
156,499

 
86,601

 
35,594

 
122,195

 
2,589

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity credit line
28,148

 
21,128

 
4,295

 
25,423

 
145

1-4 family residential
66,860

 
32,652

 
31,720

 
64,372

 
6,805

Construction and other consumer real estate
3,446

 
988

 
1,876

 
2,864

 
168

Other
2,565

 
35

 
1,900

 
1,935

 
53

Total consumer loans
101,019

 
54,803

 
39,791

 
94,594

 
7,171

Total
$
841,333

 
$
284,876

 
$
444,964

 
$
729,840

 
$
85,884


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ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

 
December 31, 2015
(In thousands)

Unpaid
principal
balance
 
Recorded investment
 
Total
recorded
investment
 
Related
allowance
with no
allowance
 
with
allowance
 
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
272,161

 
$
44,190

 
$
163,729

 
$
207,919

 
$
30,538

Owner occupied
141,526

 
83,024

 
43,243

 
126,267

 
5,486

Municipal
1,430

 
951

 

 
951

 

Total commercial
415,117

 
128,165

 
206,972

 
335,137

 
36,024

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Construction and land development
22,791

 
5,076

 
9,558

 
14,634

 
618

Term
142,239

 
82,864

 
34,361

 
117,225

 
2,604

Total commercial real estate
165,030

 
87,940

 
43,919

 
131,859

 
3,222

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity credit line
27,064

 
18,980

 
5,319

 
24,299

 
243

1-4 family residential
74,009

 
29,540

 
41,155

 
70,695

 
8,736

Construction and other consumer real estate
2,741

 
989

 
1,014

 
2,003

 
173

Other
3,187

 
36

 
2,570

 
2,606

 
299

Total consumer loans
107,001

 
49,545

 
50,058

 
99,603

 
9,451

Total
$
687,148

 
$
265,650

 
$
300,949

 
$
566,599

 
$
48,697

 
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2016
 
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2015
(In thousands)

Average
recorded
investment
 
Interest
income
recognized
 
Average
recorded
investment
 
Interest
income
recognized
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
281,841

 
$
1,472

 
$
160,013

 
$
1,451

Owner occupied
122,241

 
2,431

 
177,568

 
4,092

Municipal
932

 

 
1,033

 

Total commercial
405,014

 
3,903

 
338,614

 
5,543

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Construction and land development
14,293

 
513

 
38,736

 
569

Term
106,236

 
3,458

 
143,496

 
5,008

Total commercial real estate
120,529

 
3,971

 
182,232

 
5,577

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity credit line
24,730

 
386

 
25,386

 
413

1-4 family residential
63,166

 
477

 
66,711

 
510

Construction and other consumer real estate
2,917

 
48

 
2,560

 
42

Bankcard and other revolving plans

 
16

 
2

 
100

Other
2,502

 
107

 
4,748

 
285

Total consumer loans
93,315

 
1,034

 
99,407


1,350

Total
$
618,858

 
$
8,908

 
$
620,253

 
$
12,470


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ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

Modified and Restructured Loans
Loans may be modified in the normal course of business for competitive reasons or to strengthen the Company’s position. Loan modifications and restructurings may also occur when the borrower experiences financial difficulty and needs temporary or permanent relief from the original contractual terms of the loan. These modifications are structured on a loan-by-loan basis and, depending on the circumstances, may include extended payment terms, a modified interest rate, forgiveness of principal, or other concessions. Loans that have been modified to accommodate a borrower who is experiencing financial difficulties, and for which the Company has granted a concession that it would not otherwise consider, are considered TDRs.
We consider many factors in determining whether to agree to a loan modification involving concessions, and seek a solution that will both minimize potential loss to the Company and attempt to help the borrower. We evaluate borrowers’ current and forecasted future cash flows, their ability and willingness to make current contractual or proposed modified payments, the value of the underlying collateral (if applicable), the possibility of obtaining additional security or guarantees, and the potential costs related to a repossession or foreclosure and the subsequent sale of the collateral.
TDRs are classified as either accrual or nonaccrual loans. A loan on nonaccrual and restructured as a TDR will remain on nonaccrual status until the borrower has proven the ability to perform under the modified structure for a minimum of six months, and there is evidence that such payments can and are likely to continue as agreed. Performance prior to the restructuring, or significant events that coincide with the restructuring, are included in assessing whether the borrower can meet the new terms and may result in the loan being returned to accrual at the time of restructuring or after a shorter performance period. If the borrower’s ability to meet the revised payment schedule is uncertain, the loan remains classified as a nonaccrual loan. A TDR loan that specifies an interest rate that at the time of the restructuring is greater than or equal to the rate the bank is willing to accept for a new loan with comparable risk may not be reported as a TDR or an impaired loan in the calendar years subsequent to the restructuring if it is in compliance with its modified terms.

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Selected information on TDRs that includes the recorded investment on an accruing and nonaccruing basis by loan class and modification type is summarized in the following schedules:
 
March 31, 2016
 
Recorded investment resulting from the following modification types:
 
 
(In thousands)

Interest
rate below
market
 
Maturity
or term
extension
 
Principal
forgiveness
 
Payment
deferral
 
Other1
 
Multiple
modification
types2
 
Total
Accruing
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
198

 
$
26,309

 
$
12

 
$
91

 
$
1,085

 
$
33,894

 
$
61,589

Owner occupied
2,227

 
1,458

 
920

 

 
7,882

 
16,318

 
28,805

Total commercial
2,425

 
27,767

 
932

 
91

 
8,967

 
50,212

 
90,394

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Construction and land development
44

 

 

 

 

 
9,316

 
9,360

Term
4,660

 
7,397

 
161

 
980

 
4,037

 
13,749

 
30,984

Total commercial real estate
4,704

 
7,397

 
161

 
980

 
4,037

 
23,065

 
40,344

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity credit line
198

 
2,414

 
10,570

 

 
164

 
3,027

 
16,373

1-4 family residential
2,030

 
349

 
6,498

 
257

 
3,213

 
33,404

 
45,751

Construction and other consumer real estate
171

 
357

 

 
1,143

 

 
949

 
2,620

Total consumer loans
2,399

 
3,120


17,068


1,400


3,377


37,380

 
64,744

Total accruing
9,528

 
38,284

 
18,161

 
2,471

 
16,381

 
110,657

 
195,482

Nonaccruing
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
26

 
396

 

 
1,116

 
18,551

 
63,047

 
83,136

Owner occupied
1,122

 
1,209

 

 
3,064

 
275

 
16,881

 
22,551

Municipal

 
926

 

 

 

 

 
926

Total commercial
1,148

 
2,531

 

 
4,180

 
18,826

 
79,928

 
106,613

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Construction and land development

 
312

 

 

 
3,135

 
209

 
3,656

Term
1,797

 
1,163

 

 

 
2,920

 
3,892

 
9,772

Total commercial real estate
1,797

 
1,475

 

 

 
6,055

 
4,101

 
13,428

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity credit line

 
299

 
1,359

 
51

 

 
705

 
2,414

1-4 family residential

 
325

 
1,944

 
302

 
829

 
6,452

 
9,852

Construction and other consumer real estate

 
97

 
16

 
42

 

 
62

 
217

Total consumer loans

 
721

 
3,319

 
395

 
829

 
7,219

 
12,483

Total nonaccruing
2,945

 
4,727

 
3,319

 
4,575

 
25,710

 
91,248

 
132,524

Total
$
12,473

 
$
43,011

 
$
21,480

 
$
7,046

 
$
42,091

 
$
201,905

 
$
328,006


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ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

 
December 31, 2015
 
Recorded investment resulting from the following modification types:
 
 
(In thousands)

Interest
rate below
market
 
Maturity
or term
extension
 
Principal
forgiveness
 
Payment
deferral
 
Other1
 
Multiple
modification
types2
 
Total
Accruing
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
202

 
$
3,236

 
$
13

 
$
100

 
$
23,207

 
$
34,473

 
$
61,231

Owner occupied
1,999

 
681

 
929

 

 
9,879

 
16,339

 
29,827

Total commercial
2,201

 
3,917

 
942

 
100

 
33,086

 
50,812

 
91,058

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Construction and land development
94

 

 

 

 

 
9,698

 
9,792

Term
4,696

 
638

 
166

 
976

 
2,249

 
20,833

 
29,558

Total commercial real estate
4,790

 
638

 
166

 
976

 
2,249

 
30,531

 
39,350

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity credit line
192

 
2,147

 
9,763

 

 
164

 
3,155

 
15,421

1-4 family residential
2,669

 
353

 
6,747

 
433

 
3,440

 
32,903

 
46,545

Construction and other consumer real estate
174

 
384

 

 

 

 
1,152

 
1,710

Total consumer loans
3,035

 
2,884

 
16,510

 
433

 
3,604

 
37,210

 
63,676

Total accruing
10,026

 
7,439

 
17,618

 
1,509

 
38,939

 
118,553

 
194,084

Nonaccruing
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
28

 
455

 

 
1,879

 
3,577

 
49,617

 
55,556

Owner occupied
685

 
1,669

 

 
724

 
34

 
16,335

 
19,447

Municipal

 
951

 

 

 

 

 
951

Total commercial
713

 
3,075

 

 
2,603

 
3,611

 
65,952

 
75,954

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Construction and land development

 
333

 

 

 
3,156

 
208

 
3,697

Term
1,844

 

 

 

 
2,960

 
5,203

 
10,007

Total commercial real estate
1,844

 
333

 

 

 
6,116

 
5,411

 
13,704

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity credit line
7

 
500

 
1,400

 
54

 

 
233

 
2,194

1-4 family residential

 
275

 
2,052

 
136

 
1,180

 
7,299

 
10,942

Construction and other consumer real estate

 
101

 
17

 
48

 

 
44

 
210

Total consumer loans
7

 
876

 
3,469

 
238

 
1,180

 
7,576

 
13,346

Total nonaccruing
2,564

 
4,284

 
3,469

 
2,841

 
10,907

 
78,939

 
103,004

Total
$
12,590

 
$
11,723

 
$
21,087

 
$
4,350

 
$
49,846

 
$
197,492

 
$
297,088

1 
Includes TDRs that resulted from other modification types including, but not limited to, a legal judgment awarded on different terms, a bankruptcy plan confirmed on different terms, a settlement that includes the delivery of collateral in exchange for debt reduction, etc.
2 
Includes TDRs that resulted from a combination of any of the previous modification types.
Unfunded lending commitments on TDRs amounted to approximately $1.6 million at March 31, 2016 and $7.5 million at December 31, 2015.

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The total recorded investment of all TDRs in which interest rates were modified below market was $174.5 million at March 31, 2016 and $188.0 million at December 31, 2015. These loans are included in the previous schedule in the columns for interest rate below market and multiple modification types.
The net financial impact on interest income due to interest rate modifications below market for accruing TDRs is summarized in the following schedule:
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
(In thousands)
2016
 
2015
Commercial:
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
(73
)
 
$
(57
)
Owner occupied
(49
)
 
(112
)
Total commercial
(122
)
 
(169
)
Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
Construction and land development
(1
)
 
(37
)
Term
(79
)
 
(109
)
Total commercial real estate
(80
)
 
(146
)
Consumer:
 
 
 
Home equity credit line
(1
)
 
(1
)
1-4 family residential
(230
)
 
(271
)
Construction and other consumer real estate
(5
)
 
(7
)
Total consumer loans
(236
)
 
(279
)
Total decrease to interest income1
$
(438
)
 
$
(594
)
1 
Calculated based on the difference between the modified rate and the premodified rate applied to the recorded investment.
On an ongoing basis, we monitor the performance of all TDRs according to their restructured terms. Subsequent payment default is defined in terms of delinquency, when principal or interest payments are past due 90 days or more for commercial loans, or 60 days or more for consumer loans.
The recorded investment of accruing and nonaccruing TDRs that had a payment default during the period listed below (and are still in default at period end) and are within 12 months or less of being modified as TDRs is as follows:
 
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2016
 
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2015
(In thousands)
Accruing
 
Nonaccruing
 
Total
 
Accruing
 
Nonaccruing
 
Total
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$

 
$
2,992

 
$
2,992

 
$

 
$
44

 
$
44

Owner occupied
3,350

 
244

 
3,594

 

 
986

 
986

Total commercial
3,350

 
3,236

 
6,586

 

 
1,030

 
1,030

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Construction and land development

 

 

 

 
1,284

 
1,284

Term

 

 

 

 

 

Total commercial real estate

 

 

 

 
1,284

 
1,284

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity credit line

 

 

 

 

 

1-4 family residential

 
160

 
160

 
110

 

 
110

Construction and other consumer real estate

 

 

 

 

 

Total consumer loans

 
160

 
160

 
110

 

 
110

Total
$
3,350

 
$
3,396

 
$
6,746

 
$
110

 
$
2,314

 
$
2,424

Note: Total loans modified as TDRs during the 12 months previous to March 31, 2016 and 2015 were $180.3 million and $74.5 million, respectively.

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At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the amount of foreclosed residential real estate property held by the Company was approximately $3.4 million and $0.5 million, and the recorded investment in consumer mortgage loans collateralized by residential real estate property that are in the process of foreclosure was approximately $11.3 million and $12.5 million, respectively.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Credit risk is the possibility of loss from the failure of a borrower, guarantor, or another obligor to fully perform under the terms of a credit-related contract. Credit risks (whether on- or off-balance sheet) may occur when individual borrowers, groups of borrowers, or counterparties have similar economic characteristics, including industries, geographies, collateral types, sponsors, etc., and are similarly affected by changes in economic or other conditions. Credit risk also includes the loss that would be recognized subsequent to the reporting date if counterparties failed to perform as contracted. See Note 7 for a discussion of counterparty risk associated with the Company’s derivative transactions.
We perform an ongoing analysis of our loan portfolio to evaluate whether there is any significant exposure to any concentrations of credit risk. Based on this analysis, we believe that the loan portfolio is generally well diversified; however, there are certain significant concentrations in CRE and oil and gas-related lending. Further, we cannot guarantee that we have fully understood or mitigated all risk concentrations or correlated risks. We have adopted and adhere to concentration limits on various types of CRE lending, particularly construction and land development lending, leveraged and enterprise value lending, municipal lending, and oil and gas-related lending. All of these limits are continually monitored and revised as necessary.
Purchased Loans
Background and Accounting
We purchase loans in the ordinary course of business and account for them and the related interest income based on their performing status at the time of acquisition. PCI loans have evidence of credit deterioration at the time of acquisition and it is probable that not all contractual payments will be collected. Interest income for PCI loans is accounted for on an expected cash flow basis. Certain other loans acquired by the Company that are not credit-impaired include loans with revolving privileges and are excluded from the PCI tabular disclosures following. Interest income for these loans is accounted for on a contractual cash flow basis. Upon acquisition, in accordance with applicable accounting guidance, the acquired loans were recorded at their fair value without a corresponding ALLL. Certain acquired loans with similar characteristics such as risk exposure, type, size, etc., are grouped and accounted for in loan pools.
Outstanding Balances and Accretable Yield
The outstanding balances of all required payments and the related carrying amounts for PCI loans are as follows:
(In thousands)
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial
 
$
55,997

 
 
 
$
72,440

 
Commercial real estate
 
60,456

 
 
 
65,167

 
Consumer
 
9,961

 
 
 
11,082

 
Outstanding balance
 
$
126,414

 
 
 
$
148,689

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Carrying amount
 
$
106,320

 
 
 
$
125,029

 
Less ALLL
 
357

 
 
 
945

 
Carrying amount, net
 
$
105,963

 
 
 
$
124,084

 
At the time of acquisition of PCI loans, we determine the loan’s contractually required payments in excess of all cash flows expected to be collected as an amount that should not be accreted (nonaccretable difference). With respect to the cash flows expected to be collected, the portion representing the excess of the loan’s expected cash flows over our initial investment (accretable yield) is accreted into interest income on a level yield basis over the

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remaining expected life of the loan or pool of loans. The effects of estimated prepayments are considered in estimating the expected cash flows.
Certain PCI loans are not accounted for as previously described because the estimation of cash flows to be collected involves a high degree of uncertainty. Under these circumstances, the accounting guidance provides that interest income is recognized on a cash basis similar to the cost recovery methodology for nonaccrual loans. The net carrying amounts in the preceding schedule also include the amounts for these loans. There were no amounts of these loans at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015.
Changes in the accretable yield for PCI loans were as follows:
(In thousands)
Three Months Ended
March 31,
2016
 
2015
 
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of period
$
39,803

 
$
45,055

Accretion
(6,138
)
 
(9,583
)
Reclassification from nonaccretable difference
8,430

 
13,281

Disposals and other
1,010

 
2,178

Balance at end of period
$
43,105

 
$
50,931

Note: Amounts have been adjusted based on refinements to the original estimates of the accretable yield.
The primary drivers of reclassification to accretable yield from nonaccretable difference and increases in disposals and other resulted primarily from (1) changes in estimated cash flows, (2) unexpected payments on nonaccrual loans, and (3) recoveries on zero balance loans pools. See subsequent discussion under changes in cash flow estimates.
ALLL Determination
For all acquired loans, the ALLL is only established for credit deterioration subsequent to the date of acquisition and represents our estimate of the inherent losses in excess of the book value of acquired loans. The ALLL for acquired loans is included in the overall ALLL in the balance sheet.
During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015, we adjusted the ALLL for acquired loans by recording a negative provision for loan losses of $(0.4) million and $(0.8) million, respectively. The provision is net of the ALLL reversals resulting from changes in cash flow estimates, which are discussed subsequently.
Changes in the provision for loan losses and related ALLL are driven in large part by the same factors that affect the changes in reclassification from nonaccretable difference to accretable yield, as discussed under changes in cash flow estimates.
Changes in Cash Flow Estimates
Over the life of the loan or loan pool, we continue to estimate cash flows expected to be collected. We evaluate quarterly at the balance sheet date whether the estimated present values of these loans using the effective interest rates have decreased below their carrying values. If so, we record a provision for loan losses.
For increases in carrying values that resulted from better-than-expected cash flows, we use such increases first to reverse any existing ALLL. During the three months ended March 31, total reversals to the ALLL, including the impact of increases in estimated cash flows, were $0.4 million in 2016 and $1.4 million in 2015, respectively. When there is no current ALLL, we increase the amount of accretable yield on a prospective basis over the remaining life of the loan and recognize this increase in interest income.
For the three months ended March 31, the impact of increased cash flow estimates recognized in the statement of income for acquired loans with no ALLL was approximately $4.5 million in 2016 and $7.4 million in 2015, respectively, of additional interest income.

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7.
DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES
Objectives
Our objectives in using derivatives are to add stability to interest income or expense, to modify the duration of specific assets or liabilities as we consider advisable, to manage exposure to interest rate movements or other identified risks, and/or to directly offset derivatives sold to our customers. We apply hedge accounting to certain derivatives executed for risk management purposes as described in more detail subsequently. However, we do not apply hedge accounting to all of the derivatives involved in our risk management activities. Derivatives not designated as accounting hedges are not speculative and are used to economically manage our exposure to interest rate movements and other identified risks, but do not meet the strict hedge accounting requirements.
Accounting
We record all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. Note 10 discusses the process to estimate fair value for derivatives. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative and the resulting designation. Derivatives used to hedge the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivatives used to hedge the exposure to variability in expected cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges.
For derivatives designated as fair value hedges, changes in the fair value of the derivative are recognized in earnings together with changes in the fair value of the related hedged item. The net amount, if any, representing hedge ineffectiveness, is reflected in earnings. In previous years, we used fair value hedges to manage interest rate exposure to certain long-term debt. These hedges have been terminated and their remaining balances were completely amortized into earnings during 2015.
For derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative are recorded in OCI and recognized in earnings when the hedged transaction affects earnings. The ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of cash flow hedges is recognized directly in earnings. We use interest rate swaps as part of our cash flow hedging strategy to hedge the variable cash flows associated with designated commercial loans. These interest rate swap agreements designated as cash flow hedges involve the receipt of fixed-rate amounts in exchange for variable-rate payments over the life of the agreements without exchange of the underlying notional amount. No derivatives have been designated as hedges of net investments in foreign operations.
We assess the effectiveness of each hedging relationship by comparing the changes in fair value or cash flows on the derivative hedging instrument with the changes in fair value or cash flows on the designated hedged item or transaction. For derivatives not designated as accounting hedges, changes in fair value are recognized in earnings. The remaining balances of any derivative instruments terminated prior to maturity, including amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) for swap hedges, are accreted or amortized to interest income or expense over the period to their previously stated maturity dates.
Amounts in AOCI are reclassified to interest income as interest is earned on related variable-rate loans and as amounts for terminated hedges are accreted or amortized to earnings. For the 12 months following March 31, 2016, we estimate that an additional $7.7 million will be reclassified.
Collateral and Credit Risk
Exposure to credit risk arises from the possibility of nonperformance by counterparties. Financial institutions which are well capitalized and well established are the counterparties for those derivatives entered into for asset liability management and to offset derivatives sold to our customers. The Company reduces its counterparty exposure for derivative contracts by centrally clearing all eligible derivatives.
For those derivatives that are not centrally cleared, the counterparties are typically financial institutions or customers of the Company. For those that are financial institutions, we manage our credit exposure through the use

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of a Credit Support Annex (“CSA”) to International Swaps and Derivative Association (“ISDA”) master agreements. Eligible collateral types are documented by the CSA and controlled under the Company’s general credit policies. They are typically monitored on a daily basis. A valuation haircut policy reflects the fact that collateral may fall in value between the date the collateral is called and the date of liquidation or enforcement. In practice, all of the Company’s collateral held as credit risk mitigation under a CSA is cash.
We offer interest rate swaps to our customers to assist them in managing their exposure to changing interest rates. Upon issuance, all of these customer swaps are immediately offset through matching derivative contracts, such that the Company minimizes its interest rate risk exposure resulting from such transactions. Most of these customers do not have the capability for centralized clearing. Therefore we manage the credit risk through loan underwriting, which includes a credit risk exposure formula for the swap, the same collateral and guarantee protection applicable to the loan and credit approvals, limits, and monitoring procedures. Fee income from customer swaps is included in other service charges, commissions and fees. No significant losses on derivative instruments have occurred as a result of counterparty nonperformance. Nevertheless, the related credit risk is considered and measured when and where appropriate. See Note 6 for further discussion of our underwriting, collateral requirements, and other procedures used to address credit risk.
Our derivative contracts require us to pledge collateral for derivatives that are in a net liability position at a given balance sheet date. Certain of these derivative contracts contain credit-risk-related contingent features that include the requirement to maintain a minimum debt credit rating. We may be required to pledge additional collateral if a credit-risk-related feature were triggered, such as a downgrade of our credit rating. However, in past situations, not all counterparties have demanded that additional collateral be pledged when provided for under their contracts. At March 31, 2016, the fair value of our derivative liabilities was $104.5 million, for which we were required to pledge cash collateral of approximately $86.0 million in the normal course of business. If our credit rating were downgraded one notch by either Standard & Poor’s or Moody’s at March 31, 2016, the additional amount of collateral we could be required to pledge is approximately $1.9 million. As a result of the Dodd-Frank Act, all newly eligible derivatives entered into are cleared through a central clearinghouse. Derivatives that are centrally cleared do not have credit-risk-related features that require additional collateral if our credit rating were downgraded.
Derivative Amounts
Selected information with respect to notional amounts and recorded gross fair values at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, and the related gain (loss) of derivative instruments for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015 is summarized as follows:
 
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
Notional
amount
 
Fair value
 
Notional
amount
 
Fair value
(In thousands)
Other
assets
 
Other
liabilities
 
Other
assets
 
Other
liabilities
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash flow hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps
$
1,387,500

 
$
22,218

 
$

 
$
1,387,500

 
$
5,461

 
$
956

Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments
1,387,500

 
22,218

 

 
1,387,500

 
5,461

 
956

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps and forwards
103,989

 
740

 
250

 
40,314

 

 
8

Interest rate swaps for customers 1
3,449,818

 
84,684

 
89,771

 
3,256,190

 
51,353

 
53,843

Foreign exchange
349,891

 
17,721

 
14,448

 
463,064

 
20,824

 
17,761

Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
3,903,698

 
103,145

 
104,469

 
3,759,568

 
72,177

 
71,612

Total derivatives
$
5,291,198

 
$
125,363

 
$
104,469

 
$
5,147,068

 
$
77,638

 
$
72,568

1 Notional amounts include both the customer swaps and the offsetting derivative contracts.

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ZIONS BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016
 
Amount of derivative gain (loss) recognized/reclassified
(In thousands)
 
OCI
 
Reclassified from AOCI to interest income 2
 
Noninterest income (expense)
 
Offset to interest expense
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash flow hedges 1:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps
$
20,696

 
$
2,997

 
 
 
 

20,696

 
2,997

 


 
 
Fair value hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Terminated swaps on long-term debt
 
 
 
 
 
 
$

Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments
20,696

 
2,997

 


 

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps and forward contracts
 
 
 
 
$
235

 
 
Interest rate swaps for customers
 
 
 
 
(509
)
 
 
Foreign exchange
 
 
 
 
2,236

 
 
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
 
 
 
 
1,962

 
 
Total derivatives
$
20,696

 
$
2,997

 
$
1,962

 
$

 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
 
Amount of derivative gain (loss) recognized/reclassified
(In thousands)
 
OCI
 
Reclassified from AOCI to interest income 2
 
Noninterest income (expense)
 
Offset to interest expense
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash flow hedges 1:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps
$
4,253

 
$
1,016

 
 
 
 
 
4,253

 
1,016

 


 
 
Fair value hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Terminated swaps on long-term debt
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
468

Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments
4,253

 
1,016

 


 
468

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps for customers
 
 
 
 
$
517

 
 
Futures contracts
 
 
 
 
1

 
 
Foreign exchange
 
 
 
 
2,735

 
 
Total derivatives not designated as hedging instruments
 
 
 
 
3,253

 
 
Total derivatives
$
4,253

 
$
1,016

 
$
3,253

 
$
468

Note: These schedules are not intended to present at any given time the Company’s long/short position with respect to its derivative contracts.
1 
Amounts recognized in OCI and reclassified from AOCI represent the effective portion of the change in fair value of the derivative.
2 
Amounts for the three months ended March 31, of $3.0 million in 2016, and $1.0 million in 2015, respectively, are the amounts of reclassification to earnings from AOCI presented in Note 8.
The fair value of derivative assets was reduced by a net credit valuation adjustment of $5.1 million and $3.3 million at March 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The adjustment for derivative liabilities was not significant at March 31, 2016 and 2015. These adjustments are required to reflect both our own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty’s nonperformance risk.

