Document
Table of Contents

 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
_____________________________________________
FORM 10-Q
________________________________________________
(Mark One)
x
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2018
or
o
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from ________ to ________
Commission File Number 001-31456
_________________________________________________________________
GENESEE & WYOMING INC.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
__________________________________________________________________
Delaware
 gwlogoa17.jpg
06-0984624
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
20 West Avenue, Darien, Connecticut 06820
(Address of principal executive offices)(Zip Code)
(203) 202-8900
(Registrant's telephone number, including area code)
_____________________________________________________________________
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    x  Yes    o  No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).    x  Yes    o  No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer
 
x
 
Accelerated filer
 
o
Non-accelerated filer
 
o  (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
 
Smaller reporting company
 
o
 
 
 
 
Emerging growth company
 
o
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    o  Yes    x  No
Shares of common stock outstanding as of the close of business on August 1, 2018:
Class
 
Number of Shares Outstanding
Class A Common Stock
 
59,431,635
Class B Common Stock
 
671,138
 


Table of Contents

INDEX
 
 
Page
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Part I
 
 
 
Item 1.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Item 2.
 
 
 
Item 3.
 
 
 
Item 4.
 
 
 
Part II
 
 
 
Item 1.
 
 
 
Item 1A.
 
 
 
Item 2.
 
 
 
Item 3.
 
 
 
Item 4.
 
 
 
Item 5.
 
 
 
Item 6.
 
 
 
 

2

Table of Contents

Unless the context otherwise requires, when used in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the terms "Genesee & Wyoming," "G&W," the "Company," "we," "our" and "us" refer to Genesee & Wyoming Inc. and its subsidiaries. All references to currency amounts included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, including the financial statements, are in United States dollars unless specifically noted otherwise. The term carload represents physical railcars and the estimated railcar equivalents of commodities transported by metric ton or other measure, as well as intermodal units.
From time to time, we may use our website as a channel of distribution of material company information. Financial and other material information regarding the Company is routinely posted on and accessible at www.gwrr.com/investors. In addition, you may automatically receive email alerts and other information about us by enrolling your email address in the "Email Alerts" section of www.gwrr.com/investors. The information contained on or connected to our Internet website is not deemed to be incorporated by reference in this Quarterly Report or filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.    
Forward-Looking Statements
This report and other documents referred to in this report contain forward-looking statements regarding future events and the future performance of Genesee & Wyoming Inc. that are based on current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry, our business and our performance, management's beliefs and assumptions made by management. Words such as "anticipates," "intends," "plans," "believes," "could," "should," "seeks," "expects," "will," "estimates," "trends," "outlook," variations of these words and similar expressions are intended to identify these forward-looking statements. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to forecast, including the following: risks related to the operation of our railroads; severe weather conditions and other natural occurrences, which could result in shutdowns, derailments, railroad network and port congestion or other substantial disruption of operations; customer demand and changes in our operations or loss of important customers; exposure to the credit risk of customers and counterparties; changes in commodity prices; consummation and integration of acquisitions; implementation of restructuring plans; economic, political and industry conditions, including employee strikes or work stoppages; retention and contract continuation; legislative and regulatory developments, including changes in environmental and other laws and regulations to which we or our customers are subject; increased competition in relevant markets; funding needs and financing sources, including our ability to obtain government funding for capital projects; international complexities of operations, currency fluctuations, finance, tax and decentralized management; challenges of managing rapid growth, including retention and development of senior leadership; unpredictability of fuel costs; susceptibility to and outcome of various legal claims, lawsuits and arbitrations; increase in, or volatility associated with, expenses related to estimated claims, self-insured retention amounts and insurance coverage, collectability and limits; consummation of new business opportunities; decrease in revenues and/or increase in costs and expenses; susceptibility to the risks of doing business in foreign countries; uncertainties arising from a referendum in which voters in the United Kingdom (U.K.) approved an exit from the European Union (E.U.), commonly referred to as Brexit; our ability to integrate acquired businesses successfully or to realize the expected synergies associated with acquisitions; risks associated with our substantial indebtedness; failure to maintain satisfactory working relationships with partners in Australia; failure to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting as well as disclosure controls and procedures and other risks including, but not limited to, those set forth in Part II Item 1A of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, if any, and those noted in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K under "Risk Factors." Therefore, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or forecasted in any such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this report or as of the date they were made. We do not undertake, and expressly disclaim, any duty to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law.

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Table of Contents

PART I - FINANCIAL INFORMATION
ITEM 1.    FINANCIAL STATEMENTS.
GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
AS OF JUNE 30, 2018 and DECEMBER 31, 2017 (Unaudited)
(dollars in thousands, except per share and share amounts)
 
June 30,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
ASSETS
 
 
 
CURRENT ASSETS:
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
69,702

 
$
80,472

Accounts receivable, net
436,149

 
416,705

Materials and supplies
53,775

 
57,750

Prepaid expenses and other
51,263

 
34,606

Total current assets
610,889

 
589,533

PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT, net
4,613,849

 
4,656,921

GOODWILL
1,136,985

 
1,165,587

INTANGIBLE ASSETS, net
1,495,458

 
1,567,038

DEFERRED INCOME TAX ASSETS, net
3,608

 
3,343

OTHER ASSETS
59,696

 
52,475

Total assets
$
7,920,485

 
$
8,034,897

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
 
 
 
CURRENT LIABILITIES:
 
 
 
Current portion of long-term debt
$
19,074

 
$
27,853

Accounts payable
271,672

 
253,993

Accrued expenses
152,016

 
185,935

Total current liabilities
442,762

 
467,781

LONG-TERM DEBT, less current portion
2,357,245

 
2,303,442

DEFERRED INCOME TAX LIABILITIES, net
853,933

 
873,194

DEFERRED ITEMS - grants from outside parties
318,611

 
321,592

OTHER LONG-TERM LIABILITIES
165,556

 
172,796

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES


 


EQUITY:
 
 
 
Class A Common Stock, $0.01 par value, one vote per share; 180,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017; 74,996,304 and 74,808,305 shares issued and 59,428,675 and 61,946,078 shares outstanding (net of 15,567,629 and 12,862,227 shares in treasury) on June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively
750