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8.
DEBT AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Long-term debt is summarized as follows:
(In thousands)
March 31,
2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
Junior subordinated debentures related to trust preferred securities
$
164,950

 
$
164,950

Subordinated notes
246,262

 
246,170

Senior notes
390,367

 
400,334

Capital lease obligations
869

 
912

Total
$
802,448

 
$
812,366

The preceding carrying values represent the par value of the debt adjusted for any unamortized premium or discount or unamortized debt issuance costs. The amount of long-term debt as of December 31, 2015 presented in the schedule differs from the amount in our 2015 10-K as a result of the reclassification of unamortized debt issuance costs to long-term debt in compliance with ASU 2015-03.
Preferred Stock
On April 25, 2016, the Company launched a tender offer to purchase up to $120 million par amount of certain outstanding preferred stock. The tender offer will expire on May 20, 2016.
Basel III Capital Framework
Effective January 1, 2015, we adopted the new Basel III capital framework that was issued by the Federal Reserve for U.S. banking organizations. We adopted the new capital rules on a phase-in basis and will adopt the fully phased-in requirements effective January 1, 2019.
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
Changes in AOCI by component are as follows:
(In thousands)

 
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investment securities
 
Net unrealized gains (losses) on derivatives and other
 
Pension and post-retirement
 
Total
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2015
 
 
$
(18,369
)
 
 
 
$
1,546

 
 
$
(37,789
)
 
$
(54,612
)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications, net of tax
 
 
32,168

 
 
 
13,331

 
 
(665
)
 
44,834

Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax
 
 
(17
)
 
 
 
(1,858
)
 
 

 
(1,875
)
Other comprehensive income (loss)
 
 
32,151

 
 
 
11,473

 
 
(665
)
 
42,959

Balance at March 31, 2016
 
 
$
13,782

 
 
 
$
13,019

 
 
$
(38,454
)
 
$
(11,653
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Income tax expense included in other comprehensive income (loss)
 
 
$
20,192

 
 
 
$
6,920

 
 
$
665

 
$
27,777

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2014
 
 
$
(91,921
)
 
 
 
$
2,226

 
 
$
(38,346
)
 
$
(128,041
)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications, net of tax
 
 
11,424

 
 
 
2,189

 
 

 
13,613

Amounts reclassified from AOCI, net of tax
 
 
148

 
 
 
(629
)
 
 

 
(481
)
Other comprehensive income
 
 
11,572

 
 
 
1,560

 
 

 
13,132

Balance at March 31, 2015
 
 
$
(80,349
)
 
 
 
$
3,786

 
 
$
(38,346
)
 
$
(114,909
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Income tax expense included in other comprehensive income
 
 
$
6,957

 
 
 
$
1,088

 
 
$

 
$
8,045


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Amounts reclassified
from AOCI 1
 
Statement of income (SI) Balance sheet
(BS)
 
 
(In thousands)
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
 
 
Details about AOCI components
 
2016
 
2015
 
 
Affected line item
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net realized gains (losses) on investment securities
 
$
28

 
$
(239
)
 
SI
 
Fixed income securities gains (losses), net
Income tax expense (benefit)
 
11

 
(91
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
17

 
(148
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net unrealized gains on derivative instruments
 
$
2,997

 
$
1,016

 
SI
 
Interest and fees on loans
Income tax expense
 
1,139

 
387

 
 
 
 
 
 
$
1,858

 
$
629

 
 
 
 
1 
Negative reclassification amounts indicate decreases to earnings in the statement of income and increases to balance sheet assets. The opposite applies to positive reclassification amounts.
9.
INCOME TAXES
The effective income tax rate of 31.4% for the first quarter of 2016 was lower than the 2015 first quarter rate of 35.7%. The tax rates for both the first quarter of 2016 and 2015 were benefited primarily by the non-taxability of certain income items. However, the 2016 effective tax rate was further benefited by the release of various uncertain state tax positions.
Net deferred tax assets were approximately $180 million at March 31, 2016 and $203 million at December 31, 2015. We evaluate deferred tax assets on a regular basis to determine whether an additional valuation allowance is required. Based on this evaluation, and considering the weight of the positive evidence compared to the negative evidence, we have concluded that an additional valuation allowance is not required as of March 31, 2016.
10.
FAIR VALUE
Fair Value Measurement
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. To measure fair value, a hierarchy has been established that requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. This hierarchy uses three levels of inputs to measure the fair value of assets and liabilities as follows:
Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the Company has the ability to access;
Level 2 – Observable inputs other than Level 1 including quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in less active markets, observable inputs other than quoted prices that are used in the valuation of an asset or liability, and inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means; and
Level 3 – Unobservable inputs supported by little or no market activity for financial instruments whose value is determined by pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.
The level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement is classified is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measure in its entirety. Market activity is presumed to be orderly in the absence of evidence of forced or disorderly sales, although such sales may still be indicative of fair value. Applicable accounting guidance precludes the use of blockage factors or liquidity adjustments due to the quantity of securities held by an entity.

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We use fair value to measure certain assets and liabilities on a recurring basis when fair value is the primary measure for accounting. Fair value is used on a nonrecurring basis to measure certain assets when adjusting carrying values, such as the application of lower of cost or fair value accounting, including recognition of impairment on assets. Fair value is also used when providing required disclosures for certain financial instruments.
Fair Value Policies and Procedures
We have various policies, processes and controls in place to ensure that fair values are reasonably developed, reviewed and approved for use. These include a Securities Valuation Committee (“SVC”) comprised of executive management appointed by the Board of Directors. The SVC reviews and approves on a quarterly basis the key components of fair value estimation, including critical valuation assumptions for Level 3 modeling. A Model Risk Management Group conducts model validations, including internal models, and sets policies and procedures for revalidation, including the timing of revalidation.
Third Party Service Providers
We use a third party pricing service to fair value measurements for approximately 90% of our AFS Level 2 securities. Fair value measurements for other AFS Level 2 generally use certain inputs corroborated by market data and include standard form discounted cash flow modeling.
For Level 2 securities, the third party pricing service provides documentation on an ongoing basis that presents market corroborative data, including detail pricing information and market reference data. The documentation includes benchmark yields, reported trades, broker-dealer quotes, issuer spreads, two-sided markets, benchmark securities, bids, offers, and reference data, including information from the vendor trading platform. We review, test and validate this information as appropriate. Absent observable trade data, we do not adjust prices from our third party sources.
The following describes the hierarchy designations, valuation methodologies, and key inputs to measure fair value on a recurring basis for designated financial instruments:
Available-for-Sale
U.S. Treasury, Agencies and Corporations
U.S. Treasury securities are measured under Level 1 using quoted market prices when available. U.S. agencies and corporations are measured under Level 2 generally using the previously discussed third party pricing service.
Municipal Securities
Municipal securities are measured under Level 2 generally using the third party pricing service or an internal model. Valuation inputs include Baa municipal curves, as well as FHLB and London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) swap curves. Our valuation methodology for non-rated municipal securities changed at year-end to utilize more observable inputs, primarily municipal market yield curves, compared to our previous valuation method. The resulting values were determined to be Level 2.
Money Market Mutual Funds and Other
Money market mutual funds and other securities are measured under Level 1 or Level 2. For Level 1, quoted market prices are used which may include NAVs or their equivalents. Level 2 valuations generally use quoted prices for similar securities.
Trading Account
Securities in the trading account are generally measured under Level 2 using third party pricing service providers as described previously.
Bank-Owned Life Insurance
Bank-owned life insurance (“BOLI”) is measured under Level 2 according to cash surrender values (“CSVs”) of the insurance policies that are provided by a third party service. Nearly all policies are general account policies with

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CSVs based on the Company’s claims on the assets of the insurance companies. The insurance companies’ investments include predominantly fixed income securities consisting of investment-grade corporate bonds and various types of mortgage instruments. Management regularly reviews its BOLI investment performance, including concentrations among insurance providers.
Private Equity Investments
Private equity investments are measured under Level 3. The Equity Investments Committee, consisting of executives familiar with the investments, reviews periodic financial information, including audited financial statements when available. Certain analytics may be employed that include current and projected financial performance, recent financing activities, economic and market conditions, market comparables, market liquidity, sales restrictions, and other factors. The amount of unfunded commitments to invest is disclosed in Note 11. Certain restrictions apply for the redemption of these investments and certain investments are prohibited by the VR. See discussions in Notes 5 and 11.
Agriculture Loan Servicing
This asset results from our servicing of agriculture loans approved and funded by Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation (“FAMC”). We provide this servicing under an agreement with FAMC for loans they own. The asset’s fair value represents our projection of the present value of future cash flows measured under Level 3 using discounted cash flow methodologies.
Interest-Only Strips
Interest-only strips are created as a by-product of the securitization process. When the guaranteed portions of SBA 7(a) loans are pooled, interest-only strips may be created in the pooling process. The asset’s fair value represents our projection of the present value of future cash flows measured under Level 3 using discounted cash flow methodologies.
Deferred Compensation Plan Assets and Obligations
Invested assets in the deferred compensation plan consist of shares of registered investment companies. These mutual funds are valued under Level 1 at quoted market prices, which represents the NAV of shares held by the plan at the end of the period.
Derivatives
Derivatives are measured according to their classification as either exchange-traded or over-the-counter (“OTC”). Exchange-traded derivatives consist of foreign currency exchange contracts measured under Level 1 because they are traded in active markets. OTC derivatives, including those for customers, consist of interest rate swaps and options. These derivatives are measured under Level 2 using third party services. Observable market inputs include yield curves (the LIBOR swap curve and relevant overnight index swap curves), foreign exchange rates, commodity prices, option volatilities, counterparty credit risk, and other related data. Credit valuation adjustments are required to reflect nonperformance risk for both the Company and the respective counterparty. These adjustments are determined generally by applying a credit spread to the total expected exposure of the derivative.
Securities Sold, Not Yet Purchased
Securities sold, not yet purchased, included in “Federal funds and other short-term borrowings” on the balance sheet, are measured under Level 1 using quoted market prices. If not available, quoted prices under Level 2 for similar securities are used.

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Quantitative Disclosure of Fair Value Measurements
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value by class on a recurring basis are summarized as follows:
(In thousands)
March 31, 2016
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
ASSETS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury, agencies and corporations
$

 
$
8,027,667

 
$

 
$
8,027,667

Municipal securities
 
 
556,073

 


 
556,073

Other debt securities
 
 
21,909

 
 
 
21,909

Money market mutual funds and other
59,925

 
36,311

 
 
 
96,236

 
59,925

 
8,641,960

 

 
8,701,885

Trading account
 
 
65,838

 
 
 
65,838

Other noninterest-bearing investments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bank-owned life insurance
 
 
489,297

 
 
 
489,297

Private equity investments
 
 


 
119,222

 
119,222

Other assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agriculture loan servicing and interest-only strips

 


 
17,067

 
17,067

Deferred compensation plan assets
82,179

 


 


 
82,179

Derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps and forwards
 
 
22,958

 
 
 
22,958

Interest rate swaps for customers
 
 
84,684

 
 
 
84,684

Foreign currency exchange contracts
17,721

 
 
 
 
 
17,721

 
17,721

 
107,642

 

 
125,363

 
$
159,825

 
$
9,304,737

 
$
136,289

 
$
9,600,851

LIABILITIES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities sold, not yet purchased
$
6,515

 
$

 
$

 
$
6,515

Other liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred compensation plan obligations
82,179

 

 

 
82,179

Derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps and forwards
 
 
250

 
 
 
250

Interest rate swaps for customers
 
 
89,771

 
 
 
89,771

Foreign currency exchange contracts
14,448

 
 
 
 
 
14,448

 
14,448

 
90,021

 

 
104,469

 
$
103,142

 
$
90,021

 
$

 
$
193,163


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(In thousands)
December 31, 2015
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
ASSETS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Treasury, agencies and corporations
$

 
$
7,100,844

 
$

 
$
7,100,844

Municipal securities
 
 
418,695

 


 
418,695

Other debt securities
 
 
22,941

 


 
22,941

Money market mutual funds and other
61,807

 
38,829

 
 
 
100,636

 
61,807

 
7,581,309

 

 
7,643,116

Trading account
 
 
48,168

 
 
 
48,168

Other noninterest-bearing investments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bank-owned life insurance
 
 
485,978

 
 
 
485,978

Private equity investments
 
 


 
120,027

 
120,027

Other assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agriculture loan servicing and interest-only strips

 


 
13,514

 
13,514

Deferred compensation plan assets
84,570

 


 


 
84,570

Derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps and forwards
 
 
5,966

 
 
 
5,966

Interest rate swaps for customers
 
 
51,353

 
 
 
51,353

Foreign currency exchange contracts
20,824

 
 
 
 
 
20,824

 
20,824

 
57,319

 

 
78,143

 
$
167,201

 
$
8,172,774

 
$
133,541

 
$
8,473,516

LIABILITIES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities sold, not yet purchased
$
30,158

 
$

 
$

 
$
30,158

Other liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deferred compensation plan obligations
84,570

 

 

 
84,570

Derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swaps and forwards
 
 
835

 
 
 
835

Interest rate swaps for customers
 
 
53,843

 
 
 
53,843

Foreign currency exchange contracts
17,761

 
 
 
 
 
17,761

 
17,761

 
54,678

 

 
72,439

 
$
132,489

 
$
54,678

 
$

 
$
187,167


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Reconciliation of Level 3 Fair Value Measurements
The following reconciles the beginning and ending balances of assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value by class on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs:
 
Level 3 Instruments
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2016
(In thousands)
Municipal
securities

Trust 
preferred – banks and insurance

Other

Private
equity
investments

Ag loan svcg and int-only strips

Derivatives
and other
liabilities

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2015
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
120,027

 
$
13,514

 
$

Net gains (losses) included in:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Statement of income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Dividends and other investment losses
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1,484
)
 
 
 
 
Equity securities losses, net
 
 
 
 
 
 
(2,009
)
 
 
 
 
Other noninterest income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3,460

 
 
Purchases
 
 
 
 
 
 
2,801

 
368

 
 
Sales

 

 

 
(36
)
 
 
 
 
Redemptions and paydowns


 


 


 
(77
)
 
(275
)
 

Balance at March 31, 2016
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
119,222

 
$
17,067

 
$

 
Level 3 Instruments
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
(In thousands)
Municipal
securities

Trust 
preferred – banks and insurance

Other

Private
equity
investments

Ag loan svcg and int-only strips

Derivatives
and other
liabilities

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2014
$
4,164

 
$
393,007

 
$
4,786

 
$
99,865

 
$
12,227

 
$
(13
)
Net gains (losses) included in:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Statement of income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Accretion of purchase discount on securities available-for-sale
2

 
257

 


 
 
 
 
 
 
Dividends and other investment income
 
 
 
 
 
 
1,074

 
 
 
 
Equity securities gains, net
 
 
 
 
 
 
3,253

 
 
 
 
Fixed income securities gains (losses), net
31

 
(323
)
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
Other noninterest income
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4

 
 
Other noninterest expense
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13

Other comprehensive income (loss)
127

 
(6,949
)
 
42

 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair value of HTM securities transferred to AFS
 
 
57,308

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Purchases
 
 
 
 
 
 
5,052

 
171

 
 
Sales
 
 
(2,613
)
 

 
(1,517
)
 
 
 
 
Redemptions and paydowns
(1,859
)
 
(2,349
)
 
(2
)
 
(279
)
 
(401
)
 


Balance at March 31, 2015
$
2,465

 
$
438,338

 
$
4,826

 
$
107,448

 
$
12,001

 
$

No transfers of assets or liabilities occurred among Levels 1, 2 or 3 for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015.
The preceding reconciling amounts using Level 3 inputs include the following realized amounts in the statement of income:
 
(In thousands)
Three Months Ended
March 31,
 
 
2016
 
2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed income securities losses, net
$

 
$
(292
)

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Nonrecurring Fair Value Measurements
Included in the balance sheet amounts are the following amounts of assets that had fair value changes during the year-to-date period measured on a nonrecurring basis.
(In thousands)
Fair value at March 31, 2016
 
Fair value at December 31, 2015
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Total
ASSETS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Private equity investments, carried at cost
$

 
$

 
$
1,477

 
$
1,477

 
$

 
$

 
$
10,707

 
$
10,707

Impaired loans

 
32,162

 

 
32,162

 

 
10,991

 

 
10,991

Other real estate owned

 
1,695

 

 
1,695

 

 
2,388

 

 
2,388

 
$

 
$
33,857

 
$
1,477

 
$
35,334

 
$

 
$
13,379

 
$
10,707

 
$
24,086

The previous fair values may not be current as of the dates indicated, but rather as of the date the fair value change occurred, such as a charge for impairment. Accordingly, carrying values may not equal current fair value.
 
Gains (losses) from
fair value changes
(In thousands)

Three Months Ended
March 31,
2016
 
2015
ASSETS
 
 
 
Private equity investments, carried at cost
$
(342
)
 
$
(1,153
)
Impaired loans
(14,728
)
 
(2,924
)
Other real estate owned
(37
)
 
(1,008
)
 
$
(15,107
)
 
$
(5,085
)
During the three months ended March 31, we recognized net gains of $1.8 million in 2016 and $0.7 million in 2015 from the sale of other real estate owned (“OREO”) properties that had a carrying value at the time of sale of approximately $2.1 million and $4.1 million, respectively. Previous to their sale in these periods, we recognized impairment on these properties of an insignificant amount in 2016 and 2015.
Private equity investments carried at cost were measured at fair value for impairment purposes according to the methodology previously discussed for these investments. Amounts of PEIs carried at cost were $23.2 million at March 31, 2016 and $25.3 million at December 31, 2015. Amounts of other noninterest-bearing investments carried at cost were $196.6 million at March 31, 2016 and $191.5 million at December 31, 2015, which were comprised of Federal Reserve and FHLB stock.
Impaired (or nonperforming) loans that are collateral-dependent were measured at fair value based on the fair value of the collateral. OREO was measured initially at fair value based on property appraisals at the time of transfer and subsequently at the lower of cost or fair value.
Measurement of fair value for collateral-dependent loans and OREO was based on third party appraisals that utilize one or more valuation techniques (income, market and/or cost approaches). Any adjustments to calculated fair value were made based on recently completed and validated third party appraisals, third party appraisal services, automated valuation services, or our informed judgment. Evaluations were made to determine that the appraisal process met the relevant concepts and requirements of applicable accounting guidance.
Automated valuation services may be used primarily for residential properties when values from any of the previous methods were not available within 90 days of the balance sheet date. These services use models based on market, economic, and demographic values. The use of these models has only occurred in a very few instances and the related property valuations have not been sufficiently significant to consider disclosure under Level 3 rather than Level 2.
Impaired loans that are not collateral-dependent were measured based on the present value of future cash flows discounted at the expected coupon rates over the lives of the loans. Because the loans were not discounted at market

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interest rates, the valuations do not represent fair value and have been excluded from the nonrecurring fair value balance in the preceding schedules.
Fair Value of Certain Financial Instruments
Following is a summary of the carrying values and estimated fair values of certain financial instruments:
 
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
(In thousands)
Carrying
value
 
Estimated
fair value
 
Level
 
Carrying
value
 
Estimated
fair value
 
Level
Financial assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
HTM investment securities
$
631,646

 
$
636,484

 
2
 
$
545,648

 
$
552,088

 
2
Loans and leases (including loans held for sale), net of allowance
40,915,055

 
40,715,842

 
3
 
40,193,374

 
39,535,365

 
3
Financial liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Time deposits
2,071,688

 
2,075,729

 
2
 
2,130,680

 
2,129,742

 
2
Foreign deposits
219,899

 
219,836

 
2
 
294,391

 
294,321

 
2
Long-term debt (less fair value hedges)
802,448

 
831,621

 
2
 
812,366

 
838,796

 
2
This summary excludes financial assets and liabilities for which carrying value approximates fair value and financial instruments that are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Financial instruments for which carrying values approximate fair value include cash and due from banks, money market investments, demand, savings and money market deposits, and federal funds purchased and security repurchase agreements. The estimated fair value of demand, savings and money market deposits is the amount payable on demand at the reporting date. Carrying value is used because the accounts have no stated maturity and the customer has the ability to withdraw funds immediately.
HTM investment securities primarily consist of municipal securities. They were measured at fair value according to the methodology previously discussed.
Loans are measured at fair value according to their status as nonimpaired or impaired. For nonimpaired loans, fair value is estimated by discounting future cash flows using the LIBOR yield curve adjusted by a factor which reflects the credit and interest rate risk inherent in the loan. These future cash flows are then reduced by the estimated “life-of-the-loan” aggregate credit losses in the loan portfolio. These adjustments for lifetime future credit losses are derived from the methods used to estimate the ALLL for our loan portfolio and are adjusted quarterly as necessary to reflect the most recent loss experience. Impaired loans that are collateral-dependent are already considered to be held at fair value. Impaired loans that are not collateral-dependent have future cash flows reduced by the estimated “life-of-the-loan” credit loss derived from methods used to estimate the ALLL for these loans. See Impaired Loans in Note 6 for details on the impairment measurement method for impaired loans. Loans, other than those held for sale, are not normally purchased and sold by the Company, and there are no active trading markets for most of this portfolio. At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, oil and gas-related loan fair value measurements incorporated an illiquidity risk premium in addition to credit and interest rate risk adjustments.
Time and foreign deposits, and any other short-term borrowings, are measured at fair value by discounting future cash flows using the LIBOR yield curve to the given maturity dates.
Long-term debt is measured at fair value based on actual market trades (i.e., an asset value) when available, or discounting cash flows to maturity using the LIBOR yield curve adjusted for credit spreads.
These fair value disclosures represent our best estimates based on relevant market information and information about the financial instruments. Fair value estimates are based on judgments regarding current economic conditions, future expected loss experience, risk characteristics of the various instruments, and other factors. These estimates are subjective in nature, involve uncertainties and matters of significant judgment, and cannot be determined with precision. Changes in these methodologies and assumptions could significantly affect the estimates.