 
748

Class B Common Stock, $0.01 par value, ten votes per share; 30,000,000 shares authorized at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017; 671,138 and 701,138 shares issued and outstanding on June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively
7

 
7

Additional paid-in capital
1,768,808

 
1,757,332

Retained earnings
2,357,100

 
2,234,864

Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(135,670
)
 
(105,534
)
Treasury stock, at cost
(432,078
)
 
(236,951
)
Total Genesee & Wyoming Inc. stockholders' equity
3,558,917

 
3,650,466

Noncontrolling interest
223,461

 
245,626

Total equity
3,782,378

 
3,896,092

Total liabilities and equity
$
7,920,485

 
$
8,034,897

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents

GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
FOR THE THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2018 and 2017 (Unaudited)
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
 
Three Months Ended
 
Six Months Ended
 
June 30,
 
June 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
OPERATING REVENUES
$
594,990

 
$
540,433

 
$
1,169,651

 
$
1,059,541

OPERATING EXPENSES:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Labor and benefits
179,838

 
164,222

 
363,554

 
331,360

Equipment rents
34,802

 
33,237

 
68,889

 
67,108

Purchased services
61,045

 
56,795

 
125,147

 
107,796

Depreciation and amortization
65,745

 
61,513

 
131,735

 
122,287

Diesel fuel used in train operations
45,623

 
33,030

 
91,774

 
71,183

Electricity used in train operations
2,044

 
2,134

 
4,278

 
5,307

Casualties and insurance
12,984

 
10,179

 
22,950

 
22,722

Materials
32,376

 
26,651

 
64,845

 
47,197

Trackage rights
23,303

 
21,797

 
44,281

 
44,020

Net gain on sale and impairment of assets
(823
)
 
(354
)
 
(1,859
)
 
(781
)
Restructuring costs
9,362

 
2,361

 
9,645

 
6,116

Other expenses, net
25,566

 
29,135

 
54,374

 
59,593

Total operating expenses
491,865

 
440,700

 
979,613

 
883,908

OPERATING INCOME
103,125

 
99,733

 
190,038

 
175,633

Interest income
584

 
581

 
1,082

 
808

Interest expense
(28,940
)
 
(25,785
)
 
(54,176
)
 
(52,150
)
Other income/(loss), net
288

 
3,196

 
(1,752
)
 
2,651

Income before income taxes
75,057

 
77,725

 
135,192

 
126,942

Provision for income taxes
(26,446
)
 
(29,597
)
 
(10,556
)
 
(51,525
)
Net income
$
48,611

 
$
48,128

 
$
124,636

 
$
75,417

Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest
4,443

 
2,121

 
5,370

 
3,172

Net income attributable to Genesee & Wyoming Inc.

$
44,168

 
$
46,007

 
$
119,266

 
$
72,245

Basic earnings per common share attributable to Genesee & Wyoming Inc. common stockholders:
$
0.74

 
$
0.75

 
$
1.96

 
$
1.18

Weighted average shares - Basic
59,996

 
61,551

 
60,946

 
61,472

Diluted earnings per common share attributable to Genesee & Wyoming Inc. common stockholders:
$
0.73

 
$
0.74

 
$
1.93

 
$
1.16

Weighted average shares - Diluted
60,879

 
62,415

 
61,841

 
62,371

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents

GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
FOR THE THREE AND SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2018 and 2017 (Unaudited)
(dollars in thousands)
 
Three Months Ended
 
Six Months Ended
 
June 30,
 
June 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
NET INCOME
$
48,611

 
$
48,128

 
$
124,636

 
$
75,417

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME/(LOSS):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency translation adjustment
(48,923
)
 
30,899

 
(49,541
)
 
67,152

Net unrealized gain/(loss) on qualifying cash flow hedges, net of tax benefit/(provision) of ($879), $360, ($3,029) and ($264), respectively
2,702

 
(604
)
 
9,603

 
(98
)
Changes in pension and other postretirement benefits, net of tax (provision)/benefit of ($14), $458, ($28) and $907, respectively
43

 
(1,294
)
 
86

 
(2,187
)
Other comprehensive (loss)/income
(46,178
)
 
29,001

 
(39,852
)
 
64,867

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
$
2,433

 
$
77,129

 
$
84,784

 
$
140,284

Less: Comprehensive (loss)/income attributable to noncontrolling interest
(4,225
)
 
3,078

 
(7,316
)
 
16,163

COMPREHENSIVE INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO GENESEE & WYOMING INC.
$
6,658

 
$
74,051

 
$
92,100

 
$
124,121

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.



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Table of Contents

GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
FOR THE SIX MONTHS ENDED JUNE 30, 2018 and 2017 (Unaudited)
(dollars in thousands)
 
Six Months Ended
 
June 30,
 
2018
 
2017
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Net income
$
124,636

 
$
75,417

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization
131,735

 
122,287

Stock-based compensation
8,601

 
8,857

Deferred income taxes
(11,489
)
 
34,320

Net gain on sale and impairment of assets
(1,859
)
 
(781
)
Changes in assets and liabilities which provided/(used) cash, net of effect of acquisitions:
 
 
 
Accounts receivable, net
(46,519
)
 
10,066

Materials and supplies
2,460

 
2,198

Prepaid expenses and other
(7,587
)
 
14,617

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
20,665

 
(48,282
)
Other assets and liabilities, net
10,684

 
5,627

Net cash provided by operating activities
231,327

 
224,326

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Purchases of property and equipment
(133,328
)
 
(91,498
)
Grant proceeds from outside parties
12,901

 
11,630

Net cash paid for acquisitions, net of cash acquired

 
(102,655
)
Proceeds from sale of business
7,927

 

Proceeds from sale of investment

 
2,100

Insurance proceeds for replacement of assets
1,866

 
1,406

Proceeds from disposition of property and equipment
2,795

 
3,280

Other investing activities
(2,921
)
 

Net cash used in investing activities
(110,760
)
 
(175,737
)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Principal payments on revolving line-of-credit, long-term debt and capital lease obligations
(673,952
)
 
(322,446
)
Proceeds from revolving line-of-credit and long-term borrowings
762,228

 
320,191

Debt amendment/issuance costs
(5,303
)
 

Common share repurchases
(192,324
)
 

Distribution to noncontrolling interest
(14,898
)
 

Installment payments on Freightliner deferred consideration
(6,255
)
 

Other financing related activities, net
(893
)
 
1,708

Net cash used in financing activities
(131,397
)
 
(547
)
EFFECT OF EXCHANGE RATE CHANGES ON CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
60

 
3,382

(DECREASE)/INCREASE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
(10,770
)
 
51,424

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, beginning of period
80,472

 
32,319

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS, end of period
$
69,702

 
$
83,743

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents             GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)



1. PRINCIPLES OF CONSOLIDATION AND BASIS OF PRESENTATION:
The interim consolidated financial statements presented herein include the accounts of Genesee & Wyoming Inc. and its subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated in consolidation. These interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared by the Company pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and are unaudited. They do not contain all disclosures which would be required in a full set of financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S. GAAP). In the opinion of management, the unaudited financial statements for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 are presented on a basis consistent with the audited financial statements and contain all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, necessary to provide a fair statement of the results for the interim periods presented. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results of operations for the full year. The consolidated balance sheet data for 2017 was derived from the audited financial statements in the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K, but does not include all disclosures required by U.S. GAAP.
The results of operations of the foreign entities are maintained in the local currency of the respective subsidiary and translated into United States dollars at the applicable exchange rates for inclusion in the consolidated financial statements. As a result, any appreciation or depreciation of these currencies against the United States dollar will impact the Company's results of operations.
The interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2017 included in the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Certain reclassifications and adjustments have been made to prior period balances to conform to the current year presentation as noted below.
On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2017-07, Compensation-Retirement Benefits (Topic 715), Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. Prior to the adoption of ASU 2017-07, the Company presented net pension costs within operating income on the same line item as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the applicable employees. ASU 2017-07 requires that net pension costs, other than service cost, be presented outside of operating income. The Company applied these changes retrospectively to its consolidated statement of operations which resulted in a $1.6 million and $3.2 million decrease in operating income and a corresponding change in other income/(loss), net for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively. The adjustments had no impact on net income.
On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220), Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. The current standard, ASC Topic 740, requires deferred tax liabilities to be adjusted for the effect of a change in tax laws or rates with the effect included in income from operations in the reporting period of the enactment date. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the TCJA) enacted by the Unites States federal government resulted in tax effects of items recorded within accumulated other comprehensive income (AOCI) to be "stranded," as those items no longer reflect the appropriate tax rate. This amendment allows the reclassification from AOCI to retained earnings for the stranded tax effects resulting from the new income tax rates. The Company applied the amendments as of January 1, 2018 by reclassifying $3.0 million from AOCI to retained earnings, eliminating the stranded tax effects in AOCI resulting from the TCJA. This reclassification reduced AOCI and increased retained earnings by $3.0 million. It is the Company's policy to release income tax effects from accumulated other comprehensive loss using the item-by-item approach.
On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, which supersedes previous revenue guidance. The standard requires that the Company recognize revenue when it transfers the promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. The Company adopted ASU 2014-09 and all related amendments using the modified retrospective approach. Under the standard, the Company continues to recognize freight revenue proportionally as a shipment moves from origin to destination. The adoption did not affect the Company’s financial condition, results of operations or liquidity. Disclosures related to the nature, amount and timing of revenue and cash flows resulting from contracts with customers are included in Note 4, Revenue.

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Table of Contents             GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


On December 1, 2016, a subsidiary of the Company completed the acquisition of Glencore Rail (NSW) Pty Limited (GRail) and concurrently issued a 48.9% stake in G&W Australia Holdings LP (GWAHLP) (collectively, the Australia Partnership), which is the holding entity for all of the Company’s Australian businesses, including GRail, to a consortium of funds and clients managed by Macquarie Infrastructure and Real Assets (MIRA), a large infrastructure investment firm. The Company, through wholly-owned subsidiaries, also made incremental investments and retained a 51.1% ownership in GWAHLP. The investments made by both the Company and MIRA consisted of equity and debt financing of GWAHLP in similar proportions. As MIRA's investments were made at the contemporaneous fair value of GWAHLP as of December 1, 2016, accounting for MIRA's noncontrolling interest in the Company's consolidated financial statements required adjustments to reflect a proportional interest in the net book value of GWAHLP. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company determined that there was an error in its December 1, 2016 calculation of the noncontrolling interest for MIRA's 48.9% equity interest, which resulted in the following adjustment within the total equity section of the Company's consolidated balance sheet: a decrease in noncontrolling interest of $71.9 million, an increase in additional paid-in capital of $57.9 million and a decrease in accumulated other comprehensive loss of $14.0 million. This revision has been reflected in the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2017 as well as the December 31, 2016 equity balances as disclosed in Note 14, Stockholders' Equity. There was no effect on any other section of the Company's balance sheet. This revision had no impact on the Company's consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income or cash flows for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. The Company does not consider this revision material to any previously issued consolidated financial statements.
When comparing the Company's results of operations from one reporting period to another, it is important to consider that the Company has historically experienced fluctuations in revenues and expenses due to acquisitions, changing economic conditions, fluctuations in commodity prices, competitive forces, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, rail network congestion, one-time freight moves, fuel price fluctuations, customer plant expansions and shutdowns, sales of property and equipment, derailments and weather-related conditions, such as hurricanes, cyclones, tornadoes, high winds, droughts, heavy snowfall, unseasonably hot or cold weather, freezing and flooding, among other factors. In periods when these events occur, the Company's results of operations are not easily comparable from one period to another. Finally, certain of the Company's railroads have commodity shipments that are sensitive to general economic conditions, global commodity prices and foreign exchange rates, such as steel products, iron ore, paper products, lumber and forest products and agricultural products, as well as product specific market conditions, such as the availability of lower priced alternative sources of power generation (coal) and energy commodity price differentials (crude oil and natural gas liquids) or congestion at ports (intermodal). Other shipments are relatively less affected by economic conditions and are more closely affected by other factors, such as winter weather (salt) and seasonal rainfall (agricultural products). As a result of these and other factors, the Company's results of operations in any reporting period may not be directly comparable to the Company's results of operations in other reporting periods.
2. CHANGES IN OPERATIONS:
North American Operations
Heart of Georgia Railroad, Inc.: On May 31, 2017, the Company completed the acquisition of all the outstanding shares of Atlantic Western Transportation, Inc., the parent company of Heart of Georgia Railroad, Inc. (HOG), for $5.6 million in cash and contingent consideration valued at $5.7 million. The contingent consideration is payable to the sellers upon satisfaction of certain conditions, which the Company expects to be paid in 2021. The results of operations from HOG have been included in the Company's consolidated statements of operations since the acquisition date.
HOG was founded in 1999 and operates 219 miles of track that runs across the State of Georgia. The track is leased from the Georgia Department of Transportation. It connects with the Company’s Georgia Southwestern Railroad at Americus, Georgia, and with the Company’s Georgia Central Railway at Vidalia, Georgia. HOG serves an inland intermodal terminal at Cordele, Georgia, providing five days per week, direct rail service via the Georgia Central Railway to the Port of Savannah for auto, agricultural products and other merchandise customers. HOG has Class I railroad connections with CSX Corp. at Cordele and with Norfolk Southern at Americus and Helena, Georgia. HOG transports approximately 10,000 annual carloads of agricultural products, feed, fertilizer, and lumber and forest products, of which approximately 2,000 carloads are interchanged with the Company’s Georgia Central Railway.