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11.
COMMITMENTS, GUARANTEES AND CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
Commitments and Guarantees
Contractual amounts of off-balance sheet financial instruments used to meet the financing needs of our customers are as follows:
(In thousands)
March 31,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
 
 
 
 
Net unfunded commitments to extend credit 1
$
17,310,427

 
$
17,169,785

Standby letters of credit:
 
 
 
Financial
643,514

 
661,554

Performance
203,657

 
216,843

Commercial letters of credit
58,567

 
18,447

Total unfunded lending commitments
$
18,216,165

 
$
18,066,629

1 
Net of participations
The Company’s 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K contains further information about these commitments and guarantees including their terms and collateral requirements. At March 31, 2016, the Company had recorded approximately $5.1 million as a liability for the guarantees associated with the standby letters of credit, which consisted of $2.1 million attributable to the RULC and $3.0 million of deferred commitment fees.
At March 31, 2016, the Parent has guaranteed $165 million of debt of affiliated trusts issuing trust preferred securities.
At March 31, 2016, we had unfunded commitments for PEIs of approximately $20 million. These obligations have no stated maturity. Certain PEIs related to these commitments are prohibited by the Volcker Rule. See related discussions about these investments in Notes 5 and 10.
Legal Matters
We are subject to litigation in court and arbitral proceedings, as well as proceedings, investigations, examinations and other actions brought or considered by governmental and self-regulatory agencies. Litigation may relate to lending, deposit and other customer relationships, vendor and contractual issues, employee matters, intellectual property matters, personal injuries and torts, regulatory and legal compliance, and other matters. While most matters relate to individual claims, we are also subject to putative class action claims and similar broader claims. Proceedings, investigations, examinations and other actions brought or considered by governmental and self-regulatory agencies may relate to our banking, investment advisory, trust, securities, and other products and services; our customers’ involvement in money laundering, fraud, securities violations and other illicit activities or our policies and practices relating to such customer activities; and our compliance with the broad range of banking, securities and other laws and regulations applicable to us. At any given time, we may be in the process of responding to subpoenas, requests for documents, data and testimony relating to such matters and engaging in discussions to resolve the matters.
As of March 31, 2016, we were subject to the following material litigation and governmental inquiries:
a class action case, Reyes v. Zions First National Bank, et. al., which was brought in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania in early 2010. This case relates to our banking relationships with customers that allegedly engaged in wrongful telemarketing practices. The plaintiff is seeking a trebled monetary award under the federal RICO Act. In the third quarter of 2013, the District Court denied the plaintiff’s motion for class certification in the Reyes case. The plaintiff appealed the District Court decision to the Third Circuit Court of Appeals. In the third quarter of 2015, the Third Circuit vacated the District Court’s decision denying class certification and remanded the matter to the District Court with instructions to reconsider the class certification determination in light of particular standards articulated by the Third Circuit in its opinion. A class certification hearing is currently scheduled for late May 2016. Following the Third

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Circuit’s decision, the parties participated in a number of mediation sessions, which could result in a settlement. Any such settlement would be subject to court approval. There can be no assurance, however, that the parties will be able to settle this matter.
a governmental inquiry into possible money laundering activities of one of our bank customers and our anti-money laundering practices relating to that customer (conducted by the United States Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York). Our first contact with the United States Attorney’s Office relating to this matter occurred in early 2012. We are unclear about the status of this inquiry.
a governmental inquiry into our payment processing practices relating primarily to certain allegedly fraudulent telemarketers and other customer types (conducted by the Department of Justice). Similar inquiries directed towards banks unrelated to us have resulted in a number of enforcement actions. Our first contact with the Department of Justice relating to this matter occurred in early 2013. We understand that the Department of Justice desires to pursue claims against us. We have engaged in preliminary settlement discussions with the Department of Justice. There can be no assurance, however, that the parties will be able to settle this matter.
a civil suit, Liu Aifang, et al. v. Velocity VIII, et al., brought against us in the United States District Court for the Central District of California in April 2015. The case relates to our banking relationships with customers who were approved promoters of an EB-5 Visa Immigrant Investment Program that allegedly misappropriated investors’ funds. On September 30, 2015, the Court granted in part and denied in part our Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims.  The Plaintiffs’ remaining claims assert negligence and that the bank aided and abetted the promoter customers’ conversion of the investors’ funds deposited with us. Discovery is ongoing and trial is scheduled for September 2016.
At least quarterly, we review outstanding and new legal matters, utilizing then available information. In accordance with applicable accounting guidance, if we determine that a loss from a matter is probable and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated, we establish an accrual for the loss. In the absence of such a determination, no accrual is made. Once established, accruals are adjusted to reflect developments relating to the matters.
In our review, we also assess whether we can determine the range of reasonably possible losses for significant matters in which we are unable to determine that the likelihood of a loss is remote. Because of the difficulty of predicting the outcome of legal matters, discussed subsequently, we are able to meaningfully estimate such a range only for a limited number of matters. Based on information available as of March 31, 2016, we estimated that the aggregate range of reasonably possible losses for those matters to be from $0 million to roughly $60 million in excess of amounts accrued. The matters underlying the estimated range will change from time to time, and actual results may vary significantly from this estimate. Those matters for which a meaningful estimate is not possible are not included within this estimated range and, therefore, this estimated range does not represent our maximum loss exposure.
Based on our current knowledge, we believe that our current estimated liability for litigation and other legal actions and claims, reflected in our accruals and determined in accordance with applicable accounting guidance, is adequate and that liabilities in excess of the amounts currently accrued, if any, arising from litigation and other legal actions and claims for which an estimate as previously described is possible, will not have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. However, in light of the significant uncertainties involved in these matters, and the very large or indeterminate damages sought in some of these matters, an adverse outcome in one or more of these matters could be material to our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows for any given reporting period.
Any estimate or determination relating to the future resolution of litigation, arbitration, governmental or self-regulatory examinations, investigations or actions or similar matters is inherently uncertain and involves significant judgment. This is particularly true in the early stages of a legal matter, when legal issues and facts have not been well articulated, reviewed, analyzed, and vetted through discovery, preparation for trial or hearings, substantive and productive mediation or settlement discussions, or other actions. It is also particularly true with respect to class action and similar claims involving multiple defendants, matters with complex procedural requirements or

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substantive issues or novel legal theories, and examinations, investigations and other actions conducted or brought by governmental and self-regulatory agencies, in which the normal adjudicative process is not applicable. Accordingly, we usually are unable to determine whether a favorable or unfavorable outcome is remote, reasonably likely, or probable, or to estimate the amount or range of a probable or reasonably likely loss, until relatively late in the course of a legal matter, sometimes not until a number of years have elapsed. Accordingly, our judgments and estimates relating to claims will change from time to time in light of developments and actual outcomes will differ from our estimates. These differences may be material.
12.
RETIREMENT PLANS
The following discloses the net periodic benefit cost (credit) and its components for the Company’s pension and postretirement plans:
 
 
Pension benefits
 
Supplemental
retirement
benefits
 
Postretirement
benefits
(In thousands)
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Service cost
 
$


$

 
$

 
$

 
$
5

 
$
8

Interest cost
 
1,762


1,783

 
100


101

 
10

 
10

Expected return on plan assets
 
(2,754
)

(3,090
)
 

 

 

 

Amortization of net actuarial (gain) loss
 
1,659


1,574

 
31


31

 
(17
)
 
(13
)
Net periodic benefit cost (credit)
 
$
667

 
$
267

 
$
131

 
$
132

 
$
(2
)
 
$
5

As disclosed in the Company’s 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Company has frozen its participation and benefit accruals for the pension plan and its contributions for individual benefit payments in the postretirement benefit plan.
13.
OPERATING SEGMENT INFORMATION
We manage our operations and prepare management reports and other information with a primary focus on geographical area. Following the close of business on December 31, 2015, we completed the merger of our subsidiary banks and certain non-banking subsidiaries, including Zions Management Services Company (“ZMSC”), with and into a single bank, ZB, N.A. We continue to manage our banking operations under our existing brand names, including Zions Bank, Amegy Bank, California Bank & Trust, National Bank of Arizona, Nevada State Bank, Vectra Bank Colorado, and The Commerce Bank of Washington. Performance assessment and resource allocation are based upon this geographical structure. Due to the charter consolidation, we have moved to an internal funds transfer pricing allocation system to report results of operations for business segments. Total average loans and deposits presented for the banking segments do not include intercompany amounts between banking segments, but may include deposits with the Other segment. Prior period amounts have been reclassified to reflect these changes.
As of March 31, 2016, Zions Bank operates 99 branches in Utah, 24 branches in Idaho, and one branch in Wyoming. Amegy operates 76 branches in Texas. CB&T operates 94 branches in California. NBAZ operates 65 branches in Arizona. NSB operates 49 branches in Nevada. Vectra operates 36 branches in Colorado and one branch in New Mexico. TCBW operates one branch in Washington and one branch in Oregon. Effective April 1, 2015, TCBO was merged into TCBW.
The operating segment identified as “Other” includes the Parent, ZMSC, certain nonbank financial service subsidiaries, and eliminations of transactions between segments. The Parent’s operations are significant to the Other segment. The Company’s net interest income is substantially affected by the Parent’s interest expense on long-term debt. The condensed statement of income identifies the components of income and expense which affect the operating amounts presented in the Other segment.

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The accounting policies of the individual operating segments are the same as those of the Company. Transactions between operating segments are primarily conducted at fair value, resulting in profits that are eliminated for reporting consolidated results of operations. Operating segments pay for centrally provided services based upon estimated or actual usage of those services.
The following schedule presents selected operating segment information for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and 2015:
(In millions)
Zions Bank
 
Amegy
 
CB&T
 
NBAZ
 
NSB
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SELECTED INCOME STATEMENT DATA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net interest income
$
153.3

 
$
152.0

 
$
119.2

 
$
117.8

 
$
108.1

 
$
103.8

 
$
46.8

 
$
44.2

 
$
30.9

 
$
31.1

Provision for loan losses
(30.6
)
 
(4.6
)
 
104.5

 
11.1

 
(3.1
)
 
(4.1
)
 
1.9

 
0.8

 
(25.6
)
 
(8.7
)
Net interest income after provision for loan losses
183.9

 
156.6

 
14.7

 
106.7

 
111.2

 
107.9

 
44.9

 
43.4

 
56.5

 
39.8

Noninterest income
36.0

 
31.5

 
29.1

 
29.2

 
16.1

 
14.2

 
9.5

 
8.2

 
9.5

 
8.9

Noninterest expense
97.0

 
107.5

 
85.6

 
93.0

 
68.5

 
74.1

 
32.4

 
37.2

 
30.8

 
32.6

Net Income (loss) before taxes
$
122.9

 
$
80.6

 
$
(41.8
)
 
$
42.9

 
$
58.8

 
$
48.0

 
$
22.0

 
$
14.4

 
$
35.2

 
$
16.1

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SELECTED AVERAGE BALANCE SHEET DATA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total loans
$
12,306

 
$
12,101

 
$
10,370

 
$
10,276

 
$
8,905

 
$
8,502

 
$
3,863

 
$
3,764

 
$
2,263

 
$
2,384

Total deposits
15,700

 
15,787

 
11,274

 
11,524

 
10,479

 
9,701

 
4,445

 
4,178

 
4,005

 
3,755

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Vectra
 
TCBW
 
Other
 
Consolidated
Company
 
 
 
 
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SELECTED INCOME STATEMENT DATA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net interest income
$
30.5

 
$
28.5

 
$
9.4

 
$
8.4

 
$
(45.4
)
 
$
(68.4
)
 
$
452.8

 
$
417.4

 
 
 
 
Provision for loan losses
(3.2
)
 
3.9

 
(1.8
)
 
0.2

 

 
(0.1
)
 
42.1

 
(1.5
)
 
 
 
 
Net interest income after provision for loan losses
33.7

 
24.6

 
11.2

 
8.2

 
(45.4
)
 
(68.3
)
 
410.7

 
418.9

 
 
 
 
Noninterest income
5.8

 
5.0

 
0.9

 
0.9

 
9.9

 
19.4

 
116.8

 
117.3

 
 
 
 
Noninterest expense
21.4

 
24.0

 
5.0

 
7.8

 
54.9

 
16.8

 
395.6

 
393.0

 
 
 
 
Net Income (loss) before taxes
$
18.1

 
$
5.6

 
$
7.1

 
$
1.3

 
$
(90.4
)
 
$
(65.7
)
 
$
131.9

 
$
143.2

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SELECTED AVERAGE BALANCE SHEET DATA
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total loans
$
2,453

 
$
2,358

 
$
733

 
$
713

 
$
110

 
$
81

 
$
41,003

 
$
40,179

 
 
 
 
Total deposits
2,759

 
2,456

 
953

 
830

 
(60
)
 
(747
)
 
49,555

 
47,484

 
 
 
 
ITEM 2.
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
Statements in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are based on other than historical data are forward-looking within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements provide current expectations or forecasts of future events and include, among others:
statements with respect to the beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, targets, commitments, designs, guidelines, expectations, anticipations, and future financial condition, results of operations and performance of Zions Bancorporation (“the Parent”) and its subsidiaries (collectively “the Company,” “Zions,” “we,” “our,” “us”); and
statements preceded by, followed by, or that include the words “may,” “could,” “should,” “would,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “target,” “commit,” “design,” “plan,” “projects,” or similar expressions.
These forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, nor should they be relied upon as representing management’s views as of any subsequent date. Forward-looking statements involve significant risks and uncertainties and actual results may differ materially from those presented, either expressed or implied,

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including, but not limited to, those presented in Management’s Discussion and Analysis. Factors that might cause such differences include, but are not limited to:
the Company’s ability to successfully execute its business plans, manage its risks, and achieve its objectives, including its restructuring and efficiency initiatives and its tender offers for certain of its preferred stock;
changes in local, national and international political and economic conditions, including without limitation the political and economic effects of the recent economic crisis, delay of recovery from that crisis, economic and fiscal imbalances in the United States and other countries, potential or actual downgrades in ratings of sovereign debt issued by the United States and other countries, and other major developments, including wars, military actions, and terrorist attacks;
changes in financial and commodity market prices and conditions, either internationally, nationally or locally in areas in which the Company conducts its operations, including without limitation rates of business formation and growth, commercial and residential real estate development, real estate prices, and oil and gas-related commodity prices;
changes in markets for equity, fixed income, commercial paper and other securities, including availability, market liquidity levels, and pricing, including the actual amount and duration of declines in the price of oil and gas;
any impairment of our goodwill or other intangibles, or any adjustment of valuation allowances on our deferred tax assets due to adverse changes in the economic environment, declining operations of the reporting unit, or other factors;
changes in interest rates, the quality and composition of the loan and securities portfolios, demand for loan products, deposit flows and competition;
acquisitions and integration of acquired businesses;
increases in the levels of losses, customer bankruptcies, bank failures, claims, and assessments;
changes in fiscal, monetary, regulatory, trade and tax policies and laws, and regulatory assessments and fees, including policies of the U.S. Department of Treasury, the OCC, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Board System, the FDIC, the SEC, and the CFPB; 
the impact of executive compensation rules under the Dodd-Frank Act and banking regulations which may impact the ability of the Company and other American financial institutions to retain and recruit executives and other personnel necessary for their businesses and competitiveness;
the impact of the Dodd-Frank Act and Basel III, and rules and regulations thereunder, on our required regulatory capital and liquidity levels, governmental assessments on us (including, but not limited to, the Federal Reserve reviews of our annual capital plan), the scope of business activities in which we may engage, the manner in which we engage in such activities, the fees we may charge for certain products and services, and other matters affected by the Dodd-Frank Act and these international standards;
continuing consolidation in the financial services industry;
new legal claims against the Company, including litigation, arbitration and proceedings brought by governmental or self-regulatory agencies, or changes in existing legal matters;
success in gaining regulatory approvals, when required;
changes in consumer spending and savings habits;
increased competitive challenges and expanding product and pricing pressures among financial institutions;
inflation and deflation;
technological changes and the Company’s implementation of new technologies;
the Company’s ability to develop and maintain secure and reliable information technology systems;
legislation or regulatory changes which adversely affect the Company’s operations or business;
the Company’s ability to comply with applicable laws and regulations;
changes in accounting policies or procedures as may be required by the FASB or regulatory agencies; and

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costs of deposit insurance and changes with respect to FDIC insurance coverage levels.
Except to the extent required by law, the Company specifically disclaims any obligation to update any factors or to publicly announce the result of revisions to any of the forward-looking statements included herein to reflect future events or developments.
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS
ACL
Allowance for Credit Losses
HQLA
High Quality Liquid Assets
AFS
Available-for-Sale
HTM
Held-to-Maturity
ALCO
Asset/Liability Committee
IFRS
International Financial Reporting Standards
ALLL
Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses
ISDA
International Swaps and Derivative Association
Amegy
Amegy Bank, a division of ZB, N.A.
LCR
Liquidity Coverage Ratio
AOCI
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income
LGD
Loss Given Default
ASC
Accounting Standards Codification
LIBOR
London Interbank Offered Rate
ASU
Accounting Standards Update
NAV
Net Asset Value
ATM
Automated Teller Machine
NBAZ
National Bank of Arizona, a division of ZB, N.A.
BOLI
Bank-Owned Life Insurance
NIM
Net Interest Margin
bps
basis points
NSB
Nevada State Bank, a division of ZB, N.A.
CAC
Credit Administration Committee
NSFR
Net Stable Funding Ratio
CB&T
California Bank & Trust, a division of ZB, N.A.
NYMEX
New York Mercantile Exchange
CCAR
Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review
OCC
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
CDO
Collateralized Debt Obligation
OCI
Other Comprehensive Income
CET1
Common Equity Tier 1 (Basel III)
OREO
Other Real Estate Owned
CFPB
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
OTC
Over-the-Counter
CLTV
Combined Loan-to-Value Ratio
OTTI
Other-Than-Temporary Impairment
COSO
Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission
Parent
Zions Bancorporation
CRE
Commercial Real Estate
PCI
Purchase Credit-Impaired
CSA
Credit Support Annex
PEIs
Private Equity Investments
CSV
Cash Surrender Value
PPNR
Pre-provision Net Revenue
DFAST
Dodd-Frank Act Stress Test
ROC
Risk Oversight Committee
Dodd-Frank Act
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act
RULC
Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments
DTA
Deferred Tax Asset
SBA
Small Business Administration
EITF
Emerging Issues Task Force
SBICs
Small Business Investment Companies
ERM
Enterprise Risk Management
SEC
Securities and Exchange Commission
ERMC
Enterprise Risk Management Committee
SNCs
Shared National Credits
EVE
Economic Value of Equity
SVC
Securities Valuation Committee
FAMC
Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation, or “Farmer Mac”
TCBO
The Commerce Bank of Oregon, a division of ZB, N.A.
FASB
Financial Accounting Standards Board
TCBW
The Commerce Bank of Washington, a division of ZB, N.A.
FDIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
TDR
Troubled Debt Restructuring
FHLB
Federal Home Loan Bank
Vectra
Vectra Bank Colorado, a division of ZB, N.A.
FHLMC
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, or “Freddie Mac”
VIE
Variable Interest Entity
FNMA
Federal National Mortgage Association, or “Fannie Mae”
VR
Volcker Rule
FRB
Federal Reserve Board
ZB, N.A.
ZB, National Association
GAAP
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles
Zions Bank
Zions Bank, a division of ZB, N.A.
GNMA
Government National Mortgage Association, or “Ginnie Mae”
ZMSC
Zions Management Services Company
HECL
Home Equity Credit Line
 
 

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CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND SIGNIFICANT ESTIMATES
The Company has made no significant changes in its critical accounting policies and significant estimates from those disclosed in its 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Executive Summary
Net earnings applicable to common shareholders for the first quarter of 2016 was $78.8 million, or $0.38 per diluted common share, compared to net earnings applicable to common shareholders of $88.2 million, or $0.43 per diluted common share, for the fourth quarter of 2015 and $75.3 million, or $0.37 per diluted common share, for the first quarter of 2015.
Major Initiative Announced in 2015
In June 2015, we announced a series of initiatives designed to substantially improve customer experience (e.g., faster turnaround times), simplify our corporate structure and operations, and drive positive operating leverage. Key elements of the announcement included:
Consolidation of bank charters from seven to one while maintaining local leadership, local product pricing, and local brands. The consolidation of the bank charters occurred on December 31, 2015.
Creation of a Chief Banking Officer position, with responsibility for retail banking, wealth management, and residential mortgage lending.
Consolidation of risk functions and other non-customer facing operations, while emphasizing local credit decision making.
Investment in technology to modernize our loan, deposit, and customer information systems to meet the demands of a rapidly changing information technology environment.
The Company expects to continue to benefit from these initiatives to further reduce operating expenses, create efficiencies, and improve customer experience.
Financial Performance Targets
Following are the targeted financial performance outcomes of these organizational changes, and associated operational and technological initiatives with some brief comments regarding current performance against these measures:
Maintain adjusted noninterest expense less than $1.60 billion in 2016, although increasing somewhat in 2017; this target excludes those same expense items excluded in arriving at the efficiency ratio (see “GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliations” on page 84 for more information regarding the calculation of the efficiency ratio). However, because in the first quarter of 2016 we reclassified expense associated with credit and corporate card rewards programs to net against associated revenue in the noninterest income section of the income statement, we are modifying our commitment to hold adjusted noninterest expense from a commitment of “less than $1.60 billion in 2016” to “less than $1.58 billion in 2016.” The difference of $20 million reflects the actual annualized rate of expense incurred on such rewards programs in the first half of 2015, and management believes that it is important to maintain the commitment to hold the company’s expenses to the same level as originally established, after adjusting for accounting changes. For the first quarter of 2016 adjusted noninterest expense was $396.0 million, or an annualized amount of $1,584 million; this result includes several million dollars of seasonal expenses such as elevated payroll taxes and stock award grants. If these seasonal expenses were amortized evenly over 2016, the resulting annualized noninterest expense from the first quarter of 2016 would have been less than $1.58 billion, which is consistent with our modified commitment to hold adjusted noninterest expense to less than $1.58 billion in 2016. On a similar basis, for 2017 we are modifying our noninterest expense commitment to be increasing somewhat from $1.58 billion, modified from the original goal of increasing somewhat in 2017 from $1.60 billion.