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Table of Contents             GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


Australian Operations
Arrium Limited: On April 7, 2016, Genesee & Wyoming Australia's (GWA) customer, Arrium Limited (Arrium) announced it had entered into voluntary administration. As a result, during the first quarter of 2016, the Company recorded a $13.0 million non-cash charge related to the impairment of GWA's idle rolling-stock maintenance facility and an allowance for doubtful accounts charge of $8.1 million. Also, as a result of the voluntary administration, all payments to GWA associated with the rail haulage agreement for Arrium's Southern Iron mine ceased.
On August 31, 2017, Arrium was sold to GFG Alliance. The steel making business was rebranded as Liberty OneSteel and the mining business was rebranded as SIMEC Mining (SIMAC). Although the Southern Iron mine is still mothballed, GWA continues to provide services and receive payments under the rail haulage agreement for the SIMEC's Middleback Range operations. Pursuant to that rail haulage agreement, GWA serves several iron ore mines in the Middleback Range and the Whyalla steelworks operations.
In December 2017, the Company recovered $0.9 million of cash in relation to the Company's previous agreements with Arrium. In June 2018, the Company recorded a gain on settlement of $6.3 million from an additional cash recovery of pre-petition claims associated with Arrium, which was recognized as an offset to other expenses, net in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018.
U.K./European Operations
Continental Europe Intermodal Business: In 2017, the Company ceased all "open" train services from the port of Rotterdam, closed its Continental Europe intermodal business, ERS Railways B.V. (ERS), offices in Rotterdam and Frankfurt, and the ERS customer services function in Warsaw. The Company recorded restructuring charges of $1.3 million and $4.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively, primarily related to severance costs and costs associated with surplus locomotives and railcar leases.
On June 5, 2018, the Company finalized the sale of ERS for gross cash proceeds of €11.2 million (or $13.1 million at the exchange rate on June 5, 2018) or €6.8 million (or $7.9 million at the exchange rate on June 5, 2018) net of €4.4 million (or $5.2 million at the exchange rate on June 5, 2018) of cash on hand that transferred to the buyer. The sale resulted in a net loss of $1.4 million recognized in the Company’s consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018 within other income/(loss), net.
Pentalver Transport Limited: On May 3, 2017, the Company's subsidiary, GWI UK Acquisition Company Limited, purchased for cash all of the issued share capital of Pentalver Transport Limited (Pentalver) from a subsidiary of APM Terminals (a subsidiary of AP Møller-Maersk A/S) for £97.8 million (or $126.2 million at the exchange rate on May 3, 2017) or £77.5 million (or $100.1 million at the exchange rate on May 3, 2017) net of £20.2 million (or $26.1 million at the exchange rate on May 3, 2017) of cash received in connection with the sale. The Company funded the acquisition with borrowings under the Company's Second Amended and Restated Senior Secured Syndicated Credit Facility Agreement (the Credit Agreement).
Headquartered in Southampton, U.K., Pentalver operates off-dock container terminals (most under long-term leases) strategically placed at each of the three major seaports of Felixstowe, Southampton and London Gateway, as well as an inland terminal located at Cannock, in the Midlands, near many of the nation’s largest distribution centers. In addition to providing storage for loaded and empty containers on over 100 acres of land, Pentalver also operates a trucking haulage service with more than 150 trucks, primarily providing daily service between the seaports of Felixstowe and Southampton and its inland terminal at Cannock. Pentalver also provides services related to container customization, maintenance and repair (including refrigerated containers) and is one of the largest sellers of new and used containers in the U.K.
Pentalver’s operations are complementary to those of the Company's Freightliner Group Limited (Freightliner) subsidiary, which is the largest rail maritime intermodal operator in the U.K. The logistics of maritime container transportation in the U.K. are highly competitive, whether by road, rail or short-sea, with a premium placed on timely, efficient and safe service. The results of operations from Pentalver have been included in the Company's consolidated statements of operations since the May 3, 2017 acquisition date.
The Company accounted for the acquisition as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting under U.S. GAAP. The acquired assets and liabilities of Pentalver were recorded at their acquisition-date fair values and were consolidated with those of the Company as of the acquisition date. The foreign exchange rate used to translate the balance sheet to United States dollars was $1.29 for one British pound.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


The acquisition date fair values were assigned to the acquired net assets as follows (amounts in thousands):
 
 
GBP
 
USD
Cash and cash equivalents
 
£
20,224

 
$
26,117

Accounts receivable
 
16,849

 
21,759

Materials and supplies
 
13,360

 
17,253

Prepaid expenses and other
 
3,238

 
4,182

Property and equipment
 
20,649

 
26,666

Goodwill
 
8,592

 
11,096

Intangible assets
 
42,000

 
54,239

Total assets
 
124,912

 
161,312

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
 
21,341

 
27,560

Deferred income tax liabilities, net
 
5,220

 
6,741

Deferred items-grants from outside parties
 
601

 
776

Net assets
 
£
97,750

 
$
126,235

The $54.2 million of intangible assets relate to amortizable operational rights with contractual terms spanning up to 50 years and a weighted average amortization period of 33 years. The $11.1 million of goodwill will not be deductible for tax purposes.
3. EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE:
The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted earnings per common share for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands, except per share amounts):
 
Three Months Ended
 
Six Months Ended
 
June 30,
 
June 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Numerators:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net income attributable to Genesee & Wyoming Inc.
$
44,168

 
$
46,007

 
$
119,266

 
$
72,245

Denominators:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Weighted average Class A common shares outstanding – Basic
59,996

 
61,551

 
60,946

 
61,472

Weighted average Class B common shares outstanding
673

 
747

 
687

 
753

Dilutive effect of employee stock-based awards
210

 
117

 
208

 
146

Weighted average shares – Diluted
60,879

 
62,415

 
61,841

 
62,371

Earnings per common share attributable to Genesee & Wyoming Inc. common stockholders:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic earnings per common share
$
0.74

 
$
0.75

 
$
1.96

 
$
1.18

Diluted earnings per common share
$
0.73

 
$
0.74

 
$
1.93

 
$
1.16

The following total number of shares of Class A Common Stock issuable under the assumed exercise of stock-based awards computed based on the treasury stock method were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per common share, as the effect of including these shares would have been antidilutive (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended
 
Six Months Ended
 
June 30,
 
June 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Antidilutive shares
1,130

 
1,475

 
1,043

 
1,271



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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


Share Repurchase
In September of 2015, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $300 million of the Company's Class A Common Stock (the Repurchase Program), subject to certain limitations under the Company's credit facility. The Repurchase Program was reaffirmed by the Board of Directors on March 4, 2018 after discussion of management's assessments of market conditions and other pertinent factors. The table below presents information regarding shares repurchased by the Company during under the Repurchase Program during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 (in thousands, except for per share amounts):
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Class A Common Stock repurchased
1,873

 
2,666

Average price paid per share of Class A Common Stock repurchased
$
72.04

 
$
72.14

Shares excluded from weighted-average basic shares outstanding
1,279

 
1,067

Repurchased shares are recorded in treasury stock, at cost, which includes any applicable commissions and fees. As of June 30, 2018, the remaining amount authorized for repurchase under the Repurchase Program was $107.7 million.
4. REVENUE:
The Company classifies its operating revenues into the following three categories: freight, freight-related and all other. Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with a customer are satisfied. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for providing services. Certain of the countries in which the Company operates have a tax assessed by a governmental authority that is both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction between a seller and a customer. The Company records these taxes on a net basis.
The Company generates freight revenues from the haulage of freight by rail based on a per car, per container or per ton basis. Freight revenues are recognized over time as shipments move from origin to destination as the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefit. Related expenses are recognized as incurred.
The Company generates freight-related revenues from port terminal railroad operations and industrial switching (where the Company operates trains on a contract basis in facilities it does not own), as well as demurrage, storage, car hire, trucking haulage services, track access rights, transloading, crewing services, traction service (or hook and pull service that requires the Company to provide locomotives and drivers to move a customer's train between specified origin and destination points), and other ancillary revenues related to the movement of freight. Freight-related revenues are recognized as services are performed or as contractual obligations are fulfilled.
The Company generates all other revenues from third-party railcar and locomotive repairs, container sales, property rentals and other ancillary revenues not directly related to the movement of freight. All other revenues are recognized as services are performed or as contractual obligations are fulfilled.
A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. The Company’s contracts may have a single performance obligation or multiple performance obligations. Contracts with multiple obligations are evaluated to define the specific performance obligations to the customer. The Company typically allocates the standalone selling price adjusted for any applicable variable consideration to each performance obligation to determine the transaction price.
For interline traffic, one railroad typically invoices a customer on behalf of all railroads participating in the route. The invoicing railroad then pays the other railroads their portion of the total amount invoiced on a monthly basis. When the Company is the invoicing railroad, it is exposed to customer credit risk for the total amount invoiced and is required to pay the other railroads participating in the route even if the Company is not paid by the customer. The Company records revenue related to interline traffic that involves the services of another party or railroad on a net basis. The portion of the gross amount billed to customers that is remitted by the Company to another party is not reflected as revenue.
The timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections result in billed accounts receivables, contract assets (unbilled receivables) and contract liabilities. The Company’s contract assets and liabilities are typically short-term in nature, with terms settled within a 12-month period. The Company had no material contract assets or contract liabilities recorded on the consolidated balance sheet as of June 30, 2018.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


Disaggregation of Revenue
The Company disaggregates its operating revenues into the following three categories: freight revenues, freight-related revenues and all other revenues. The Company further disaggregates its freight revenues into 14 commodity groups. Refer to Note 16, Segment Information, for the disaggregation of the Company's operating revenues by reportable segment for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
5. ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE:
Accounts receivable consisted of the following as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
June 30,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
Accounts receivable – trade
$
423,050

 
$
401,723

Accounts receivable – grants from outside parties
10,885

 
17,734

Accounts receivable – insurance and other third-party claims
11,295

 
10,753

Total accounts receivable
445,230

 
430,210

Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts
(9,081
)
 