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Achieve an efficiency ratio less than 66% in 2016, and in the low 60s by fiscal year-end 2017, driven by expense and revenue initiatives detailed below; the announced target assumes a slight increase in interest rates. The aforementioned reclassification of rewards program expenses to net against revenue does not materially alter the efficiency ratio, and thus we are not modifying the efficiency ratio target. Our efficiency ratio for the second half of 2015 was 69.1% (adjusted for the credit card expense reclassification), which met our goal to keep the efficiency ratio less than 70% during the second half of 2015. The efficiency ratio for the six months ended March 31, 2016 improved by 398 bps to 69.0% from 73.0% for the same prior year period. Our efficiency ratio for the first quarter of 2016 was 68.5% representing a 106 bps improvement over Q4 2015 and a 340 bps improvement over the same prior year period. We show the efficiency ratio for six month periods, in addition to the three month periods, in order to illustrate the trend over longer periods as quarterly fluctuations may not be reflective of the prevailing trend, while yearly results may not accurately reflect the pace of change. We are committed to achieving an efficiency ratio less than 66% in 2016 and are on target to do so. See “GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliations” on page 84 for more information regarding the calculation of the efficiency ratio.
Achieve annual gross pretax cost savings of $120 million from operational expense initiatives by year-end 2017, which include overhauling technology, consolidating legal charters, and improving operating efficiency across the Company. We are on track and expect to achieve 80% of our target to reduce gross expenses by the end of 2016.
Our initiatives are designed to make the Company a more efficient organization that drives positive operating leverage, increases returns on tangible common equity over the long term to double digit levels, simplifies the corporate structure and operations, and improves customer experience. The increase in operating leverage is evident through increased revenue from growth in loans, deployment of cash to mortgage-backed securities, increased use of interest rate swaps, improvement in core fee income, and disciplined expense management.
If successfully implemented, these initiatives should ultimately produce better revenue and expense trajectories, improve profitability, and drive stronger investor returns.
Areas Experiencing Strength in the First Quarter of 2016
Net interest income, which is more than three-quarters of our revenue, increased by $35.5 million in the first quarter of 2016 compared to the same prior year period. We reduced long-term debt by $281.2 million as a result of tender offers, early calls, and maturities, which helped reduce total interest expense over the same period by $9.0 million between the two quarters and will continue to benefit net interest income in 2016. Additionally, we redeployed lower yielding money market investments into loans and term investment securities. The investment securities portfolio grew by $4.3 billion between the first quarter of 2015 and the same quarter of 2016, which resulted in a $19.9 million increase in interest income on investment securities over the same quarters. This action should improve both the Company’s revenue stability under future stressful economic scenarios and current earnings significantly as compared to the alternative of holding money market investments.
Some of the same factors that led to an increase in net interest income also helped improve net interest margin between the first quarter of 2016 and the first quarter of 2015, which was 3.35% and 3.22% respectively. Average total interest-bearing liabilities increased by $505.4 million in the first quarter of 2016 compared to the same prior year period, but the interest rates on the more costly liabilities dropped significantly. Even though some yields were slightly lower on interest-earning assets between the compared quarters, the yield on total interest-earning assets increased and the rate decreases were more significant on the liability side resulting in a positive spread difference of 19 bps. Further, not only did average interest-earning assets increase by approximately $1.9 billion, but also we would expect yields to improve if interest rates rise during the remainder of 2016.
We continue to generate strong growth in adjusted pre-provision net revenue (“PPNR”), reflecting operating leverage improvement resulting from solid loan growth, a more profitable earning assets mix, and controlled core operating expenses. Adjusted PPNR was $182.1 million in the current quarter, up 20.7% from $150.9 million for the same quarter in 2015. This increase was due to higher net interest income between the two periods, driven by the previously detailed factors. A higher adjusted PPNR, partially offset by a $10.0 million, or 2.6%, increase in

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adjusted noninterest expense over the same period, led to an improvement in the efficiency ratio from 71.9% to 68.5% between first quarter 2015 and 2016 respectively. The increase in adjusted noninterest expense between the two quarters was driven mainly by a seasonal increase in the accrual related to annual restricted stock awards, which historically occurred in the second quarter, as well as higher salary and bonus expense. These increases were partially offset by a negative provision for unfunded lending commitments due to general credit improvements in our lending portfolio outside of the oil and gas sectors. See “GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliations” on page 84 for more information regarding the calculation of adjusted PPNR.
Net loans and leases were $41.4 billion at March 31, 2016, increasing $769 million and $1.2 billion over December 31, 2015 and March 31, 2015 respectively. The $769 million loan growth during the first quarter represents a 1.9% (7.6% on an annualized basis based on first quarter growth) increase. This solid growth was widespread across product and geography with particular strength in commercial and industrial and commercial real estate term loans.
Customer-related fees in the first quarter of 2016 were stable compared to the prior quarter and increased to $112.3 million, up 7.3%, from $105.0 million in the prior year period. Most of the year-over-year increase was due to an increase in credit card and interchange fees and loan fees.
Asset quality for the non-energy portfolio remained strong and improved during the first quarter of 2016 compared with the fourth quarter of 2015. Due to weaknesses in the oil and gas-related portfolio, classified loans increased from $1.4 billion in the fourth quarter 2015 and to $1.5 billion in the first quarter 2016; however, the percentage and dollar values of current (performing) loans between these periods were 86.5% and $1.1 billion and 87.7% and 1.3 billion, respectively. Although the amount of classified loans has increased, the performance of these loans has not deteriorated to the same extent. Outside the oil and gas-related portfolio, credit quality was very strong, with approximately $200 thousand of net charge-offs.
Areas Experiencing Challenges in the First Quarter of 2016
The overall credit quality of our loan portfolio remained strong, but, as expected, the credit quality of our oil and gas-related portfolio deteriorated. At March 31, 2016, $286.0 million, or 10.8% of the oil and gas-related loan balances were nonaccruing, compared to $64.9 million, or 2.1% at March 31, 2015. As part of our risk management efforts, we reduced our total oil and gas-related credit exposure to $4.7 billion, a reduction of approximately $108.9 million during the current quarter and $925.0 million between first quarter 2016 and the same prior year period.
Average yields on lending assets have fallen slightly quarter over quarter. Although the strong growth in loan originations during the quarter has more than offset these small declines, continued pricing pressure could impact loan yields. In the prior quarter the Company realized interest income of $13 million from loan recoveries and FDIC-supported loans that was not repeated in the first quarter. Also, a portion of the portfolio is subject to floors and these loans may not be immediately impacted by small increases in rates.
Net Interest Income, Margin and Interest Rate Spreads
Net interest income is the difference between interest earned on interest-earning assets and interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Taxable-equivalent net interest income is the largest portion of our revenue. For the first quarter of 2016, taxable-equivalent net interest income was $458.2 million, compared to $421.6 million for the first quarter of 2015 and $453.8 million for the fourth quarter of 2015.
Net interest margin in 2016 vs. 2015
The net interest margin (“NIM”) was 3.35% and 3.22% for the first quarter of 2016 and 2015, respectively, and 3.23% for the forth quarter of 2015. The increased net interest margin for the first quarter, compared to the same prior year period, resulted primarily from higher yields on variable-rate assets, a change in the mix of interest-earning assets by deploying funds from the sale of low yielding money market investments into available-for-sale (“AFS”) investment securities and loans. These changes also improved the overall yields on lending assets to 3.51% in the first quarter of 2016 from 3.46% in the first quarter of 2015. Decreases in interest expense due to the maturity of high-cost long-term debt that matured during 2015 also helped improve the NIM as the average rate on long-term debt decreased 205 bps between first quarter 2016 and the same prior year period.

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The average loan portfolio increased $823.9 million between the first quarter of 2016 and the first quarter of 2015, the average yield fell by 7 bps due to a continuation of competitive pricing pressure and depressed interest rates as new loans were originated or existing loans reset or were modified. The decline in loan yield between the fourth quarter 2015 and the first quarter 2016 was slightly larger at 10 bps. This was mainly due to $13 million from commercial loan recoveries and FDIC-supported loans during fourth quarter of 2015 that was not repeated in the first quarter. Even though our average loan portfolio was $656.1 million higher during the first quarter of 2016, compared to the fourth quarter of 2015, yields on new loan originations were flat during the first quarter of 2016, compared with the fourth quarter of 2015.
The average balance of AFS securities for the first quarter of 2016 increased by $4.0 billion, or 98.7%, and the average yield was 5 bps higher compared to the same prior year period. The increase in the average yield and the changes in the average balance are a result of changes in the composition of the AFS portfolio and the yields of the securities sold and purchased. Beginning in the second half of 2014 we started purchasing U.S. agency pass-through securities in order to increase our holdings of high quality liquid assets (“HQLA”) and to alter the mix of our interest-earning assets, holding larger quantities of higher yielding mortgage-backed securities while decreasing positions in our lower yielding money market portfolio.
Average noninterest-bearing demand deposits provided us with low cost funding and comprised 44.2% of average total deposits for the first quarter of 2016, compared to 43.3% for first quarter of 2015. Average interest-bearing deposits increased by 2.7% in the first quarter of 2016, compared to the same prior year period, while the average rate paid declined by 1 bp to 17 bps. Although we consider a wide variety of sources when determining our funding needs, we benefit from access to borrower deposits, particularly non-interest bearing deposits, that provide us with a low cost of funds and have a positive impact on our NIM. A significant decrease in the amount of non-interest bearing deposits may have a negative impact on our NIM.
The average balance of long-term debt was $276.7 million lower for the first quarter of 2016 compared to the same prior year period. The reduced balance was a result of tender offers, early calls, and maturities. The average interest rate paid on long-term debt for the first quarter of 2016 decreased by 205 bps compared to the same prior year period. This is primarily due to higher cost long-term debt maturities in both the third and fourth quarters of 2015. We continue to look for opportunities to manage down the cost of funds. Refer to the “Liquidity Risk Management” section beginning on page 79 for more information.
See “Interest Rate and Market Risk Management” on page 75 for further discussion of how we manage the portfolios of interest-earning assets, interest-bearing liabilities, and the associated risk.
Interest rate spreads
The spread on average interest-bearing funds was 3.20% and 3.01% for the first quarters of 2016 and 2015 respectively. The spread on average interest-bearing funds for these periods was affected by the same factors that had an impact on the NIM.
We expect the mix of interest-earning assets to continue to change over the next several quarters due to loan growth in residential mortgage loans and commercial and industrial loans, partially offset by continued attrition from the National Real Estate and oil and gas-related portfolios. In addition, as discussed below, we are continuing to invest in short-to-medium duration U.S. agency pass-through securities that qualify as HQLA; over time we expect these investments to reduce the proportion of earning assets in money market investments, and increase the proportion of AFS securities. Average yields on the loan portfolio may continue to experience modest downward pressure due to competitive pricing and growth in lower-yielding residential mortgages; however, we expect this pressure to be somewhat less compared to prior years. We believe that some of the downward pressure on the NIM will be mitigated by lower interest expense on reduced levels of long-term debt due to maturities that occurred towards the end of 2015. We also believe we can offset some of the pressure on the NIM through loan growth, redeployment of cash held in money market investments to term investment securities, and employment of interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges.

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We expect to remain “asset-sensitive” (which refers to net interest income increasing as a result of a rising interest rate environment) with regard to interest rate risk. In response to new liquidity and liquidity stress-testing regulations, which elevate, relative to historic levels, the proportion of HQLA we will be required to hold, we decided in the second half of 2014 to begin deploying cash into short-to-medium duration U.S. agency pass-through securities. During the first quarter of 2016, we purchased HQLA securities of $1.2 billion at amortized cost, increasing HQLA securities by $875.4 million after paydowns and payoffs during the quarter, and we are continuing these purchases. Over time these purchases are expected to somewhat reduce our asset sensitivity compared to previous periods. Our estimates of the Company’s actual interest rate risk position are highly dependent upon a number of assumptions regarding the repricing behavior of various deposit and loan types in response to changes in both short-term and long-term interest rates, balance sheet composition, and other modeling assumptions, as well as the actions of competitors and customers in response to those changes. In addition, our modeled projections for noninterest-bearing demand deposits, which are a substantial portion of our deposit balances, are particularly reliant on assumptions for which there is little historical experience due to the prolonged period of very low interest rates. Further detail on interest rate risk is discussed in “Interest Rate Risk” on page 75.
The following schedule summarizes the average balances, the amount of interest earned or incurred, and the applicable yields for interest-earning assets and the costs of interest-bearing liabilities that generate taxable-equivalent net interest income.

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CONSOLIDATED AVERAGE BALANCE SHEETS, YIELDS AND RATES
(Unaudited)
 
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2016
 
Three Months Ended
March 31, 2015
(In thousands)
Average
balance
 
Amount of
interest 1
 
Average
yield/rate
 
Average
balance
 
Amount of
interest 1
 
Average
yield/rate
ASSETS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Money market investments
$
5,122,483

 
$
7,029

 
0.55
%
 
$
8,013,355

 
$
5,218

 
0.26
%
Securities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Held-to-maturity
562,040

 
6,798

 
4.86

 
632,927

 
7,995

 
5.12

Available-for-sale
8,108,708

 
42,615

 
2.11

 
4,080,004

 
20,773

 
2.06

Trading account
53,367

 
472

 
3.56

 
69,910

 
598

 
3.47

Total securities
8,724,115

 
49,885

 
2.30

 
4,782,841

 
29,366

 
2.49

Loans held for sale
140,423

 
1,378

 
3.95

 
105,279

 
914

 
3.52

Loans and leases 2
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial
21,624,134

 
225,588

 
4.20

 
21,576,463

 
223,334

 
4.20

Commercial real estate
10,555,869

 
110,922

 
4.23

 
10,084,874

 
110,813

 
4.46

Consumer
8,822,899

 
85,499

 
3.90

 
8,517,670

 
83,036

 
3.95

Total loans and leases
41,002,902

 
422,009

 
4.14

 
40,179,007

 
417,183

 
4.21

Total interest-earning assets
54,989,923

 
480,301

 
3.51

 
53,080,482

 
452,681

 
3.46

Cash and due from banks
727,577

 
 
 
 
 
743,618

 
 
 
 
Allowance for loan losses
(600,216
)
 
 
 
 
 
(609,233
)
 
 
 
 
Goodwill
1,014,129

 
 
 
 
 
1,014,129

 
 
 
 
Core deposit and other intangibles
15,379

 
 
 
 
 
24,355

 
 
 
 
Other assets
2,679,525

 
 
 
 
 
2,558,353

 
 
 
 
Total assets
$
58,826,317

 
 
 
 
 
$
56,811,704

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest-bearing deposits:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Savings and money market
$
25,350,037

 
9,388

 
0.15

 
$
24,214,265

 
9,445

 
0.16

Time
2,087,698

 
2,304

 
0.44

 
2,372,492

 
2,538

 
0.43

Foreign
235,331

 
153

 
0.26

 
351,873

 
121

 
0.14

Total interest-bearing deposits
27,673,066

 
11,845

 
0.17

 
26,938,630


12,104

 
0.18

Borrowed funds:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Federal funds and other short-term borrowings
267,431

 
120

 
0.18

 
219,747

 
78

 
0.14

Long-term debt
809,123

 
10,094

 
5.02

 
1,085,860

 
18,918

 
7.07

Total borrowed funds
1,076,554

 
10,214

 
3.82

 
1,305,607

 
18,996

 
5.90

Total interest-bearing liabilities
28,749,620

 
22,059

 
0.31

 
28,244,237

 
31,100

 
0.45

Noninterest-bearing deposits
21,881,777

 
 
 
 
 
20,545,395

 
 
 
 
Other liabilities
579,453

 
 
 
 
 
612,752

 
 
 
 
Total liabilities
51,210,850

 
 
 
 
 
49,402,384

 
 
 
 
Shareholders’ equity:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred equity
828,490

 
 
 
 
 
1,004,015

 
 
 
 
Common equity
6,786,977

 
 
 
 
 
6,405,305

 
 
 
 
Total shareholders’ equity
7,615,467

 
 
 
 
 
7,409,320

 
 
 
 
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity
$
58,826,317

 
 
 
 
 
$
56,811,704

 
 
 
 
Spread on average interest-bearing funds
 
 
 
 
3.20
%
 
 
 
 
 
3.01
%
Taxable-equivalent net interest income and net yield on interest-earning assets
 
 
$
458,242

 
3.35
%
 
 
 
$
421,581

 
3.22
%
1 
Taxable-equivalent rates used where applicable.
2 
Net of unearned income and fees, net of related costs. Loans include nonaccrual and restructured loans.

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Provisions for Credit Losses
The provision for loan losses is the amount of expense that, in our judgment, is required to maintain the allowance for loan losses at an adequate level based on the inherent risks in the loan portfolio. The provision for unfunded lending commitments is used to maintain the reserve for unfunded lending commitments (“RULC”) at an adequate level based on the inherent risks associated with such commitments. In determining adequate levels of the allowance and reserve, we perform periodic evaluations of our various loan portfolios, the levels of actual charge-offs, credit trends, and external factors. See Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements and “Credit Risk Management” on page 64 for more information on how we determine the appropriate level for the allowance for loan and lease losses (“ALLL”) and the RULC.
During the past few years, we have experienced a significant improvement in credit quality metrics for non-oil and gas-related loans; however, recently we have experienced deterioration in various credit quality metrics primarily associated with oil and gas-related loans. For the first quarter of 2016, outside of the oil and gas-related portfolio, credit quality metrics improved compared to the same prior year period, while overall credit quality metrics deteriorated due to depressed energy prices. Gross loan and lease charge-offs increased to $48 million in the first quarter of 2016 (75.5% of all gross charge-offs were oil and gas related), compared to $45 million in the fourth quarter of 2015. Additionally, we had gross recoveries of $12 million and $32 million for the same periods.
Nonperforming assets increased to $552 million at March 31, 2016 from $357 million at December 31, 2015. The ratio of nonperforming assets to loans and leases and other real estate owned (“OREO”) increased to 1.33% at March 31, 2016 from 0.87% at December 31, 2015. Classified loans increased to $1.5 billion at March 31, 2016 from $1.4 billion at December 31, 2015. Classified loans current as to principal and interest payments, were 87.7% at March 31, 2016, compared to 86.5% at December 31, 2015. Classified loans are loans with well-defined credit weaknesses that are risk graded Substandard or Doubtful.
The allowance for loan losses increased by approximately $6 million since December 31, 2015, due to declines in the performance of the oil and gas-related portfolio. Deterioration in the oil and gas-related portfolio is generally offset by improvements in the rest of the funded loan portfolio. The decline in credit quality and the increase of charge-offs in the oil and gas-related portfolio, offset by improvements in the rest of the funded loan portfolio, resulted in a provision of $42.1 million in the first quarter of 2016, compared to a provision of $(1.5) million in the first quarter of 2015. The negative provision in the first quarter of 2015 was significantly affected by higher than normal recoveries in that period. We continue to exercise caution with regard to the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses, given the state of the economy and the current volatility in oil and gas prices and the potential for oil and gas prices to remain low for an extended period of time. Refer to the “Oil and Gas-Related Exposure” section on page 65 for more information.
During the first quarter of 2016, we recorded a $(5.8) million provision for unfunded lending commitments compared to a $1.2 million provision in the first quarter of 2015 and a $(6.6) million provision in the fourth quarter of 2015. The negative provision recognized in the first quarter of 2016 is primarily due to significant improvement, outside of the oil and gas-related portfolio, in portfolio-specific credit quality metrics, sustained improvement in broader economy and credit quality indicators, and changes in the portfolio mix. From quarter to quarter, the provision for unfunded lending commitments may be subject to sizable fluctuations due to changes in the timing and volume of loan commitments, originations, funding, and changes in credit quality.
Noninterest Income
Noninterest income represents revenues we earn for products and services that have no associated interest rate or yield. For the first quarter of 2016, noninterest income was $116.8 million, compared to $117.3 million for the same prior year period, representing a decrease of 0.5%. Although noninterest income remained relatively stable across the two quarters, there were several variances within noninterest income that effectively offset each other.
Other service charges, commissions, and fees which are comprised of ATM fees, insurance commissions, bankcard merchant fees, debit and credit card interchange fees, cash management fees, lending commitment fees, syndication