(13,505
)
Accounts receivable, net
$
436,149

 
$
416,705

Grants from Outside Parties
The Company periodically receives grants for the upgrade and construction of rail lines and the upgrade of locomotives from federal, provincial, state and local agencies in the United States and provinces in Canada in which the Company operates. These grants typically reimburse the Company for 50% to 100% of the actual cost of specific projects. In total, the Company received grant proceeds of $12.9 million and $11.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, from such grant programs. The proceeds were presented as cash inflows from investing activities within each of the applicable periods.
None of the Company's grants represent a future liability of the Company unless the Company abandons the rehabilitated or new track structure within a specified period of time or fails to maintain the upgraded or new track to certain standards, fails to make certain minimum capital improvements or ceases use of the locomotives within the specified geographic area and time period, or fails to comply with other grant provisions in each case, as set forth in the applicable grant agreement. As the Company intends to comply with the requirements of these agreements, the Company has recorded additions to track property and locomotives and has deferred the amount of the grants. The amortization of deferred grants is a non-cash offset to depreciation expense over the useful lives of the related assets.
The following table sets forth the offset to depreciation expense from the amortization of deferred grants recorded by the Company during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended
Six Months Ended
 
June 30,
June 30,
 
2018
 
2017
2018
 
2017
Amortization of deferred grants
$
3,136

 
$
3,065

$
5,603

 
$
6,310

Insurance and Third-Party Claims
Accounts receivable from insurance and other third-party claims as of June 30, 2018 included $6.0 million from the Company's North American Operations and $5.3 million from the Company's U.K./European Operations. The balance from the Company's North American Operations resulted predominately from the Company's anticipated insurance recoveries associated with a bridge washout in Canada in January 2018. The balance from the Company's U.K./European Operations resulted primarily from the Company's anticipated insurance recoveries associated with a personal injury that occurred in the U.K. in 2016. The Company received proceeds from insurance totaling $1.9 million and $1.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


Accounts receivable from insurance and other third-party claims at December 31, 2017 included $5.9 million from the Company's North American Operations, $4.3 million from the Company's U.K./European Operations and $0.6 million from the Company's Australian Operations. The balance from the Company's North American Operations resulted predominately from the Company's anticipated insurance recoveries associated with a 2015 trestle fire in the United States and derailments in Canada. The balance from the Company's U.K./European Operations resulted primarily from the Company's anticipated insurance recoveries associated with an ERS rail-related collision in Germany in 2014 that occurred prior to the Company's acquisition of Freightliner. This receivable and the associated claim liability was removed from the Company's consolidated balance sheet with the sale of ERS in June 2018. See Note 2, Changes in Operations, for additional information regarding the sale of ERS.
6. LONG-TERM DEBT:
Credit Agreement Amendment
On June 5, 2018 the Company entered into Amendment No. 3 (the Amendment) to the Credit Agreement, the Third Amended and Restated Senior Secured Syndicated Credit Facility Agreement (the Amended Credit Agreement). At closing, the credit facilities under the Amended Credit Agreement were comprised of a $1,423.0 million United States term loan, a £272.9 million (or $365.2 million at the exchange rate on June 5, 2018) U.K. term loan and a $625.0 million revolving credit facility. The revolving credit facility includes borrowing capacity for letters of credit and swingline loans. The Amendment also extended the maturity date of the Company's credit facilities to June 5, 2023.
In connection with entering into the Amendment, the Company wrote-off $2.2 million of unamortized deferred financing fees and capitalized an additional $5.3 million of new fees. Deferred financing costs are amortized as additional interest expense over the terms of the related debt using the effective-interest method for the term loan debt and the straight-line method for the revolving credit facility.
At the Company's election, at the time of entering into a specific borrowing, interest on that borrowing is calculated under a "LIBOR" or "Base Rate." LIBOR is the London Interbank Offered Rate. As of June 5, 2018, 100% of the Company's term loan and revolver borrowings under the Amended Credit Agreement are LIBOR Rate loans. The applicable borrowing spread for the LIBOR Rate loans will initially be 1.50% over LIBOR, and, following the Company's first quarterly compliance certificate, will range from 1.00% to 2.00% depending on the Company's total leverage ratio. The applicable spread for the Base Rate loans will initially be 0.50% over the base rate, and, following the Company's first quarterly compliance certificate, will range from 0.00% to 1.00% depending on the Company's total leverage ratio.
In addition to paying interest on any outstanding borrowing under the Amended Credit Agreement, the Company is required to pay a commitment fee related to the unutilized portion of the commitments under the revolving credit facility. The commitment fee will initially be 0.25%, and, following the Company's first quarterly compliance certificate, will range from 0.20% to 0.30% depending on the Company's total leverage ratio as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement.
Since entering into the Amendment, the Company has made prepayments of $105.0 million on its United States term loan and £15.0 million (or $19.8 million at the exchange rate the payment was made) on its U.K. term loan, which were applied towards its future quarterly installments. As of June 30, 2018, the Company had the following amounts of term loans outstanding under the Amended Credit Agreement (amounts in thousands, except percentages):
 
Local Currency
 
United States Dollar Equivalent
 
Interest Rate
United States dollar
$
1,318,000

 
$
1,318,000

 
3.59
%
British pound
£
257,932

 
$
340,290

 
2.00
%

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


The United States dollar-denominated and British pound-denominated term loans will amortize in quarterly installments, with the remaining principal balance payable upon maturity, as set forth below (dollars in thousands):
 
Quarterly Payment Date
 
Principal Amount of Each Quarterly Installment
United States dollar:
December 31, 2019
 
$
1,725

 
March 31, 2020 through March 31, 2023
 
$
17,788

 
Maturity date - June 5, 2023
 
$
1,085,038

 
 
 
 
British pound:
September 30, 2019
 
£
2,058

 
December 31, 2019 through March 31, 2023
 
£
3,412

 
Maturity date - June 5, 2023
 
£
208,111

The Company's availability to draw from the unused borrowing capacity is subject to covenant limitations as discussed below. As of June 30, 2018, the Company had the following unused borrowing capacity under its revolving credit facility (amounts in thousands):
 
 
June 30, 2018
Total available borrowing capacity
 
$
625,000

Outstanding revolving loans
 
$
5,558

Outstanding letter of credit guarantees
 
$
2,106

Unused borrowing capacity
 
$
617,336

As of June 30, 2018, the Company had the following outstanding revolving loans under its revolving credit facility (amounts in thousands, except percentages):
 
 
Local Currency
 
United States Dollar Equivalent
 
Interest Rate
Canadian dollar
 
C$
7,000

 
$
5,325

 
3.14
%
Euro
 
200

 
$
234

 
1.50
%
Under the Amended Credit Agreement, the Company is required to comply with specified maximum senior secured leverage ratios. The maximum senior secured leverage ratio is set at 4.25 to 1.00 through June 30, 2019, and then, except as described below, decreases to 4.00 to 1.00 for all periods thereafter, subject, if applicable, to netting of certain cash and cash equivalents of the Company. Following acquisitions by the Company in excess of $500 million, subject to certain limitations, the senior secured leverage ratio will be set at a level of 4.50 to 1.00 for the four fiscal quarters immediately following the date of such applicable acquisition.
In addition, the Amended Credit Agreement contains a maximum total leverage ratio and minimum interest coverage ratio. The maximum total leverage ratio is 4.50 to 1.00 and the minimum interest coverage ratio is 3.50 to 1.00 for the term of the Amended Credit Agreement.
The Amendment permits the Company to repurchase an unlimited amount of shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock if the Company’s total leverage ratio after giving effect to such repurchases on a pro forma basis would be less than 3.25 to 1.00, subject to certain other restrictions and limitations. If the Company’s total leverage ratio after giving effect to such repurchases on a pro forma basis would exceed 3.25 to 1.00, the Company may, subject to certain limitations, repurchase shares of the Company’s Class A Common Stock with a value of up to the sum of $500 million and the amount remaining under the Company’s current share repurchase program as of June 5, 2018 of $107.7 million, if the Company maintains at least $100 million of liquidity.
As of June 30, 2018, the Company was in compliance with the covenants under the Amended Credit Agreement.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


7. U.K. OPERATIONS OPTIMIZATION:
In 2018, the Company reorganized its U.K. business into three service platforms: Rail (Intermodal and Heavy Haul), Road (former Freightliner and Pentalver road operations) and Terminals (former Freightliner and Pentalver terminals), with a single combined commercial organization responsible for selling all three services. The Company also announced a program to restructure and further optimize its operations in the U.K. that began in May 2018 and is intended to be completed by early 2019. The program includes the rationalization of the locomotive and railcar fleet, management restructuring (following the U.K. consultative process), and technology investments to upgrade systems to enhance productivity and service quality. Restructuring and related expenses associated with the optimization are expected to be approximately $55 million (assuming the adjustment described in footnote (a) below does not occur and an exchange rate of $1.40 for one British pound) and are comprised of the following, including the current estimate of the timing of the related charges, which is subject to change (dollars in thousands):
 
Three and Six Months Ended
June 30, 2018
 
Estimated Total Restructuring and Related Costs
Rationalization of locomotive and railcar fleet(a)
$
5,938

 
$
29,000

Management restructuring(b)
2,129

 
9,000

Productivity and automation investments
1,288

 
17,000

Total
$
9,355

 
$
55,000

(a)
Strengthening commercial demand for bulk commodity shipments may result in less restructuring and related expense if new business is contracted for a higher profit using the excess equipment.
(b)
Subject to requisite U.K. consultative process.
Restructuring and related activity for the U.K. Operations Optimization program for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was as follows (dollars in thousands):
 
Rationalization of Locomotive and Railcar Fleet
 
Management Restructuring
 
Productivity and Automation Investments
 
Total
Restructuring and related liability as of December 31, 2017
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

Restructuring and related costs incurred
5,938

 
2,129

 
1,288

 
9,355

Cash payments
(307
)
 
(620
)
 
(1,065
)
 
(1,992
)
Non-cash settlements
(897
)
 

 
(223
)
 
(1,120
)
Restructuring and related liability as of June 30, 2018
$
4,734

 
$
1,509

 
$

 
$
6,243

8. DERIVATIVE FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS:
On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815), Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, which expands and refines hedge accounting for both nonfinancial and financial risk components and aligns the recognition and presentation of the effects of the hedging instrument and the hedged item in the financial statements. The amendment also includes certain improvements to ease the application of current guidance related to the assessment of hedge effectiveness. The adoption of this guidance amended the Company’s accounting for cross-currency swaps whereby interest expense accruals previously presented in an interest expense line item are presented as a gain/loss on currency conversion within other income/(loss), net in the non-operating section of the consolidated statement of operations. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
The Company actively monitors its exposure to interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate risks and uses derivative financial instruments to manage the impact of these risks. The Company uses derivatives only for purposes of managing risk associated with underlying exposures. The Company does not trade or use derivative instruments with the objective of earning financial gains on the interest rate or exchange rate fluctuations alone, nor does the Company use derivative instruments where it does not have underlying exposures. Complex instruments involving leverage or multipliers are not used. The Company manages its hedging position and monitors the credit ratings of counterparties and does not anticipate losses due to counterparty nonperformance. Management believes its use of derivative instruments to manage risk is in the Company's best interest. However, the Company's use of derivative financial instruments may result in short-term gains or losses and increased earnings volatility. The Company's instruments are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value in prepaid expenses and other, other assets, accrued expenses or other long-term liabilities.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