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and servicing fees, and other miscellaneous fees, increased to $49.4 million in the first quarter of 2016 compared to $43.0 million in the first quarter of 2015. This 15.1% increase was due to the factors described subsequently.
During the first quarter of 2016 we reclassified bankcard rewards expense from non-interest expense into non-interest income in order to offset the associated revenue (interchange fees) to align with industry practice. This reclassification within other service charges, commission and fees lowered noninterest income in the first quarter of 2016 (and also decreased other noninterest expense by the same amount). For comparative purposes we also reclassified prior period amounts. This reclassification had no impact on net income. Interchange fees also increased over the prior year quarter by $4.2 million.
Dividend and other investment income declined from $9.4 million in the first quarter of 2015 to $4.6 million in the first quarter of 2016, or 50.5%. This large decline was due to lower income and write-downs on certain PEIs. Due to the charter consolidation from seven banking entities to one, our stock ownership with the Federal Home Loan Banking System (“FHLB”) decreased $87.5 million between first quarter 2016 and the prior year period and will decrease slightly during 2016 as positions further unwind. As a result of this, we expect our FHLB dividends to decline by approximately $7 million annually, but only $6 million in 2016 due to the timing of the FHLB stock redemptions. Due to the charter consolidation, where our state chartered banks had not previously needed to hold stock in the Federal Reserve, our stock with the Federal Reserve increased $59.7 million over the same period. However, due to the passing of the “Fixing of America’s Surface Transportation” Act, which will reduce dividends on Federal Reserve stock, we expect income related to these dividends to decline by approximately $4 million in 2016 compared with 2015.
Equity securities gains (losses), net declined $3.9 million to a net loss of $0.6 million between first quarter 2016 and first quarter 2015 due to a $0.6 million first quarter unrealized loss, contrasted with a $3.3 million fourth quarter unrealized gain in the Small Business Investment Companies (“SBICs”) portfolio.
Other income increased to $2.9 million in first quarter 2016 from $0.9 million in the prior year period. This $2 million increase was due to Small Business Administration (“SBA”) interest-only strip income and some other miscellaneous items.
Noninterest Expense
Noninterest expense increased by $2.6 million, or 0.7%, to $395.6 million in the first quarter of 2016, compared to the same prior year period. The increase in noninterest expense was primarily caused by an increase in seasonal salaries and employee benefits, partially offset by decreases in the provision for unfunded lending commitments and other noninterest expense. The following are major components of noninterest expense line items impacting the first quarter change.
Salaries and employee benefits were $258.3 million in the first quarter of 2016, compared to $243.5 million for the same quarter in 2015. This increase of $14.8 million or 6.1% over the prior year period was mainly caused by a seasonal increase of approximately $6 million in the accrual related to annual restricted stock awards, which historically occurred in the second quarter, as well as higher salary and bonus expense even though the number of full-time equivalent employees fell by 263 over the respective quarters. Staff reductions as a result of continued consolidation efforts, including charter consolidation and associated internal restructuring have been partially offset by increased headcount related to our major systems projects and build-out of our enterprise risk management function. Staff involved in these projects tend to be in more highly compensated roles than positions in which reductions occurred.
Furniture, equipment and software was $32.0 million in the first quarter 2016 compared to $29.7 million in the first quarter 2015, representing a $2.3 million or 7.7% increase. A significant driver of this change was increased amortization expense of software purchased, which is related to our commitment to invest in technology to meet the demands of a rapidly changing information technology environment.
Other noninterest expense for the first quarter of 2016 was $50.1 million, compared to $53.9 million for the same prior year period. The decrease is primarily due to a continued decline in write-downs of the FDIC indemnification asset due to paydowns and payoffs. Travel and public relations expenses also declined due to management’s

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continued focus on Company-wide cost saving efforts. Finally, various operational losses improved almost $1.8 million between the two periods. The main offset to the above items was a small increase in ATM and EDS expense.
The FDIC approved a change in deposit insurance assessments that implements a Dodd-Frank Act provision requiring banks with over $10 billion in assets to be responsible for recapitalizing the FDIC insurance fund to 1.35% of insured deposits by the end of 2018, after it reaches a 1.15% reserve ratio. There is general consensus the FDIC will reach the 1.15 reserve ratio during the second quarter and the final rule becomes effective on July 1, 2016. Any additional premiums required in 2016 as a result of this assessment will be partially offset by a reduction in the Company’s overall rate resulting from the consolidation of the individual bank charters.
As discussed in the executive summary section of this document, we modified our goal to hold adjusted noninterest expense from a commitment of “less than $1.60 billion in 2016” to “less than $1.58 billion in 2016,” reflecting a reclassification of certain expense items to net against related revenue, which became effective in the first quarter of 2016. To arrive at adjusted noninterest expense, GAAP noninterest expense is adjusted to exclude certain expense items which are the same as those items excluded in arriving at the efficiency ratio (see “GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliations” on page 84 for more information regarding the calculation of the efficiency ratio).
Income Taxes
Income tax expense for the first quarter of 2016 was $41.4 million compared to an income tax expense of $51.2 million for the same period in 2015. The effective income tax rates, including the effects of noncontrolling interests, for the first three months of 2016 and 2015 were 31.4% and 35.7%, respectively. The tax rates for both the first quarter of 2016 and 2015 were benefited primarily by the non-taxability of certain income items. However, the 2016 effective tax rate was further benefited by the release of various uncertain state tax positions.
We had a net deferred tax asset (“DTA”) balance of $180 million at March 31, 2016, compared to $203 million at December 31, 2015. The decrease in the DTA resulted primarily from the payout of accrued compensation and the reduction of unrealized losses in OCI related to securities. The decrease in the deferred tax liabilities, which related to premises and equipment, FHLB stock dividends and the deferred gain on a prior period debt exchange, offset some of the overall decrease in DTA.
Preferred Dividends
Our preferred dividends decreased by $2.6 million in the first quarter of 2016 as a result of the tender offer we completed in the fourth quarter of 2015 to purchase $176 million of its Series I preferred stock for an aggregate cash payment of $180 million. As reported separately on April 25, 2016, we launched a tender offer for up to $120 million par amount of certain outstanding shares of preferred stock. If the tender offer is successful, preferred dividends would be $48.1 million for 2016, and $45.6 million in 2017.
BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS
Interest-Earning Assets
Interest-earning assets are those assets that have interest rates or yields associated with them. One of our goals is to maintain a high level of interest-earning assets relative to total assets while keeping nonearning assets at a minimum. Interest-earning assets consist of money market investments, securities, loans, and leases.
The schedule referred to in our discussion of net interest income includes the average balances of our interest-earning assets, the amount of revenue generated by them, and their respective yields. Another goal is to maintain a higher-yielding mix of interest-earning assets, such as loans, relative to lower-yielding assets, such as money market investments or securities, while maintaining adequate levels of highly liquid assets. As a result of slower economic growth accompanied by moderate loan demand in previous periods, the Company’s initiative to maintain a higher-yielding mix of interest-earning assets caused us to deploy excess funds into highly liquid security purchases.

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Average interest-earning assets were $55.0 billion for the first three months of 2016, compared to $53.1 billion for the first three months of 2015. Average interest-earning assets as a percentage of total average assets for the first three months of 2016 were 93.5%, compared to 93.4% in the corresponding prior year period.
Average loans were $41.0 billion and $40.2 billion for the first three months of 2016 and 2015, respectively. Average loans as a percentage of total average assets for the first three months of 2016 were 69.7%, compared to 70.7% in the corresponding prior year period.
Average money market investments, consisting of interest-bearing deposits, federal funds sold, and security resell agreements, decreased by 36.1% to $5.1 billion for the first three months of 2016, compared to $8.0 billion for the first three months of 2015. Average securities increased by 82.4% for the first three months of 2016, compared to the first three months of 2015. Average total deposits increased by 4.4% resulting from an increase in noninterest-bearing deposits, interest-on-checking and money market deposits.
Investment Securities Portfolio
We invest in securities to actively manage liquidity and interest rate risk, in addition to generating revenues for the Company. Refer to the “Liquidity Risk Management” section on page 79 for additional information on management of liquidity and funding and compliance with Basel III and Liquidity Coverage Ratio (“LCR”) requirements. The following schedule presents a profile of our investment securities portfolio. The amortized cost amounts represent the original cost of the investments, adjusted for related accumulated amortization or accretion of any yield adjustments, and for impairment losses, including credit-related impairment. The estimated fair value measurement levels and methodology are discussed in Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
INVESTMENT SECURITIES PORTFOLIO
 
 
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
(In millions)
 
 
Par value
 
Amortized
cost
 
Carrying
value
 
Estimated
fair
value
 
Par value
 
Amortized
cost
 
Carrying
value
 
Estimated
fair
value
Held-to-maturity
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Municipal securities
 
$
632

 
$
632

 
$
632

 
$
636

 
$
546

 
$
546

 
$
546

 
$
552

 
 
632

 
632

 
632

 
636

 
546

 
546

 
546

 
552

Available-for-sale
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S. Government agencies and corporations:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agency securities
 
1,499

 
1,498

 
1,511

 
1,511

 
1,233

 
1,232

 
1,233

 
1,233

Agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities
 
4,318

 
4,487

 
4,496

 
4,496

 
3,810

 
3,965

 
3,936

 
3,936

Small Business Administration loan-backed securities
 
1,819

 
2,020

 
2,021

 
2,021

 
1,741

 
1,933

 
1,931

 
1,931

Municipal securities
 
502

 
553

 
556

 
556

 
387

 
417

 
419

 
419

Other debt securities
 
25

 
25

 
22

 
22

 
25

 
25

 
23

 
23

 
 
8,163

 
8,583

 
8,606

 
8,606

 
7,196

 
7,572

 
7,542

 
7,542

Money market mutual funds and other
 
96

 
96

 
96

 
96

 
101

 
101

 
101

 
101

 
 
8,259

 
8,679

 
8,702

 
8,702

 
7,297

 
7,673

 
7,643

 
7,643

Total
 
$
8,891

 
$
9,311

 
$
9,334

 
$
9,338

 
$
7,843

 
$
8,219

 
$
8,189

 
$
8,195

The amortized cost of investment securities at March 31, 2016 increased by 13.3% from the balances at December 31, 2015, primarily due to purchases of agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities. There were additional increases in agency securities, municipal securities, and Small Business Administration (“SBA”) loan-backed securities.
The investment securities portfolio includes $420 million of net premium almost exclusively from SBA loan-backed securities and agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities. Recent purchases of these securities have occurred at a premium to the respective par amount. The amortization of these premiums each quarter is dependent upon

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borrower prepayment behavior. Premium amortization for the first quarter of 2016 was approximately $19 million, compared to approximately $18 million in the fourth quarter of 2015, and is included in portfolio yields. The increased premium amortization is due to both an increased amount of agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities and SBA loan-backed securities and changes in prepayment rates of the underlying loans.
As of March 31, 2016, under the GAAP fair value accounting hierarchy, 0.7% of the $8.7 billion fair value of the AFS securities portfolio was valued at Level 1, 99.3% was valued at Level 2, and there were no Level 3 AFS securities. At December 31, 2015, 0.8% of the $7.6 billion fair value of AFS securities portfolio was valued at Level 1, 99.2% was valued at Level 2, and there were no Level 3 AFS securities. See Note 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of fair value accounting.
Exposure to State and Local Governments
We provide multiple products and services to state and local governments (referred together as “municipalities”), including deposit services, loans, and investment banking services, and we invest in securities issued by the municipalities.
The following schedule summarizes our exposure to state and local municipalities:
MUNICIPALITIES
(In millions)
March 31,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans and leases
 
$
695

 
 
 
$
676

 
Held-to-maturity – municipal securities
 
632

 
 
 
546

 
Available-for-sale – municipal securities
 
556

 
 
 
419

 
Trading account – municipal securities
 
57

 
 
 
33

 
Unfunded lending commitments
 
124

 
 
 
119

 
Total direct exposure to municipalities
 
$
2,064

 
 
 
$
1,793

 
At March 31, 2016, $1 million of loans to one municipality were on nonaccrual. A significant amount of the municipal loan and lease portfolio is secured by real estate and equipment, and 91% of the outstanding credits were originated by CB&T, Zions Bank, Vectra, and Amegy. See Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information about the credit quality of these municipal loans.
Growth in municipal exposures came primarily from increases in the municipal AFS securities portfolio consistent with our initiative to move available funds to higher yielding investments. AFS securities generally consist of securities with investment-grade ratings from one or more major credit rating agencies. HTM securities consist of unrated bonds issued by small local government entities. Prior to purchase, the issuers of municipal securities are evaluated by the Company for their creditworthiness, and some of the securities are guaranteed by third parties.
Foreign Exposure and Operations
Our credit exposure to foreign sovereign risks and total foreign credit exposure is not significant. We also do not have significant foreign exposure to derivative counterparties. We have foreign operations as a result of our branch in Grand Cayman, Grand Cayman Islands B.W.I. While deposits in this branch are not subject to FRB reserve requirements, there are no federal or state income tax benefits to the Company or any customers as a result of these operations. Foreign deposits were $220 million at March 31, 2016 and $294 million at December 31, 2015.
Loan Portfolio
For the first quarter of 2016 and 2015, average loans accounted for 69.7% and 70.7%, respectively, of total average assets. As presented in the following schedule, commercial and industrial loans were the largest category and constituted 32.8% of our loan portfolio at March 31, 2016.

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LOAN PORTFOLIO
 
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
(Amounts in millions)
Amount
 
% of
total loans
 
Amount
 
% of
total loans
Commercial:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial and industrial
$
13,590

 
32.8
%
 
$
13,211

 
32.5
%
Leasing
437

 
1.0

 
442

 
1.1

Owner occupied
7,022

 
17.0

 
7,150

 
17.6

Municipal
696

 
1.7

 
676

 
1.7

Total commercial
21,745

 
52.5

 
21,479

 
52.9

Commercial real estate:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Construction and land development
1,968

 
4.8

 
1,842

 
4.5

Term
8,826

 
21.3

 
8,514

 
21.0

Total commercial real estate
10,794

 
26.1

 
10,356

 
25.5

Consumer:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Home equity credit line
2,433

 
5.9

 
2,417

 
5.9

1-4 family residential
5,418

 
13.1

 
5,382

 
13.2

Construction and other consumer real estate
401

 
0.9

 
385

 
0.9

Bankcard and other revolving plans
439

 
1.0

 
444

 
1.1

Other
188

 
0.5

 
187

 
0.5

Total consumer
8,879

 
21.4

 
8,815

 
21.6

Total net loans
$
41,418

 
100.0
%
 
$
40,650

 
100.0
%
Loan portfolio growth during the first quarter of 2016 was widespread across loan products and geography with particular strength in commercial and industrial, commercial real estate term, and commercial real estate construction and land development loans. The impact of these increases was partially offset by decreases in commercial owner occupied loans.
Commercial owner occupied loans declined primarily due to the continued runoff and attrition of the National Real Estate portfolio at Zions Bank, which is not expected to continue at the same pace in 2016. The National Real Estate business is a wholesale business that depends on loan referrals from other community banking institutions. Due to generally soft loan demand nationally, many community banking institutions are retaining, rather than selling, their loan production.
We expect increasing loan growth in residential mortgage loans and commercial and industrial loans, partially offset by continued attrition from the National Real Estate and oil and gas-related portfolios. We also expect to continue to limit commercial real estate construction and land development loan commitment growth for the foreseeable future as part of management’s actions to improve the risk profile of the Company’s loans and to reduce portfolio concentration risk.
Other Noninterest-Bearing Investments
As part of the Company’s initiative to consolidate its charters into a single charter, the Company will have shares in a single FHLB (Des Moines). Historically, each affiliate bank held shares in different FHLBs. All stock in the other FHLBs has been redeemed with the exception of our stock in the FHLB (Dallas), which is likely to redeemed during 2016. Our investment balance in Federal Reserve stock is expected to remain relatively stable from where it currently sits at March 31, 2016. The $58 million increase during the quarter is because several state-chartered affiliate banks were not required to hold stock with the FRB. Following consolidation, the capital requirements for ZB, N.A. increased. The following schedule sets forth the Company’s other noninterest-bearing investments.

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OTHER NONINTEREST-BEARING INVESTMENTS
(In millions)
March 31,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bank-owned life insurance
 
$
489

 
 
 
$
486

 
Federal Home Loan Bank stock
 
16

 
 
 
68

 
Federal Reserve stock
 
181

 
 
 
123

 
Farmer Mac stock
 
27

 
 
 
25

 
SBIC investments
 
113

 
 
 
113

 
Non-SBIC investment funds
 
22

 
 
 
24

 
Others
 
8

 
 
 
9

 
 
 
$
856

 
 
 
$
848

 
Premises and Equipment
Premises and equipment increased $20 million, or 2.2%, during the first three months of 2016 primarily due to capitalized costs associated with the development of a new corporate facility for Amegy Bank in Texas, and additionally from the capitalization of eligible costs related to the development of new lending, deposit and reporting systems.
Deposits
Deposits, both interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing, are a primary source of funding for the Company. Average total deposits for the first three months of 2016 increased by 4.4%, compared to the first three months of 2015, with average interest-bearing deposits increasing by 2.7% and average noninterest-bearing deposits increasing by 6.5%. The increase in interest and noninterest-bearing deposits were driven by increases in both personal and business customer balances. The average interest rate paid for interest-bearing deposits was 1 bp lower during the first quarter of 2016, compared to the first quarter of 2015.
Deposits at March 31, 2016, excluding time deposits $100,000 and over and brokered deposits, decreased by 0.6%, or $282 million, from December 31, 2015. The decrease was mainly due to a decrease in noninterest-bearing demand deposits and foreign deposits, partially offset by an increase in interest-bearing domestic savings and money market deposits. This decrease is cyclical in nature as companies frequently shore up their balance sheets at year-end and then reinvest some of those funds during the first quarter of each year.
Demand and savings and money market deposits were 95.4% and 95.2% of total deposits at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.
During the first three months of 2016, and throughout 2015, we maintained a low level of brokered deposits with the primary purpose of keeping that funding source available in case of a future need. At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, total deposits included $139 million and $119 million, respectively, of brokered deposits.
See “Liquidity Risk Management” on page 79 for additional information on funding and borrowed funds.
RISK ELEMENTS
Since risk is inherent in substantially all of the Company’s operations, management of risk is an integral part of its operations and is also a key determinant of its overall performance. The Board of Directors has appointed a Risk Oversight Committee (“ROC”) that consists of appointed Board members who oversee the Company’s risk management processes. The ROC meets on a regular basis to monitor and review Enterprise Risk Management (“ERM”) activities. As required by its charter, the ROC performs oversight for various ERM activities and approves ERM policies and activities as detailed in the ROC charter.
Management applies various strategies to reduce the risks to which the Company’s operations are exposed, including credit, interest rate and market, liquidity, and operational risks. These risks are overseen by the various

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management committees of which the Enterprise Risk Management Committee (“ERMC”) is the focal point for the monitoring and review of enterprise risk.
Credit Risk Management
Credit risk is the possibility of loss from the failure of a borrower, guarantor, or another obligor to fully perform under the terms of a credit-related contract. Credit risk arises primarily from our lending activities, as well as from off-balance sheet credit instruments.
The Board of Directors, through the ROC, is responsible for approving the overall policies relating to the management of the credit risk of the Company. In addition, the ROC oversees and monitors adherence to key policies and the credit risk appetite which is defined in the Risk Appetite Framework. Additionally, the Board has established the Credit Administration Committee (“CAC”), chaired by the Chief Credit Officer and consisting of members of management, to which it has delegated the responsibility for managing credit risk for the company.
Centralized oversight of credit risk is provided through credit policies, credit administration, and credit examination functions at the Parent. We separate the lending function from the credit administration function, which strengthens control over, and the independent evaluation of, credit activities. Formal loan policies and procedures provide the Company with a framework for consistent underwriting and a basis for sound credit decisions at the local banking affiliate level. In addition, we have a well-defined set of standards for evaluating our loan portfolio, and we utilize a comprehensive loan grading system to determine the risk potential in the portfolio. Furthermore, an independent internal credit examination department periodically conducts examinations of the Company’s lending departments. These examinations are designed to review credit quality, adequacy of documentation, appropriate loan grading administration, and compliance with lending policies. Credit examination reports are submitted to management and to the ROC on a regular basis. New, expanded, or modified products and services, as well as new lines of business, are approved by the New Product Review Committee.
Both the credit policy and the credit examination functions are managed centrally. Emphasis is placed on strong underwriting standards and early detection of potential problem credits in order to develop and implement action plans on a timely basis to mitigate any potential losses.
Our credit risk management strategy includes diversification of our loan portfolio. We attempt to avoid the risk of an undue concentration of credits in a particular collateral type or with an individual customer or counterparty. Generally, our loan portfolio is well diversified; however, due to the nature of our geographical footprint, there are certain significant concentrations primarily in commercial real estate (“CRE”) and oil and gas-related lending. We have adopted and adhere to concentration limits on various types of CRE lending, particularly construction and land development lending, leveraged lending, municipal lending, and oil and gas-related lending. All of these limits are continually monitored and revised as necessary. The recent growth in construction and land development loan commitments is within the established concentration limits. Our business activity is primarily with customers located within the geographical footprint of our banking affiliates.
Government Agency Guaranteed Loans
We participate in various guaranteed lending programs sponsored by U.S. government agencies, such as the SBA, FDIC, Federal Housing Authority, Veterans’ Administration, Export-Import Bank of the U.S., and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. At March 31, 2016, the guaranteed portion of these loans was approximately $438 million. Most of these loans were guaranteed by the SBA.

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The following schedule presents the composition of government agency guaranteed loans.
GOVERNMENT GUARANTEES
(Amounts in millions)
March 31, 2016
 
Percent
guaranteed
 
December 31, 2015
 
Percent
guaranteed
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial
 
$
544

 
 
 
75
%
 
 
 
$
536

 
 
 
76
%
 
Commercial real estate
 
16

 
 
 
77

 
 
 
17

 
 
 
77

 
Consumer
 
17

 
 
 
90

 
 
 
16

 
 
 
90

 
Total loans
 
$
577

 
 
 
76

 
 
 
$
569

 
 
 
76

 
Commercial Lending
The following schedule provides selected information regarding lending concentrations to certain industries in our commercial lending portfolio.
COMMERCIAL LENDING BY INDUSTRY GROUP
 
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
(Amounts in millions)
Amount
 
Percent
 
Amount
 
Percent
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Real estate, rental and leasing
$
2,401

 
11.0
%
 
$
2,355

 
11.0
%
Manufacturing
2,310

 
10.6

 
2,338

 
10.9

Retail trade
2,094

 
9.6

 
2,025

 
9.4

Mining, quarrying and oil and gas extraction
1,804

 
8.3

 
1,820

 
8.5

Wholesale trade
1,623

 
7.5

 
1,644

 
7.6

Healthcare and social assistance
1,408

 
6.5

 
1,361

 
6.3

Finance and insurance
1,396

 
6.4

 
1,325

 
6.2

Transportation and warehousing
1,232

 
5.7

 
1,219

 
5.7

Construction
1,091

 
5.0

 
1,087

 
5.1

Professional, scientific and technical services
992

 
4.6

 
860

 
4.0

Accommodation and food services
944

 
4.3

 
964

 
4.5

Other services (except Public Administration)
862

 
4.0

 
862

 
4.0

Utilities 1
808

 
3.7

 
775

 
3.6

Other 2
2,780

 
12.8

 
2,844

 
13.2

Total
$
21,745

 
100.0
%
 
$
21,479

 
100.0
%
1 
Includes primarily utilities, power, and renewable energy.
2 
No other industry group exceeds 3%.
Oil and Gas-Related Exposure
Various industries represented in the previous schedule, including mining, quarrying and oil and gas extraction, manufacturing, and transportation and warehousing, contain certain loans we categorize as oil and gas-related. At March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had approximately $4.7 billion and $4.8 billion of total oil and gas-related credit exposure, respectively. The distribution of oil and gas-related loans by customer market segment is shown in the following schedule:

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OIL AND GAS-RELATED EXPOSURE 1 
 
 
 
 
 
% of total oil and gas- related
 
 
 
 
 
% of total oil and gas- related
 
 
 
 
 
% of total oil and gas- related
(Amounts in millions)
March 31,
2016
 
 
December 31, 2015
 
 
March 31, 2015
 
Loans and leases
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Upstream – exploration and production
 
$
859

 
 
32
%
 
 
$
817

 
 
31
%
 
 
$
1,078

 
 
34
%
Midstream – marketing and transportation
 
649

 
 
24

 
 
621

 
 
23

 
 
654

 
 
21

Downstream – refining
 
129

 
 
5

 
 
127

 
 
5

 
 
141

 
 
4

Other non-services
 
43

 
 
2

 
 
44

 
 
2

 
 
57

 
 
2

Oilfield services
 
734

 
 
28

 
 
784

 
 
30

 
 
959

 
 
30

Energy service manufacturing
 
229

 
 
9

 
 
229

 
 
9

 
 
268

 
 
9

Total loan and lease balances
 
2,643

 
 
100
%
 
 
2,622

 
 
100
%
 
 
3,157

 
 
100
%
Unfunded lending commitments
 
2,021

 
 
 
 
 
2,151

 
 
 
 
 
2,432

 
 
 
Total oil and gas credit exposure
 
$
4,664

 
 
 
 
 
$
4,773

 
 


 
 
$
5,589

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Private equity investments
 
$
12

 
 
 
 
 
$
13

 
 


 
 
$
17

 
 
 
Credit quality measures
 
 
 
 
 
Criticized loan ratio
37.5
%
 
30.3
%
 
15.7
%
Classified loan ratio
26.9
%
 
19.7
%
 
9.4
%
Nonperforming loan ratio
10.8
%
 
2.5
%
 
2.1
%
Net charge-off ratio, annualized2
5.4
%
 
3.6
%
 
0.3
%
1 
Because many borrowers operate in multiple businesses, judgment has been applied in characterizing a borrower as oil and gas-related, including a particular segment of oil and gas-related activity, e.g., upstream or downstream; typically, 50% of revenues coming from the oil and gas sector is used as a guide.
2 
Calculated as the ratio of annualized net charge-offs, for each respective period, to loan balances at each period end.
During the first quarter of 2016, our overall balance of oil and gas-related loans slightly increased by $21 million, or 0.8%, compared to a decrease of $183 million, or 6.5%, during the fourth quarter of 2015. Unfunded oil and gas-related lending commitments declined by $130 million, or 6.0%, during the first quarter of 2016 primarily in the oilfield services and exploration and production portfolios, compared to a decline of $190 million, or 8.1%, during the fourth quarter of 2015.
Consistent with management’s expectations, the majority of loan downgrades in the first quarter of 2016 reflected deterioration in the financial condition of companies in the oilfield services and the exploration and production portfolios. Oil and gas-related loan net charge-offs were $36 million in the first quarter of 2016 and were predominantly in the oilfield services portfolio, compared to $24 million in the fourth quarter of 2015. Nonaccruing loans increased by $220 million in the first quarter of 2016, primarily in the exploration and production and oilfield services portfolios. Approximately 91% of oil and gas-related nonaccruing loans were current as to principal and interest payments at March 31, 2016, up from 71% at December 31, 2015. Further downgrades are likely; however, we currently believe we have established an appropriate reserve of 8.1% for the funded portfolio.
Upstream
Upstream exploration and production loans comprised approximately 32% and 31% of the oil and gas-related loans at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Many upstream borrowers have relatively balanced production between oil and gas.
We use disciplined underwriting practices to mitigate the risk associated with upstream lending activities. Upstream loans are made to reserve-based borrowers where approximately 90% of those loans are collateralized by the value of the borrower’s oil and gas reserves. Our oil and gas price deck, the pricing applied to a borrower’s reserves for underwriting purposes, has generally been below the NYMEX strip, i.e., the average of the daily settlement prices of the next 12 months’ futures contracts. Through the use of independent and third party engineers and conservative underwriting, we apply multiple discounts. These discounts often range from 10-40% of the value of the collateral

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in determining the borrowing base (commitment), and help protect credit quality against significant commodity price declines. Further, reserve-based commitments are subject to a borrowing base redetermination based on then-current energy prices, typically every six months. Generally, we have, at our option, the right to conduct additional redeterminations during the year. Borrowing bases for clients are usually set at 60-70% of available collateral after an adjustment for the discounts described above.
Upstream borrowers generally do not draw the maximum available funding on their lines, which provides the borrower additional liquidity and flexibility. The line utilization rate for upstream borrowers was approximately 60% and 57% at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. This unused commitment gives us the ability in some cases to reduce the borrowing base commitment through the redetermination process without creating a borrowing base deficiency (where outstanding debt exceeds the new borrowing base). Nevertheless, our loan agreements generally require the borrowers to maintain a certain amount of equity. Therefore, if the loan to collateral value exceeds an acceptable limit, we work with the borrowers to reinstate an acceptable collateral-value threshold. We are currently in our spring redetermination of exploration and production oil and gas-related loan borrowing bases, and we anticipate the average borrowing base of an upstream client to decline relative to the fall re-determination.
An additional metric we consider in our underwriting is a borrower’s oil and gas price hedging practices. A considerable portion of our reserve-based borrowers are hedged. As of March 31, 2016, of the upstream borrower’s risk-based estimated oil production and gas production projected in 2016, approximately 46% and 57%, respectively, is hedged based on the latest data provided by the borrowers.
Midstream
Midstream marketing and transportation loans comprised approximately 24% and 23% of the oil and gas-related exposure at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Loans in this segment are made to companies that gather, transport, treat and blend oil and natural gas, or that provide services to similar companies. The assets owned by these borrowers, which make this activity possible, are field-level gathering systems (small diameter pipe), pipelines (medium/large diameter pipe), tanks, trucks, rail cars, various water-based vessels, and natural gas treatment plants. Our midstream loans are secured by these assets, unless the borrower is rated investment-grade. A significant portion of our midstream borrowers’ revenues are derived from fee-based contracts, giving them limited exposure to commodity price risk. Since lower oil and gas prices slow the drilling and development of new oil and natural gas, but do not normally result in significant numbers of producing wells being shut in, volumes of oil and gas flowing through midstream systems usually remain relatively stable throughout oil and natural gas price cycles.
Energy Services
Energy services loans, which include oilfield services and energy service manufacturing, comprised approximately 37% and 39% of the oil and gas-related exposure at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. Energy services loans include borrowers that have a concentration of revenues in the energy industry. However, many of these borrowers provide a broad range of products and services to the energy industry and are not subject to the same volatility as new drilling activities. Many of these borrowers are diversified geographically and service both oil and gas-related drilling and production.
For energy services loans, underwriting criteria require lower leverage to compensate for the cyclical nature of the industry. During the underwriting process, we use sensitivity analysis to consider revenue and cash flow impacts resulting from oil and gas price cycles. Generally, we underwrite energy services loans to withstand a 20-50% decline in cash flows, with higher discounts for those borrowers subject to greater cyclicality.
Risk Management of the Oil and Gas-Related Portfolio
We apply concentration limits and disciplined underwriting to the entire oil and gas-related loan portfolio to limit our risk exposure. Concentration limits on oil and gas-related lending, coupled with adherence to our underwriting standards, served to constrain loan growth during the past several quarters. As an indicator of the diversity in the size of our oil and gas-related portfolio, the average amount of our commitments is approximately $7 million, with approximately 64% of the commitments less than $30 million. Additionally, there are instances where we have

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commitments to a common sponsor which, when combined, would result in higher commitment levels than $30 million. The portfolio contains only senior loans – no junior or second lien positions; additionally, we cautiously approach making first-lien loans to borrowers that employ excessive leverage through the use of junior lien loans or unsecured layers of debt. Approximately 90% of the total oil and gas-related portfolio is secured by reserves, equipment, real estate, and other collateral, or a combination of collateral types.
We participate as a lender in loans and commitments designated as Shared National Credits (“SNCs”), which generally consist of larger and more diversified borrowers that have better access to capital markets. SNCs are loans or loan commitments of at least $20 million that are shared by three or more federally supervised institutions. The percentage of SNCs is approximately 79% of the upstream portfolio, 82% of the midstream portfolio, and 50% of the energy services portfolio. Our bankers have direct access and contact with the management of these SNC borrowers, and as such, are active participants. In many cases, we provide ancillary banking services to these borrowers, further evidencing this direct relationship. Our grading methodology for SNCs has been, and continues to be, consistent with regulatory guidance.
As a secondary source of support, many of our oil and gas-related borrowers have access to capital markets and private equity sources. Private sponsors tend to be large funds, often with assets under management of more than $1 billion, managed by individuals with a great deal of energy expertise and experience and who have successfully managed energy investments through previous energy price cycles. The investors in the funds are primarily institutional investors, such as large pensions, foundations, trusts, and high net worth family offices.
We expect further downgrades in the oil and gas portfolio, primarily from the oilfield services companies; although, we currently believe we have appropriately reserved for these downgrades. The deterioration of oil and gas-related credits is transpiring consistent with our outlook and expectations from late 2014; although, future energy price volatility may result in further credit deterioration. When establishing the level of the allowance for credit losses(“ACL”), we consider multiple factors, including reduced drilling activity and additional capital raises. During the first quarter of 2016, we increased the ACL on the oil and gas portfolio by approximately $67 million, primarily due to the decline in energy prices, which contributed to an increased provision for loan losses during the quarter.


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Commercial Real Estate Loans
Selected information indicative of credit quality regarding our CRE loan portfolio is presented in the following schedule.
COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE PORTFOLIO BY LOAN TYPE AND COLLATERAL LOCATION
(Amounts in millions)
 
Collateral Location
 
 
 
 
Loan type
 
As of
date
 
Arizona
 
California
 
Colorado
 
Nevada
 
Texas
 
Utah/
Idaho
 
Wash-ington
 
Other 1
 
Total
 
% of 
total
CRE
Commercial term
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance outstanding
 
3/31/2016
 
$
1,122

 
$
3,103

 
$
438

 
$
554

 
$
1,463

 
$
1,246

 
$
270

 
$
630

 
$
8,826

 
81.8
%
% of loan type
 
 
 
12.7
%
 
35.1
%
 
5.0
%
 
6.3
%
 
16.6
%
 
14.1
%
 
3.1
%
 
7.1
%
 
100.0
%
 
 
Delinquency rates 2:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30-89 days
 
3/31/2016
 
0.3
%
 
0.1
%
 
0.4
%
 
0.3
%
 
%
 
0.1
%
 
%
 
%
 
0.1
%
 
 
 
 
12/31/2015
 
0.1
%
 
0.1
%
 
0.3
%
 
0.1
%
 
0.1
%
 
%
 
0.2
%
 
0.2
%
 
0.1
%
 
 
≥ 90 days
 
3/31/2016
 
%
 
0.5
%
 
1.4
%
 
%
 
0.1
%
 
0.2
%
 
1.0
%
 
0.9
%
 
0.4
%
 
 
 
 
12/31/2015
 
%
 
0.5
%
 
1.6
%
 
0.1
%
 
0.1
%
 
0.2
%
 
1.0
%
 
0.9
%
 
0.4
%
 
 
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more
 
3/31/2016
 
$

 
$
11

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
3

 
$
3

 
$
1

 
$
18

 
 
 
 
12/31/2015
 

 
15

 

 

 

 
3

 
3

 
1

 
22

 
 
Nonaccrual loans
 
3/31/2016
 
$
8

 
$
9

 
$
7

 
$
2

 
$
1

 
$
1

 
$

 
$
5

 
$
33

 
 
 
 
12/31/2015
 
17

 
4

 
8

 
3

 
1

 
1

 

 
6

 
40

 
 
Residential construction and land development
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance outstanding
 
3/31/2016
 
$
25

 
$
340

 
$
83

 
$

 
$
258

 
$
46

 
$
13

 
$
2

 
$
767

 
7.1
%
% of loan type
 
 
 
3.3
%
 
44.3
%
 
10.8
%
 
%
 
33.6
%
 
6.0
%
 
1.7
%
 
0.3
%
 
100.0
%
 
 
Delinquency rates 2:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30-89 days
 
3/31/2016
 
5.7
%
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
0.2
%
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
0.2
%
 
 
 
 
12/31/2015
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
0.3
%
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
0.1
%
 
 
≥ 90 days
 
3/31/2016
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
0.4
%
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
0.1
%
 
 
 
 
12/31/2015
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
0.5
%
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
0.2
%
 
 
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more
 
3/31/2016
 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
 
 
 
12/31/2015
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
Nonaccrual loans
 
3/31/2016
 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
3

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
3

 
 
 
 
12/31/2015
 

 

 

 

 
3

 

 

 

 
3

 
 
Commercial construction and land development
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Balance outstanding
 
3/31/2016
 
$
107

 
$
190

 
$
68

 
$
48

 
$
494

 
$
221

 
$
33

 
$
40

 
$
1,201

 
11.1
%
% of loan type
 
 
 
8.9
%
 
15.8
%
 
5.7
%
 
4.0
%
 
41.2
%
 
18.4
%
 
2.7
%
 
3.3
%
 
100.0
%
 
 
Delinquency rates 2:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30-89 days
 
3/31/2016
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
0.1
%
 
0.2
%
 
%
 
%
 
0.1
%
 
 
 
 
12/31/2015
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
0.1
%
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
 
≥ 90 days
 
3/31/2016
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
0.7
%
 
0.1
%
 
%
 
%
 
0.3
%
 
 
 
 
12/31/2015
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
%
 
0.7
%
 
0.4
%
 
%
 
%
 
0.4
%
 
 
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more
 
3/31/2016
 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
 
 
 
12/31/2015
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
 
Nonaccrual loans
 
3/31/2016
 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
4

 
$

 
$

 
$

 
$
4

 
 
 
 
12/31/2015
 

 

 

 

 
4

 

 

 

 
4

 
 
Total construction and land development
 
3/31/2016
 
$
132


$
530


$
151


$
48


$
752


$
267


$
46


$
42

 
$
1,968

 
 
Total commercial real estate
 
3/31/2016
 
$
1,254


$
3,633


$
589


$
602


$
2,215


$
1,513


$
316


$
672

 
$
10,794

 
100.0
%
1 
No other geography exceeds $91 million for all three loan types.
2 
Delinquency rates include nonaccrual loans.


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Approximately 25% of the CRE term loans consist of mini-perm loans as of March 31, 2016. For such loans, construction has been completed and the project has stabilized to a level that supports the granting of a mini-perm loan in accordance with our underwriting standards. Mini-perm loans generally have initial maturities of three to seven years. The remaining 75% of CRE loans are term loans with initial maturities generally of 5 to 20 years. The stabilization criteria for a project to qualify for a term loan differ by product type and include criteria related to the cash flow generated by the project, loan-to-value ratio, and occupancy rates.
Approximately $133 million, or 11%, of the commercial construction and land development portfolio at March 31, 2016 consists of acquisition and development loans. Most of these acquisition and development loans are secured by specific retail, apartment, office, or other projects. Underwriting on commercial properties is primarily based on the economic viability of the project with heavy consideration given to the creditworthiness and experience of the sponsor. We generally require that the owner’s equity be injected prior to bank advances. Remargining requirements (required equity infusions upon a decline in value of the collateral) are often included in the loan agreement along with guarantees of the sponsor. Recognizing that debt is paid via cash flow, the projected cash flows of the project are critical in the underwriting because these determine the ultimate value of the property and its ability to service debt. Therefore, in most projects (with the exception of multifamily projects) we look for substantial pre-leasing in our underwriting and we generally require a minimum projected stabilized debt service coverage ratio of 1.20 or higher, depending on the project asset class.
Within the residential construction and development sector, many of the requirements previously mentioned, such as creditworthiness and experience of the developer, up-front injection of the developer’s equity, principal curtailment requirements, and the viability of the project are also important in underwriting a residential development loan. Significant consideration is given to the likely market acceptance of the product, location, strength of the developer, and the ability of the developer to stay within budget. Progress inspections by qualified independent inspectors are routinely performed before disbursements are made.
Real estate appraisals are ordered and validated independent of the loan officer and the borrower, generally by each bank’s internal appraisal review function, which is staffed by licensed appraisers. In some cases, reports from automated valuation services are used. Appraisals are ordered from outside appraisers at the inception, renewal or, for CRE loans, upon the occurrence of any event causing a downgrade to an adverse grade (i.e., “criticized” or “classified”). We increase the frequency of obtaining updated appraisals for adversely graded credits when declining market conditions exist.
Advance rates (i.e., loan commitments) will vary based on the viability of the project and the creditworthiness of the sponsor, but our guidelines generally limit advances to 50% for raw land, 65% for land development, 65% for finished commercial lots, 75% for finished residential lots, 80% for pre-sold homes, 75% for models and homes not under contract, and 75% for commercial properties. Exceptions may be granted on a case-by-case basis.
Loan agreements require regular financial information on the project and the sponsor in addition to lease schedules, rent rolls and, on construction projects, independent progress inspection reports. The receipt of this financial information is monitored and calculations are made to determine adherence to the covenants set forth in the loan agreement. Additionally, loan-by-loan reviews of pass grade loans for all commercial and residential construction and land development loans are performed semiannually at all subsidiary banks except TCBW, which performs such reviews annually.
CRE loans are sometimes modified to increase the likelihood of collecting the maximum possible amount of our investment in the loan. In general, the existence of a guarantee that improves the likelihood of repayment is taken into consideration when analyzing a loan for impairment. If the support of the guarantor is quantifiable and documented, it is included in the potential cash flows and liquidity available for debt repayment and our impairment methodology takes into consideration this repayment source.
Additionally, when we modify or extend a loan, we give consideration to whether the borrower is in financial difficulty, and whether we have granted a concession. In determining if an interest rate concession has been granted, we consider whether the interest rate on the modified loan is equivalent to current market rates for new debt with

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similar risk characteristics. If the rate in the modification is less than current market rates, it may indicate that a concession was granted and impairment exists. However, if additional collateral is obtained or if a strong guarantor exists who is believed to be able and willing to support the loan on an extended basis, we also consider the nature and amount of the additional collateral and guarantees in the ultimate determination of whether a concession has been granted.
In general, we obtain and consider updated financial information for the guarantor as part of our determination to extend a loan. The quality and frequency of financial reporting collected and analyzed varies depending on the contractual requirements for reporting, the size of the transaction, and the strength of the guarantor.
Complete underwriting of the guarantor includes, but is not limited to, an analysis of the guarantor’s current financial statements, leverage, liquidity, global cash flow, global debt service coverage, contingent liabilities, etc. The assessment also includes a qualitative analysis of the guarantor’s willingness to perform in the event of a problem and demonstrated history of performing in similar situations. Additional analysis may include personal financial statements, tax returns, liquidity (brokerage) confirmations, and other reports, as appropriate.
A qualitative assessment is performed on a case-by-case basis to evaluate the guarantor’s experience, performance track record, reputation, performance of other related projects with which we are familiar, and willingness to work with us. We also utilize market information sources, rating, and scoring services in our assessment. This qualitative analysis coupled with a documented quantitative ability to support the loan may result in a higher-quality internal loan grade, which may reduce the level of allowance we estimate. Previous documentation of the guarantor’s financial ability to support the loan is discounted if there is any indication of a lack of willingness by the guarantor to support the loan.
In the event of default, we evaluate the pursuit of any and all appropriate potential sources of repayment, which may come from multiple sources, including the guarantee. A number of factors are considered when deciding whether or not to pursue a guarantor, including, but not limited to, the value and liquidity of other sources of repayment (collateral), the financial strength and liquidity of the guarantor, possible statutory limitations (e.g., single action rule on real estate) and the overall cost of pursuing a guarantee compared to the ultimate amount we may be able to recover. In other instances, the guarantor may voluntarily support a loan without any formal pursuit of remedies.
Due to the oil and gas price volatility, there could be a potential adverse impact on our CRE loan portfolio within Texas. Our largest credit exposures in Texas are to the multi-family, office, and retail sectors. However, compared to 2008, our CRE exposure in Texas has significantly decreased. We have a centralized review and approval process for all CRE transactions leading to more consistency and discipline in underwriting standards. The cash equity in office construction ranges from 32% to 50% depending on the level of pre-leasing compared to 2008 when cash equity for an office building was in the 20%-25% range.
Consumer Loans
We have mainly been an originator of first and second mortgages, generally considered to be of prime quality. Historically, our practice has been to sell “conforming” fixed-rate loans to third parties, including Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, for which we make representations and warranties that the loans meet certain underwriting and collateral documentation standards. It has also been our practice historically to hold variable-rate loans in our portfolio. We actively monitor loan “put-backs” (required repurchases of loans previously sold to Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac due to inadequate documentation or other reasons). Loan put-backs have been minimal over a multiple-year period. We estimate that we do not have any material risk as a result of either our foreclosure practices or loan put-backs and we have not established any reserves related to these items.
We are engaged in home equity credit line (“HECL”) lending. At both March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, our HECL portfolio totaled $2.4 billion. The following schedule describes the composition of our HECL portfolio by lien status.

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HECL PORTFOLIO BY LIEN STATUS
(In millions)
March 31, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
Secured by first deeds of trust
$
1,280

 
$
1,268

Secured by second (or junior) liens
1,153

 
1,149

Total
$
2,433

 
$
2,417

At March 31, 2016, loans representing approximately 1% of the outstanding balance in the HECL portfolio were estimated to have combined loan-to-value ratios (“CLTV”) above 100%. An estimated CLTV ratio is the ratio of our loan plus any prior lien amounts divided by the estimated current collateral value. At origination, underwriting standards for the HECL portfolio generally include a maximum 80% CLTV with high credit scores at origination.
Approximately 94% of our HECL portfolio is still in the draw period, and approximately 30% is scheduled to begin amortizing within the next five years. We regularly analyze the risk of borrower default in the event of a loan becoming fully amortizing and the risk of higher interest rates. The analysis indicates that the risk of loss from this factor is minimal in the current economic environment. The annualized net credit losses for the HECL portfolio were 3 bps and (1) bps, for the first three months of 2016 and 2015, respectively. See Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on the credit quality of this portfolio.
Nonperforming Assets
Nonperforming assets as a percentage of loans and leases and OREO increased to 1.33% at March 31, 2016, compared to 0.87% at December 31, 2015.
Total nonaccrual loans at March 31, 2016 increased $192 million from December 31, 2015, primarily due to the deterioration in the oil and gas-related loan portfolio. However, nonaccrual loans declined in the commercial real estate term and 1-4 family residential loan classes. The largest total decreases in nonaccrual loans occurred at Zions Bank.
The balance of nonaccrual loans decreases due to paydowns, charge-offs, and the return of loans to accrual status under certain conditions. If a nonaccrual loan is refinanced or restructured, the new note is immediately placed on nonaccrual. If a restructured loan performs under the new terms for at least a period of six months, the loan can be considered for return to accrual status. See “Restructured Loans” following for more information. Company policy does not allow for the conversion of nonaccrual construction and land development loans to commercial real estate term loans. See Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

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The following schedule sets forth our nonperforming assets:
NONPERFORMING ASSETS
(Amounts in millions)
 
March 31,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
 
 
 
 
 
Nonaccrual loans 1
 
$
542

 
$
350

Other real estate owned
 
10

 
7

Total nonperforming assets
 
$
552

 
$
357

 
 
 
 
 
Ratio of nonperforming assets to net loans and leases1 and other real estate owned
 
1.33
%
 
0.87
%
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more
 
$
37

 
$
32

Ratio of accruing loans past due 90 days or more to loans and leases1
 
0.09
%
 
0.08
%
Nonaccrual loans and accruing loans past due 90 days or more
 
$
579

 
$
382

Ratio of nonaccrual loans and accruing loans past due 90 days or more
to loans and leases1
 
1.39
%
 
0.94
%
Accruing loans past due 30-89 days
 
$
100

 
$
122

Nonaccrual loans current as to principal and interest payments
 
72.4
%
 
62.1
%
1 Includes loans held for sale.
Restructured Loans
TDRs are loans that have been modified to accommodate a borrower who is experiencing financial difficulties, and for whom we have granted a concession that we would not otherwise consider. TDRs increased 10.4% during the first quarter of 2016, mainly due to the deterioration in the oil and gas-related loan portfolio. Commercial loans may be modified to provide the borrower more time to complete the project, to achieve a higher lease-up percentage, to sell the property, or for other reasons. Consumer loan TDRs represent loan modifications in which a concession has been granted to the borrower who is unable to refinance the loan with another lender, or who is experiencing economic hardship. Such consumer loan TDRs may include first-lien residential mortgage loans and home equity loans.
If the restructured loan performs for at least six months according to the modified terms, and an analysis of the customer’s financial condition indicates that we are reasonably assured of repayment of the modified principal and interest, the loan may be returned to accrual status. The borrower’s payment performance prior to and following the restructuring is taken into account to determine whether a loan should be returned to accrual status.
ACCRUING AND NONACCRUING TROUBLED DEBT RESTRUCTURED LOANS
 
 
March 31,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
(In millions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Restructured loans – accruing
 
 
$
195

 
 
 
$
194

 
Restructured loans – nonaccruing
 
 
133

 
 
 
103

 
Total
 
 
$
328

 
 
 
$
297

 
In the periods following the calendar year in which a loan was restructured, a loan may no longer be reported as a TDR if it is on accrual, is in compliance with its modified terms, and yields a market rate (as determined and documented at the time of the modification or restructure). Company policy requires that the removal of TDR status be approved at the same management level that approved the upgrading of a loan’s classification. See Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding TDRs.

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TROUBLED DEBT RESTRUCTURED LOANS ROLLFORWARD
 
Three Months Ended
March 31,
(In millions)
2016
 
2015
 
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of period
$
297

 
$
343

New identified TDRs and principal increases
64

 
13

Payments and payoffs
(31
)
 
(46
)
Charge-offs
(2
)
 
(1
)
No longer reported as TDRs

 

Sales and other

 

Balance at end of period
$
328

 
$
309

Allowance for Credit Losses
The allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) consists of the ALLL (also referred to as the allowance for loan losses) and the RULC.
In analyzing the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses, we utilize a comprehensive loan grading system to determine the risk potential in the portfolio and also consider the results of independent internal credit reviews. To determine the adequacy of the allowance, our loan and lease portfolio is broken into segments based on loan type.
The following schedule shows the changes in the allowance for loan losses and a summary of loan loss experience:
SUMMARY OF LOAN LOSS EXPERIENCE
(Amounts in millions)

Three Months Ended March 31, 2016
 
Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2015
 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
Loans and leases outstanding (net of unearned income)
$
41,418

 
$
40,650

 
$
40,180

Average loans and leases outstanding (net of unearned income)
$
41,003

 
$
40,171

 
$
40,179

Allowance for loan losses:
 
 
 
 
 
Balance at beginning of period
$
606

 
$
605

 
$
605

Provision charged (credited) to earnings
42

 
40

 
(2
)
Adjustment for FDIC-supported/PCI loans

 

 

Charge-offs:
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial
(43
)
 
(111
)
 
(16
)
Commercial real estate
(1
)
 
(14
)
 
(1
)
Consumer
(4
)
 
(14
)
 
(3
)
Total
(48
)
 
(139
)
 
(20
)
Recoveries:
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial
7

 
55

 
21

Commercial real estate
3

 
35

 
14

Consumer
2

 
10

 
2

Total
12

 
100

 
37

Net loan and lease charge-offs
(36
)
 
(39
)
 
17

Balance at end of period
$
612

 
$
606

 
$
620

 
 
 
 
 
 
Ratio of annualized net charge-offs to average loans and leases
0.35
%
 
0.10
%
 
(0.17
)%
Ratio of allowance for loan losses to net loans and leases, at period end
1.48
%
 
1.49
%
 
1.54
 %
Ratio of allowance for loan losses to nonperforming loans, at period end
112.94
%
 
173.23
%
 
162.28
 %
Ratio of allowance for loan losses to nonaccrual loans and accruing loans past due 90 days or more, at period end
105.69
%
 
158.70
%
 
149.90
 %

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The total ALLL increased during the first three months of 2016 by $6 million. We increased the ALLL due to weaknesses in the oil and gas industry. This increase was partially offset by a reduction in the ALLL elsewhere, which was due to improvements in credit quality metrics outside of the oil and gas industry.
The RULC represents a reserve for potential losses associated with off-balance sheet commitments and standby letters of credit. The reserve is separately shown in the balance sheet and any related increases or decreases in the reserve are shown separately in the statement of income. At March 31, 2016, the reserve decreased by $5.8 million compared to December 31, 2015, and decreased by $13.3 million from March 31, 2015.
See Note 6 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information related to the ACL and credit trends experienced in each portfolio segment.
Interest Rate and Market Risk Management
Interest rate and market risk are managed centrally. Interest rate risk is the potential for reduced net interest income and other rate sensitive income resulting from adverse changes in the level of interest rates. Market risk is the potential for loss arising from adverse changes in the fair value of fixed income securities, equity securities, other earning assets, and derivative financial instruments as a result of changes in interest rates or other factors. As a financial institution that engages in transactions involving an array of financial products, we are exposed to both interest rate risk and market risk.
The Company’s Board of Directors is responsible for approving the overall policies relating to the management of the financial risk of the Company, including interest rate and market risk management. In addition, the Board establishes and periodically revises policy limits and reviews limit exceptions reported by management. The Board has established the Asset/Liability Committee (“ALCO”) consisting of members of management, to which it has delegated the responsibility of managing interest rate and market risk for the Company. ALCO is primarily responsible for managing interest rate and market risk.
Interest Rate Risk
Interest rate risk is one of the most significant risks to which we are regularly exposed. In general, our goal in managing interest rate risk is to have net interest income increase in a rising interest rate environment. We refer to this goal as being “asset-sensitive.” This approach is based on our belief that in a rising interest rate environment, the market cost of equity, or implied rate at which future earnings are discounted, would also tend to rise.
Due to the low level of rates, there is limited sensitivity to falling rates at the current time, and we have tended to operate near interest rate risk “triggers” and appetites to be appropriately positioned in light of prevailing market conditions in order to maximize shareholder value. However, if interest rates remain at their current historically low levels, given our asset sensitivity, we would expect the NIM to be under continuing modest pressure assuming a balance sheet that is static in size. Additionally, market participants have recently contemplated the possibility of negative rates in the U.S. markets which would likely have a more negative impact on the NIM. In order to mitigate this pressure we have been deploying cash into short-to-medium duration agency pass-through securities. Additionally, we have increased the use of interest rate swaps designated as cash flow hedges to synthetically convert floating-rate assets to fixed-rate. Over time these actions are expected to somewhat reduce our asset sensitivity compared to previous periods, while improving current earnings.
Interest Rate Risk Measurement
We monitor interest rate risk through the use of two complementary measurement methods: net interest income simulation and Economic Value of Equity at Risk (“EVE”). In the net interest income simulation method, we analyze the expected change in net interest income in response to changes in interest rates. In the EVE method, we measure the expected changes in the fair value of equity in response to changes in interest rates.
Net interest income simulation is an estimate of the total net interest income that would be recognized under different rate environments. Net interest income is measured under several parallel and nonparallel interest rate environments and deposit repricing assumptions, taking into account an estimate of the possible exercise of

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embedded options within the portfolio (e.g., a borrower’s ability to refinance a loan under a lower rate environment). Our policy contains a trigger for a 10% decline in rate sensitive income as well as a risk capacity of a 13% decline if rates were to immediately rise or fall in parallel by 200 bps. This trigger and risk capacity apply to both the fast and the slow deposit assumptions.
EVE is calculated as the fair value of all assets minus the fair value of liabilities. We measure changes in the dollar amount of EVE for parallel shifts in interest rates. Due to embedded optionality and asymmetric rate risk, changes in EVE can be useful in quantifying risks not apparent for small rate changes. Examples of such risks may include out-of-the-money interest rate caps (or limits) on loans, which have little effect under small rate movements but may become important if large rate changes were to occur, or substantial prepayment deceleration for low rate mortgages in a higher rate environment.
The following schedule presents the formal EVE limits we have adopted. Exceptions to the EVE limits are subject to notification and approval by the ROC. In the normal course of business, we evaluated our limits and made changes to reflect its current balance sheet management objectives. These changes are reflected in the following schedule.
ECONOMIC VALUE OF EQUITY DECLINE LIMITS
Parallel change in interest rates
 
Trigger decline in EVE
 
Risk capacity decline in EVE
 
 
 
 
 
+/- 200 bps
 
8
%
 
10
%
 +/- 400 bps
 
21
%
 
25
%
Estimating the impact on net interest income and EVE requires that we assess a number of variables and make various assumptions in managing our exposure to changes in interest rates. The assessments address deposit withdrawals and deposit product migration (e.g., customers moving money from checking accounts to certificates of deposit), competitive pricing (e.g., existing loans and deposits are assumed to roll into new loans and deposits at similar spreads relative to benchmark interest rates), loan and security prepayments, and the effects of other similar embedded options. As a result of uncertainty about the maturity and repricing characteristics of both deposits and loans, we estimate ranges of possible net interest income and EVE results under a variety of assumptions and scenarios. The modeled results are highly sensitive to the assumptions used for deposits that do not have specific maturities, such as checking, savings and money market accounts, and also to prepayment assumptions used for loans with prepayment options. We use historical regression analysis as a guide to setting such assumptions; however, due to the current low interest rate environment, which has little historical precedent, estimated deposit durations may not reflect actual future results. Additionally, competition for funding in the marketplace has and may again result in changes of deposit pricing on interest-bearing accounts that is greater or less than changes in benchmark interest rates such as LIBOR or the federal funds rate.
Under most rising interest rate environments, we would expect some customers to move balances in demand deposits to interest-bearing accounts such as money market, savings, or CDs. The models are particularly sensitive to the assumption about the rate of such migration. In order to capture the sensitivity of our models to this risk, we estimate a range of possible outcomes for interest sensitivity under “fast” and “slow” movements of client funds out of noninterest-bearing deposits and into interest-bearing sources of funds.
In addition, we assume certain correlation rates, often referred to as a “deposit beta,” of interest-bearing deposits, wherein the rates paid to customers change at a different pace when compared to changes in benchmark interest rates. Generally, certificates of deposit are assumed to have a high correlation rate, while interest-on-checking accounts are assumed to have a lower correlation rate. Actual results may differ materially due to factors including competitive pricing, money supply, credit worthiness of the Company, and so forth; however, we use our historical experience as well as industry data to inform our assumptions.

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The aforementioned migration and correlation assumptions result in deposit durations presented in the following schedule:
DEPOSIT ASSUMPTIONS
 
 
March 31, 2016
 
 
Fast
 
Slow
Product
 
Effective duration (unchanged)
 
Effective duration (+200 bps)
 
Effective duration (unchanged)
 
Effective duration (+200 bps)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Demand deposits
 
2.3
%
 
1.5
%
 
2.7
%
 
2.2
%
Money market
 
1.5
%
 
1.2
%
 
1.9
%
 
1.6
%
Savings and interest-on-checking
 
2.7
%
 
1.9
%
 
3.3
%
 
2.7
%
As of the dates indicated and incorporating the assumptions previously described, the following schedule shows our estimated percentage change in net interest income, based on a static balance sheet size, in the first year after the interest rate change if interest rates were to sustain immediate parallel changes ranging from -100 bps to +300 bps.
INCOME SIMULATION – CHANGE IN NET INTEREST INCOME
 
 
March 31, 2016
 
 
Parallel shift in rates (in bps)1
Repricing scenario
 
-100
 
0
 
+100
 
+200
 
+300
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fast
 
(5.1
)%
 
%
 
5.5
%
 
9.4
%
 
11.9
%
Slow
 
(5.8
)%
 
%
 
8.2
%
 
15.7
%
 
22.3
%
1 
Assumes rates cannot go below zero in the negative rate shift.
For comparative purposes, the December 31, 2015 balances are presented in the following schedule.
 
 
December 31, 2015
 
 
Parallel shift in rates (in bps)1
Repricing scenario
 
-100
 
0
 
+100
 
+200
 
+300
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fast
 
(4.2
)%
 
%
 
5.0
%
 
8.6
%
 
11.1
%
Slow
 
(5.0
)%
 
%
 
8.0
%
 
15.5
%
 
22.2
%
1 
Assumes rates cannot go below zero in the negative rate shift.
The decrease in interest rate sensitivity was driven by purchases of securities and loan growth.
As of the dates indicated and incorporating the assumptions previously described, the following schedule shows our estimated percentage change in EVE under parallel interest rate changes ranging from -100 bps to +300 bps.
CHANGES IN ECONOMIC VALUE OF EQUITY
 
 
March 31, 2016
Repricing scenario
 
-100 bps
 
0 bps
 
+100 bps
 
+200 bps
 
+300 bps
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fast
 
5.4
%
 
%
 
1.1
%
 
%
 
(2.9
)%
Slow
 
4.7
%
 
%
 
4.6
%
 
7.5
%
 
8.9
 %

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For comparative purposes, we applied the new model to the December 31, 2015 balances; these results are presented in the following schedule.
 
 
December 31, 2015
Repricing scenario
 
-100 bps
 
0 bps
 
+100 bps
 
+200 bps
 
+300 bps
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fast
 
(1.8
)%
 
%
 
0.4
%
 
(1.3
)%
 
(4.5
)%
Slow
 
(1.1
)%
 
%
 
3.9
%
 
6.1
 %
 
7.2
 %
Our focus on business banking also plays a significant role in determining the nature of the Company’s asset-liability management posture. At March 31, 2016, $18.3 billion of the Company’s commercial lending and CRE loan balances were scheduled to reprice in the next six months. Of these variable-rate loans approximately 96% are tied to either the prime rate or LIBOR. For these variable-rate loans we have executed $1.4 billion of cash flow hedges by receiving fixed-rates on interest rate swaps. Additionally, asset sensitivity is reduced due to $1.5 billion of variable-rate loans being priced at floored rates at March 31, 2016, which were above the “index plus spread” rate by an average of 62 bps. At March 31, 2016, we also had $3.1 billion of variable-rate consumer loans scheduled to reprice in the next six months. Of these variable-rate consumer loans approximately $0.7 billion were priced at floored rates, which were above the “index plus spread” rate by an average of 67 bps. See Notes 7 and 10 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding derivative instruments.
Market Risk – Fixed Income
We engage in the underwriting and trading of municipal securities. This trading activity exposes us to a risk of loss arising from adverse changes in the prices of these fixed income securities.
At March 31, 2016, we had a relatively small amount, $66 million, of trading assets and $7 million of securities sold, not yet purchased, compared with $48 million and $30 million, at December 31, 2015.
We are exposed to market risk through changes in fair value. We are also exposed to market risk for interest rate swaps used to hedge interest rate risk. Changes in the fair value of AFS securities and in interest rate swaps that qualify as cash flow hedges are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”) for each financial reporting period. During the first quarter of 2016, the after-tax change in AOCI attributable to AFS and HTM securities improved by $32 million, due largely to changes in the interest rate environment, compared to a $12 million improvement in the same prior year period.
Market Risk – Equity Investments
Through our equity investment activities, we own equity securities that are publicly traded. In addition, we own equity securities in companies and governmental entities, e.g., Federal Reserve Bank and FHLBs, that are not publicly traded. The accounting for equity investments may use the cost, fair value, equity, or full consolidation methods of accounting, depending on our ownership position and degree of involvement in influencing the investees’ affairs. Regardless of the accounting method, the value of our investment is subject to fluctuation. Because the fair value of these securities may fall below our investment costs, we are exposed to the possibility of loss. Equity investments in private and public companies are approved, monitored and evaluated by the Company’s Equity Investment Committee consisting of members of management.
We hold both direct and indirect investments in predominately pre-public companies through various SBIC venture capital funds. Our equity exposure to these investments was approximately $113 million at March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015. On occasion, some of the companies within our SBIC investments may issue an initial public offering. In this case, the fund is generally subject to a lockout period before liquidating the investment which can introduce additional market risk. As of March 31, 2016 we had direct SBIC investments of approximately $22 million of publicly traded stocks.
Additionally, Amegy has an alternative investments portfolio. These investments are primarily directed towards equity buyout and mezzanine funds with a key strategy of deriving ancillary commercial banking business from the portfolio companies. Early stage venture capital funds are generally not a part of the strategy because the underlying

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companies are typically not creditworthy. The carrying value of Amegys equity investments was $19 million at March 31, 2016 and $21 million at December 31, 2015.
These PEIs are subject to the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The VR of the Dodd-Frank Act, as published in December 2013 and amended in January 2014, prohibits banks and bank holding companies from holding PEIs beyond July 21, 2016, as currently extended, except for SBIC funds. The FRB has announced its intention to grant an additional one-year extension to July 21, 2017. As of March 31, 2016, such prohibited PEIs amounted to $16 million, with an additional $6 million of unfunded commitments (see Notes 5 and 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information). We currently do not believe that this divestiture requirement will ultimately have a material impact on our financial statements.
Our earnings from these investments, and the potential volatility of these earnings, are expected to decline over the next several years and will ultimately cease.
Liquidity Risk Management
Liquidity risk is the possibility that our cash flows may not be adequate to fund our ongoing operations and meet our commitments in a timely and cost-effective manner. Since liquidity risk is closely linked to both credit risk and market risk, many of the previously discussed risk control mechanisms also apply to the monitoring and management of liquidity risk. We manage our liquidity to provide adequate funds to meet our anticipated financial and contractual obligations, including withdrawals by depositors, debt and capital service requirements, and lease obligations, as well as to fund customers’ needs for credit. The management of liquidity and funding is performed centrally for the Parent and jointly by the Parent and bank management for its subsidiary bank.
Consolidated cash, interest-bearing deposits held as investments, and security resell agreements at the Parent and its subsidiaries decreased to $5.1 billion at March 31, 2016 from $7.4 billion at December 31, 2015. The $2.3 billion decrease during the first three months of 2016 resulted primarily from (1) an increase in investment securities, (2) net loan originations, and (3) a decrease in deposits. These decreases were partially offset by net cash provided by operating activities.
During the first three months of 2016, our investment securities increased by $1.2 billion. This increase was primarily due to an increase in the purchases of short-to-medium duration agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities. We have been adding to our investment portfolio during the past several quarters to increase our permanent HQLA position in light of the new LCR rules and more broadly, to manage balance sheet liquidity more effectively. We expect to continue to deploy cash and short-term investments into HQLA in the next several quarters.

The Company has adopted policy limits that govern liquidity risk. The policy requires the Company to maintain a buffer of highly liquid assets sufficient to cover cash outflows as the result of a severe liquidity crisis. The Company targets a buffer of highly liquid assets at the Parent to cover 18-24 months of cash outflows under a scenario with limited cash inflows, and maintains a minimum policy limit of not less than 12 months. Throughout the first three months of 2016 and as of March 31, 2016, the Company complied with this policy.
Liquidity Regulation
In September 2014, U.S. banking regulators issued a final rule that implements a quantitative liquidity requirement in the U.S. generally consistent with the LCR minimum liquidity measure established under the Basel III liquidity framework. Under this rule, we are subject to a modified LCR standard, which requires a financial institution to hold an adequate amount of unencumbered HQLA that can be converted into cash easily and immediately in private markets to meet its liquidity needs for a short-term liquidity stress scenario. This rule became applicable to us on January 1, 2016. The Company exceeds the regulatory requirements of the Modified LCR that mandates a buffer of HQLA to cover 70% of 30-day cash outflows under the assumptions mandated in the Final Liquidity Rule. ZB, N.A. maintains a buffer of highly liquid assets consisting of cash, U.S. Agency, and U.S. Government Sponsored Entity securities to cover 30-day cash outflows under liquidity stress tests and maintains a contingency funding plan to identify funding sources that would be utilized over the extended 12-month horizon.

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The Basel III liquidity framework includes a second minimum liquidity measure, the Net Stable Funding Ratio (“NSFR”), which requires a financial institution to maintain a stable funding profile over a one-year period in relation to the characteristics of its on- and off-balance sheet activities. On October 31, 2014, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision issued its final standards for this ratio, entitled Basel III: The Net Stable Funding Ratio. On May 3, 2016, the FRB issued a proposal requiring bank holding companies with less than $250 million of assets, but more than $50 billion of assets, to cover 70% of 1-year cash outflows under the assumptions required in the proposed NSFR Rule. Under the proposal, bank holding companies would be required to publicly disclose information about the NSFR levels each quarter. The proposal would be effective January 1, 2018. We continue to monitor this proposal and any other developments. Based on this Basel III publication and the FRB proposal, we believe we would meet the minimum NSFR if such requirement were currently effective.
We are required by the requirements of the Enhanced Prudent Standards for liquidity management (Reg. YY) to conduct monthly liquidity stress tests. These tests incorporate scenarios designed by us subject to review by the FRB. The Company’s internal liquidity stress testing program as contained in its policy complies with these requirements. Additionally, the Company performs monthly liquidity stress testing using a set of internally generated scenarios representing severe liquidity constraints over a 12-month horizon.
Parent Company Liquidity
The Parent’s cash requirements consist primarily of debt service, investments in and advances to subsidiaries, operating expenses, income taxes, and dividends to preferred and common shareholders. The Parent’s cash needs are usually met through dividends from its subsidiaries, interest and investment income, subsidiaries’ proportionate share of current income taxes, and long-term debt and equity issuances.
Cash, interest-bearing deposits held as investments, and security resell agreements at the Parent remained stable and were $0.8 billion at March 31, 2016 compared to $0.9 billion at December 31, 2015. This $0.1 billion decrease resulted primarily from interest payments and dividends on our common and preferred stock.
At March 31, 2016, the Parent’s long-term debt maturities during the remainder of 2016 consist of a senior note with a carrying value $89 million due on June 20, 2016. At March 31, 2016, maturities of our long-term senior and subordinated debt ranged from June 2016 to September 2028.
See “Capital Management” for discussion regarding the tender offer of $120 million for certain of the Company’s preferred stock.
During the first three months of 2016, the Parent did not receive dividends on its common or preferred stock. During the first three months of 2015, the Parent received $44 million from its subsidiaries for dividends on common stock and return of common equity and $10 million from dividends on preferred stock. At March 31, 2016, ZB, N.A. had approximately $494 million available for the payment of dividends under current capital regulations. The dividends that ZB, N.A. can pay to the Parent are restricted by current and historical earning levels, retained earnings, and risk-based and other regulatory capital requirements and limitations.
General financial market and economic conditions impact our access to, and cost of, external financing. Access to funding markets for the Parent and subsidiary banks is also directly affected by the credit ratings received from various rating agencies. The ratings not only influence the costs associated with the borrowings, but can also influence the sources of the borrowings. The debt ratings and outlooks issued by the various rating agencies for the Company and ZB, N.A. did not change during the first three months of 2016, except Moody’s upgraded the Company’s outlook to positive from stable. Standard & Poor’s, Fitch, Dominion Bond Rating Service, and Kroll all rate the Company’s senior debt at an investment-grade level, while Moody’s rates the Company’s senior debt as Ba1 (one notch below investment-grade). In addition, all of the previously mentioned rating agencies, except Kroll, rate the Company’s subordinated debt as noninvestment-grade.

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The following schedule presents the Parent’s balance sheets as of March 31, 2016, December 31, 2015, and March 31, 2015.
PARENT ONLY CONDENSED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands)
March 31,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
 
March 31,
2015
ASSETS
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and due from banks
$
20,011

 
$
18,375

 
$
22,864

Interest-bearing deposits
54,340

 
775,649

 
1,025,878

Security resell agreements
750,000

 
100,000

 

Investment securities:
 
 
 
 
 
Available-for-sale, at fair value
44,585

 
45,168

 
162,745

Other noninterest-bearing investments
29,840

 
28,178

 
31,471

Investments in subsidiaries:
 
 
 
 
 
Commercial banks and bank holding company
7,461,467

 
7,312,654

 
7,153,279

Other subsidiaries
80,488

 
84,010

 
93,125

Receivables from subsidiaries:
 
 
 
 
 
Other subsidiaries
60

 
60

 
23,060

Other assets
83,134

 
78,728

 
87,385

 
$
8,523,925

 
$
8,442,822

 
$
8,599,807

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
 
 
 
 
 
Other liabilities
$
96,609

 
$
123,849

 
$
84,670

Subordinated debt to affiliated trusts
164,950

 
164,950

 
168,043

Long-term debt:
 
 
 
 
 
Due to affiliates

 

 
250

Due to others
636,629

 
646,504

 
892,546

Total liabilities
898,188

 
935,303

 
1,145,509

Shareholders’ equity:
 
 
 
 
 
Preferred stock
828,490

 
828,490

 
1,004,032

Common stock
4,777,630

 
4,766,731

 
4,728,556

Retained earnings
2,031,270

 
1,966,910

 
1,836,619

Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(11,653
)
 
(54,612
)
 
(114,909
)
Total shareholders’ equity
7,625,737

 
7,507,519

 
7,454,298

 
$
8,523,925

 
$
8,442,822

 
$
8,599,807

The Parent’s cash payments for interest, reflected in operating expenses, decreased to $6 million during the first three months of 2016 from $9 million during the first three months of 2015 due to the maturity and repayment of debt during 2015. Additionally, the Parent recorded approximately $25 million of total dividends on preferred stock and common stock for the first three months of 2016 compared to $24 million for the first three months of 2015.
Subsidiary Bank Liquidity
ZB, N.A.’s primary source of funding is its core deposits, consisting of demand, savings and money market deposits, and time deposits under $250,000. On a consolidated basis, the Company’s loan to total deposit ratio increased to 83.0% at March 31, 2016, compared to 80.7% at December 31, 2015.
Total deposits decreased by $0.5 billion to $49.9 billion at March 31, 2016, compared to $50.4 billion at December 31, 2015, primarily as a result of a $0.4 billion decrease in noninterest-bearing demand deposits and a $74 million decrease in foreign deposits. This increase was partially offset by a $52 million decrease in savings and money market deposits. Also, during the first three months of 2016, ZB, N.A. redeployed approximately $1.2 billion of cash to short-to-medium duration agency guaranteed mortgage-backed securities. ZB, N.A.’s long-term senior debt ratings were the same as the Parent, except Standard & Poor’s was BBB and Kroll’s was BBB+, compared to BBB- for Standard & Poor’s and BBB for Kroll for the Company.
The FHLB system and Federal Reserve Banks have been and are a source of back-up liquidity, and from time to time, have been a significant source of funding. ZB, N.A. is a member of the FHLB of Des Moines. The FHLB

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allows member banks to borrow against their eligible loans to satisfy liquidity and funding requirements. The bank is required to invest in FHLB and Federal Reserve stock to maintain their borrowing capacity.
At March 31, 2016, the amount available for additional FHLB and Federal Reserve borrowings was approximately $17.1 billion, compared to $13.4 billion at December 31, 2015. Loans with a carrying value of approximately $25.3 billion at March 31, 2016 and $19.4 billion at December 31, 2015 have been pledged at the Federal Reserve and various the FHLB as collateral for current and potential borrowings. We had no long or short-term FHLB or Federal Reserve borrowings outstanding at March 31, 2016 or December 31, 2015. At March 31, 2016, our total investment in FHLB and Federal Reserve stock was $16 million and $181 million, respectively, compared to $68 million and $123 million at December 31, 2015.
Our investment activities can provide or use cash, depending on the asset liability management posture taken. During the first three months of 2016, HTM and AFS investment securities’ activities resulted in a net increase in investment securities and a net $1.1 billion decrease in cash, compared with a net $539 million decrease in cash for the first three months of 2015, reflecting our purchase of HQLAs.
Maturing balances in ZB, N.A.’s loan portfolios also provide additional flexibility in managing cash flows. Lending and purchase activity for the first three months of 2016 resulted in a net cash outflow of $808 million compared to a net cash outflow of $100 million for the first three months of 2015.
A more comprehensive discussion of liquidity management is contained in our 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Operational Risk Management
Operational risk is the risk to current or anticipated earnings or capital arising from inadequate or failed internal processes or systems, human errors or misconduct, or adverse external events. In our ongoing efforts to identify and manage operational risk, we have an ERM department whose responsibility is to help employees, management and the Board of Directors to assess, understand, measure, and monitor risk in accordance with our Risk Appetite Framework. We have documented both controls and the Control Self-Assessment related to financial reporting under the 2013 framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991.
To manage and minimize our operational risk, we have in place transactional documentation requirements; systems and procedures to monitor transactions and positions; systems and procedures to detect and mitigate attempts to commit fraud, penetrate our systems or telecommunications, access customer data, and/or deny normal access to those systems to our legitimate customers; regulatory compliance reviews; and periodic reviews by the Company’s Internal Audit and Credit Examination departments. Reconciliation procedures have been established to ensure that data processing systems consistently and accurately capture critical data. Further, we undertake significant efforts to maintain contingency and business continuity plans for operational support in the event of natural or other disasters. We also mitigate operational risk through the purchase of insurance, including errors and omissions and professional liability insurance.
We are continually improving our oversight of operational risk, including enhancement of risk identification, risk and control self-assessments, and antifraud measures, which are reported on a regular basis to enterprise management committees. The Operational Risk Committee reports to the ERMC, which reports to the ROC. Additional measures have been taken to increase oversight by ERM and Operational Risk Management through the strengthening of new product reviews, enhancements to the Vendor Management and Vendor Risk Management framework, enhancements to the Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery program, and the establishment of Fraud Risk Oversight, Incident Response Oversight and Technology Project Oversight programs. Significant enhancements have also been made to governance and reporting, including the establishment of Policy and Committee Governance programs and the creation of an Enterprise Risk Profile and Operational Risk Profile.
The number and sophistication of attempts to disrupt or penetrate our critical systems, sometimes referred to as hacking, cyberfraud, cyberattacks, cyberterrorism, or other similar names, also continue to grow. On a daily basis, the Company, its customers, and other financial institutions are subject to a large number of such attempts. We have

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established systems and procedures to monitor, thwart or mitigate damage from such attempts. However, in some instances we, or our customers, have been victimized by cyberfraud (our related losses have not been material), or some of our customers have been temporarily unable to routinely access our online systems as a result of, for example, distributed denial of service attacks. We continue to review this area of our operations to help ensure that we manage this risk in an effective manner
CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
We believe that a strong capital position is vital to continued profitability and to promoting depositor and investor confidence.
Capital Plan and Stress Tests
As a bank holding company with assets greater than $50 billion, we are required by the Dodd-Frank Act to participate in annual stress tests known as the Dodd-Frank Act Stress Test (“DFAST”) and Federal Reserve’s Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (“CCAR”). We timely submitted our 2016 capital plan and stress test results to the FRB on April 4, 2016. In our capital plan, we were required to forecast, under a variety of economic scenarios, for nine quarters ending the first quarter of 2018, our estimated regulatory capital ratios, including our Common Equity Tier 1 (“CET1”) ratio, under Basel III rules.
In addition, our Dodd-Frank Act mid-cycle stress test, based upon the Company’s June 30, 2016 financial position, is due on October 5, 2016. Our most recent completed mid-cycle stress test, submitted during the second quarter of 2015, demonstrated that we maintained sufficient capital to withstand a severe economic downturn. Detailed disclosure of the mid-cycle stress test results can be found on the Company’s website. Under the implementing regulations for CCAR, a bank holding company may generally raise and redeem capital, pay dividends, and repurchase stock and take similar capital-related actions only under a capital plan as to which the FRB has not objected. We anticipate that the FRB will opine on our capital plan towards the end of the second quarter.
On April 25, 2016, the Company launched a tender offer for up to $120 million par amount of certain outstanding shares of preferred stock. This $120 million is the remaining amount of the $300 million total reduction of preferred stock that was included in our 2015 capital plan, to which the Federal Reserve did not object.
Basel III
The Basel III capital rules, which effectively replaced the Basel I rules, became effective for the Company on January 1, 2015 (subject to phase-in periods for certain of their components). Basel III requirements established a new comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations. Under prior Basel I capital standards, the effects of AOCI items included in capital were excluded for purposes of determining regulatory capital and capital ratios. As a “non-advanced approaches banking organization,” we made a one-time permanent election as of January 1, 2015 to continue to exclude these items, as allowed under the Basel III Capital Rules.

We met all capital adequacy requirements under the Basel III Capital Rules based upon phase-in rules as of March 31, 2016, and believe that we would meet all capital adequacy requirements on a fully phased-in basis if such requirements were currently effective.
A detailed discussion of Basel III requirements, including implications for the Company, is contained on page 9 in “Supervision and Regulation” under Part 1, Item 1 in our 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Capital Management Actions
Total shareholders’ equity increased by $118 million to $7.6 billion at March 31, 2016 from $7.5 billion at December 31, 2015. The increase in total shareholders’ equity is primarily due to net income of $90 million and to an improvement of $32 million in the fair value of the Company’s AFS securities portfolio due largely to changes in the interest rate environment, partially offset by $24 million of dividends recorded on preferred and common stock.
Our quarterly dividend on common stock remained at $0.06 per share during the first quarter of 2016. The dividend rate was increased to $0.06 per share during the second quarter of 2015 from $0.04 per share. We paid $12.4 million

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in dividends on common stock during the first three months of 2016 compared with $8.2 million during the first three months of 2015. During its April 2016 meeting, the Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.06 per common share payable on May 26, 2016 to shareholders of record on May19, 2016.
We recorded dividends on preferred stock of $11.7 million and $16.7 million for the first three months of 2016 and 2015, respectively. Dividends on preferred stock recorded in the first three months of 2016 were $3.3 million lower than preferred stock dividends paid, while dividends on preferred stock recorded in the first three months of 2015 were $1.7 million higher than preferred stock dividends paid.
Capital Ratios
Banking organizations are required by capital regulations to maintain adequate levels of capital as measured by several regulatory capital ratios.
The following schedule shows the Company’s capital and performance ratios as of March 31, 2016, December 31, 2015, and March 31, 2015.
CAPITAL RATIOS
 
March 31,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
 
March 31,
2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tangible common equity ratio
9.92
%
 
9.63
%
 
9.58
%
Tangible equity ratio
11.35
%
 
11.05
%
 
11.35
%
Average equity to average assets (three months ended)
12.95
%
 
12.93
%
 
13.04
%
Basel III risk-based capital ratios1:
 
 
 
 
 
Common equity tier 1 capital
12.13%
 
12.22%
 
11.95
%
Tier 1 leverage
11.44%
 
11.26%
 
11.75
%
Tier 1 risk-based
13.87%
 
14.08%
 
14.16
%
Total risk-based
15.97%
 
16.12%
 
16.22
%
Return on average common equity (three months ended)
4.67
%
 
5.17
%
 
4.77
%
Tangible return on average tangible common equity (three months ended)
5.59
%
 
6.20
%
 
5.80
%
 
1 
Basel III capital ratios became effective January 1, 2015 and are based on the applicable phase-in periods.
At March 31, 2016, Basel III regulatory tier 1 risk-based capital and total risk-based capital was $6.6 billion and $7.6 billion, respectively, compared to $6.6 billion and $7.5 billion, respectively as of December 31, 2015.
A more comprehensive discussion of our capital management is contained in our 2015 Annual Report on
Form 10-K.
GAAP to NON-GAAP RECONCILIATIONS
1. Tangible return on average tangible common equity
This Form 10-Q presents “tangible return on average tangible common equity” which excludes, net of tax, the amortization of core deposit and other intangibles from net earnings applicable to common shareholders, and average goodwill and core deposit and other intangibles from average common equity.

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TANGIBLE RETURN ON AVERAGE TANGIBLE COMMON EQUITY (NON-GAAP)
 
 
Three Months Ended
(Amounts in thousands)
 
March 31,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
 
March 31,
2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net earnings applicable to common shareholders (GAAP)
 
$
78,777

 
$
88,197

 
$
75,279

Adjustment, net of tax:
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amortization of core deposit and other intangibles
 
1,249

 
1,446

 
1,496

Net earnings applicable to common shareholders, excluding the effects of the adjustment, net of tax (non-GAAP)
(a)
$
80,026

 
$
89,643


$
76,775

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Average common equity (GAAP)
 
$
6,786,977

 
$
6,765,737

 
$
6,405,305

Average goodwill
 
(1,014,129
)
 
(1,014,129
)
 
(1,014,129
)
Average core deposit and other intangibles
 
(15,379
)
 
(17,453
)
 
(24,355
)
Average tangible common equity (non-GAAP)
(b)
$
5,757,469

 
$
5,734,155

 
$
5,366,821

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Number of days in quarter
(c)
91

 
92

 
90

Number of days in year
(d)
366

 
365

 
365

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Tangible return on average tangible common equity (non-GAAP)
(a/b/c)*d
5.59
%
 
6.20
%
 
5.80
%
2. Total shareholders’ equity to tangible equity and tangible common equity
This Form 10-Q presents “tangible equity” and “tangible common equity” which excludes goodwill and core deposit and other intangibles for both measures and preferred stock for tangible common equity.
TANGIBLE EQUITY (NON-GAAP) AND TANGIBLE COMMON EQUITY (NON-GAAP)
(Amounts in thousands)
 
March 31,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
 
March 31,
2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total shareholders’ equity (GAAP)
 
$
7,625,737

 
$
7,507,519

 
$
7,454,298

Goodwill
 
(1,014,129
)
 
(1,014,129
)
 
(1,014,129
)
Core deposit and other intangibles
 
(14,259
)
 
(16,272
)
 
(23,162
)
Tangible equity (non-GAAP)
(a)
6,597,349

 
6,477,118

 
6,417,007

Preferred stock
 
(828,490
)
 
(828,490
)
 
(1,004,032
)
Tangible common equity (non-GAAP)
(b)
$
5,768,859

 
$
5,648,628

 
$
5,412,975

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total assets (GAAP)
 
$
59,179,913

 
$
59,664,543

 
$
57,550,232

Goodwill
 
(1,014,129
)
 
(1,014,129
)
 
(1,014,129
)
Core deposit and other intangibles
 
(14,259
)
 
(16,272
)
 
(23,162
)
Tangible assets (non-GAAP)
(c)
$
58,151,525

 
$
58,634,142

 
$
56,512,941

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common shares outstanding
(d)
204,544

 
204,417

 
203,193

Tangible equity ratio
(a/c)
11.35
%
 
11.05
%
 
11.35
%
Tangible common equity ratio
(b/c)
9.92
%
 
9.63
%
 
9.58
%
Tangible book value per common share
(b/d)
$
28.20

 
$
27.63

 
$
26.64


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3. Efficiency ratio and adjusted pre-provision net revenue
This Form 10-Q presents calculations of “efficiency ratio” and adjusted PPNR that include adjustments for certain line items and amounts in noninterest expense and noninterest income. The following schedule provides a reconciliation of noninterest expense (GAAP), taxable-equivalent net interest income (GAAP) and noninterest income (GAAP) to the efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) and adjusted PPNR (non-GAAP). The schedule also shows the efficiency ratio and adjusted PPNR for six month periods, in addition to the three month periods, in order to illustrate the trend over longer periods as quarterly fluctuations may not be reflective of the prevailing trend, while yearly results may not accurately reflect the pace of change.
EFFICIENCY RATIO AND ADJUSTED PRE-PROVISION NET REVENUE
(Amounts in thousands)
 
Three Months Ended
 
Six Months Ended
 
March 31,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
 
March 31,
2015
 
March 31,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
 
March 31,
2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noninterest expense (GAAP)
(a)
$
395,573

 
$
397,353

 
$
392,977

 
$
792,926

 
$
391,280

 
$
815,643

Adjustments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Severance costs
 
3,471

 
3,581

 
2,253

 
7,052

 
3,464

 
4,000

Other real estate expense, net
 
(1,329
)
 
(536
)
 
374

 
(1,865
)
 
(40
)
 
(3,093
)
Provision for unfunded lending commitments
 
(5,812
)
 
(6,551
)
 
1,211

 
(12,363
)
 
1,428

 
2,910

Debt extinguishment cost
 
247

 
135

 

 
382

 

 

Amortization of core deposit and other intangibles
 
2,014

 
2,273

 
2,358

 
4,287

 
2,298

 
4,998

Restructuring costs
 
996

 
777

 
766

 
1,773

 
1,630

 
766

Total adjustments
(b)
(413
)
 
(321
)
 
6,962

 
(734
)
 
8,780

 
9,581

Adjusted noninterest expense
(non-GAAP)
(a-b)=(c)
$
395,986

 
$
397,674

 
$
386,015

 
$
793,660

 
$
382,500

 
$
806,062

Taxable-equivalent net interest income (GAAP)
(d)
$
458,242

 
$
453,780

 
$
421,581

 
$
912,022

 
$
429,782

 
$
856,370

Noninterest income (GAAP)
(e)
116,761

 
118,641

 
117,338

 
235,402

 
125,944

 
246,734

Combined income
(d+e)=(f)
575,003

 
572,421

 
538,919

 
1,147,424

 
555,726

 
1,103,104

Adjustments:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fair value and nonhedge derivative income (loss)
 
(2,585
)
 
688

 
(1,088
)
 
(1,897
)
 
(1,555
)
 
(2,049
)
Equity securities gains (loss), net
 
(550
)
 
53

 
3,353

 
(497
)
 
3,630

 
12,959

Fixed income securities gains (losses), net
 
28

 
(7
)
 
(239
)
 
21

 
(53
)
 
(11,859
)
Total adjustments
(g)
(3,107
)
 
734

 
2,026

 
(2,373
)
 
2,022

 
(949
)
Adjusted taxable-equivalent revenue (non-GAAP)
(f-g)=(h)
$
578,110

 
$
571,687

 
$
536,893

 
$
1,149,797

 
$
553,704

 
$
1,104,053

Adjusted pre-provision net revenue (PPNR)
(h-c)=(i)
$
182,124

 
$
174,013

 
$
150,878

 
$
356,137

 
$
171,204

 
$
297,991

Efficiency ratio 1
(c/h)
68.5
%
 
69.6
%
 
71.9
%
 
69.0
%
 
69.1
%
 
73.0
%
1During the first quarter of 2016, we reclassified bankcard rewards expense from non-interest expense into non-interest income in order to offset the associated revenue (interchange fees) to align with industry practice. This reclassification within other service charges, commission and fees lowered noninterest income in the first quarter of 2016 (and also decreased other noninterest expense by the same amount). For comparative purposes we also adjusted prior period amounts. This reclassification had no impact on net income.
The identified adjustments to reconcile from the applicable GAAP financial measures to the non-GAAP financial measures are included where applicable in financial results or in the balance sheet presented in accordance with GAAP. We consider these adjustments to be relevant to ongoing operating results and financial position.
We believe that excluding the amounts associated with these adjustments to present the non-GAAP financial measures provides a meaningful base for period-to-period and company-to-company comparisons, which will assist

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regulators, investors, and analysts in analyzing our operating results or financial position and in predicting future performance. These non-GAAP financial measures are used by management to assess the performance of the Company’s business or its financial position for evaluating bank reporting segment performance, for presentations of our performance to investors, and for other reasons as may be requested by investors and analysts. We further believe that presenting these non-GAAP financial measures will permit investors and analysts to assess our performance on the same basis as that applied by management.
Non-GAAP financial measures have inherent limitations, are not required to be uniformly applied, and are not audited. Although these non-GAAP financial measures are frequently used by stakeholders to evaluate a company, they have limitations as an analytical tool, and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of results reported under GAAP.
ITEM 3.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Interest rate and market risks are among the most significant risks regularly undertaken by us, and they are closely monitored as previously discussed. A discussion regarding our management of interest rate and market risk is included in the section entitled “Interest Rate and Market Risk Management” in this Form 10-Q.
ITEM 4.
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
The Company’s management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2016. Based on that evaluation, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of March 31, 2016. There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the first quarter of 2016 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
PART II.
OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
The information contained in Note 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements is incorporated by reference herein.
ITEM 1A.
RISK FACTORS
We believe there have been no material changes in the risk factors included in Zions Bancorporation’s 2015 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 2.
UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
The following schedule summarizes the Company’s share repurchases for the first quarter of 2016:
SHARE REPURCHASES
Period
 
Total number
of shares
repurchased 1
 
Average
price paid
per share
 
Total number of shares
purchased as part of
publicly announced
plans or programs
 
Approximate dollar
value of shares that
may yet be purchased
under the plan
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
January
 
 
33,202

 
 
$
21.43

 
 

 
 
 
$

 
February
 
 
1,403

 
 
21.65

 
 

 
 
 

 
March
 
 
544

 
 
23.66

 
 

 
 
 

 
First quarter
 
 
35,149

 
 
21.48

 
 

 
 
 
 
 
1 
Represents common shares acquired from employees in connection with our stock compensation plan. Shares were acquired from employees to pay for their payroll taxes and stock option exercise cost upon the vesting of restricted stock and restricted stock units, and the exercise of stock options, under provisions of an employee share-based compensation plan.


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ITEM 6.
EXHIBITS
a)Exhibits
Exhibit
Number
 
Description
 
 
 
 
 
3.1
 
Restated Articles of Incorporation of Zions Bancorporation dated July 8, 2014, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Form 8-K/A filed on July 18, 2014.
*
 
 
 
 
3.2
 
Restated Bylaws of Zions Bancorporation dated February 27, 2015, incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2015.
*
 
 
 
 
31.1
 
Certification by Chief Executive Officer required by Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (filed herewith).
 
 
 
 
 
31.2
 
Certification by Chief Financial Officer required by Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (filed herewith).
 
 
 
 
 
32
 
Certification by Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer required by Sections 13(a) or 15(d), as applicable, of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78m) and 18 U.S.C. Section 1350 (furnished herewith).
 
 
 
 
 
101
 
Interactive data files pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T: (i) the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Income for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015, (iii) the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015, (iv) the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015, (v) the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2016 and March 31, 2015, and (vi) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (filed herewith).
 
* Incorporated by reference


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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

    
 
ZIONS BANCORPORATION
 
/s/ Harris H. Simmons
Harris H. Simmons, Chairman and
Chief Executive Officer
 
/s/ Paul E. Burdiss
Paul E. Burdiss, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer
Date: May 9, 2016

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