The Company may designate derivatives as a hedge of a forecasted transaction or a hedge of the variability of the cash flows to be received or paid in the future related to a recognized asset or liability (cash flow hedge). The portion of the changes in the fair value of the derivative used as a cash flow hedge that is offset by changes in the expected cash flows related to a recognized asset or liability is recorded in other comprehensive income/(loss). As the hedged item is realized, the gain or loss included in accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) is reported in the consolidated statements of operations on the same line item as the hedged item.
The Company matches the hedge instrument to the underlying hedged item (assets, liabilities, firm commitments or forecasted transactions). At inception of the hedge and at least quarterly thereafter, the Company assesses whether the derivatives used to hedge transactions are highly effective in offsetting changes in either the fair value or cash flows of the hedged item. When it is determined that a derivative ceases to be a highly effective hedge, the Company discontinues hedge accounting, and any gains or losses on the derivative instrument thereafter are recognized in earnings during the period in which it no longer qualifies for hedge accounting.
From time to time, the Company may enter into certain derivative instruments that may not be designated as hedges for accounting purposes. For example, to mitigate currency exposures related to intercompany debt, cross-currency swap contracts may be entered into for periods consistent with the underlying debt. The Company believes such instruments are closely correlated with the underlying exposure, thus reducing the associated risk. The gains or losses from the changes in the fair value of derivative instruments not accounted for using hedge accounting are recognized in current period earnings within other income/(loss), net. Derivative instruments entered into in conjunction with contemplated acquisitions also do not qualify as hedges for accounting purposes.
Interest Rate Risk Management
The Company uses interest rate swap agreements to manage its exposure to the changes in interest rates on the Company's variable rate debt. These swap agreements are recorded in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. Changes in the fair value of the swap agreements are recorded in net income or other comprehensive income/(loss), based on whether the agreements are designated as part of a hedge transaction and whether the agreements are effective in offsetting the change in the value of the future interest payments attributable to the underlying portion of the Company's variable rate debt. Interest payments accrued each reporting period for these interest rate swaps are recognized in interest expense. The Company formally documents its hedge relationships, including identifying the hedge instruments and hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategies for entering into the hedge transaction.
The following table summarizes the terms of the Company's outstanding interest rate swap agreements entered into to manage the Company's exposure to changes in interest rates on its variable rate debt (amounts in thousands):
 
 
 
 
Notional Amount
 
 
 
 
Effective Date
 
Expiration Date
 
Date
 
Amount
 
Pay Fixed Rate
 
Receive Variable Rate
9/30/2016
 
9/30/2026
 
9/30/2026
 
$
100,000

 
2.76%
 
1-month LIBOR
9/30/2016
 
9/30/2026
 
9/30/2026
 
$
100,000

 
2.74%
 
1-month LIBOR
9/30/2016
 
9/30/2026
 
9/30/2026
 
$
100,000

 
2.73%
 
1-month LIBOR
12/1/2016
 
12/1/2021
 
12/1/2021
 
A$
93,150

 
2.44%
 
AUD-BBR
12/1/2016
 
12/1/2021
 
12/1/2021
 
A$
93,150

 
2.44%
 
AUD-BBR
12/1/2016
 
12/1/2021
 
12/1/2021
 
A$
93,150

 
2.44%
 
AUD-BBR
12/1/2016
 
12/1/2021
 
12/1/2021
 
A$
93,150

 
2.44%
 
AUD-BBR
12/1/2016
 
12/1/2021
 
12/1/2021
 
A$
55,373

 
2.44%
 
AUD-BBR
12/1/2016
 
12/1/2021
 
12/1/2021
 
A$
55,373

 
2.44%
 
AUD-BBR
12/1/2016
 
12/1/2021
 
12/1/2021
 
A$
34,155

 
2.44%
 
AUD-BBR
On November 9, 2012, the Company entered into multiple 10-year forward starting interest rate swap agreements to manage the exposure to changes in interest rates on the Company's variable rate debt. On September 30, 2016, the Company amended its forward starting swaps, which included moving the mandatory settlement date from September 30, 2016 to September 30, 2026, changing from three-month LIBOR to one-month LIBOR and adjusting the fixed rate. The amended forward starting swaps continue to qualify for hedge accounting. In addition, it remains probable that the Company will either issue $300.0 million of fixed-rate debt or have $300.0 million of variable-rate debt under the Company's commercial banking lines throughout the term of the outstanding swap agreements. The Company expects to amortize any gains or losses on the settlements over the life of the respective swap.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


The fair values of the Company's interest rate swap agreements were estimated based on Level 2 inputs. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, $0.2 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of existing net losses were realized and recorded as interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, $0.5 million and $0.9 million, respectively, of existing net losses were realized and recorded as interest expense in the consolidated statements of operations. Based on the Company's fair value assumptions as of June 30, 2018, it expects to realize $0.6 million of existing net losses that are reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings within the next 12 months. See Note 13, Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, for additional information regarding the Company's cash flow hedges.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
As of June 30, 2018, the Company's foreign subsidiaries had $1.1 billion of third-party debt, including capital leases, denominated in the local currencies in which the Company's foreign subsidiaries operate, including the Australian dollar, the British pound, the Canadian dollar and the Euro. The debt service obligations associated with this foreign currency debt are generally funded directly from those foreign operations. As a result, foreign currency risk related to this portion of the Company's debt service payments is limited. However, in the event the foreign currency debt service is not paid by the Company's foreign subsidiaries and is paid by its United States subsidiaries, the Company may face exchange rate risk if the Australian dollar, the British pound, the Canadian dollar or the Euro were to appreciate relative to the United States dollar and require higher United States dollar equivalent cash.
The Company is also exposed to foreign currency exchange rate risk, including non-functional currency intercompany debt, typically associated with acquisitions and any timing difference between announcement and closing of an acquisition of a foreign business. To mitigate currency exposures of non-United States dollar-denominated acquisitions, the Company may enter into foreign currency forward purchase contracts. To mitigate currency exposures related to non-functional currency denominated intercompany debt, cross-currency swaps or foreign currency forward contracts may be entered into for periods consistent with the underlying debt. To mitigate currency exposures related to significant asset purchases in non-functional denominated currencies, foreign currency forward contracts may be entered into for periods consistent with the anticipated future outflow of cash. In determining the fair value of the derivative contract, the significant inputs to valuation models are quoted market prices of similar instruments in active markets. However, cross-currency swap contracts and foreign currency forward contracts used to mitigate exposures on foreign currency intercompany debt may not qualify for hedge accounting. In cases where the cross-currency swap contracts and foreign currency forward contracts do not qualify for hedge accounting, the Company believes that such instruments are closely correlated with the underlying exposure, thus reducing the associated risk. The gains or losses from changes in the fair value of derivative instruments that do not qualify for hedge accounting are recognized in current period earnings within other income/(loss), net.
The following table summarizes the Company's outstanding foreign currency forward contracts associated with assets to be purchased by GWA in U.S. dollars within the next six months (United States dollars in thousands):
Effective date
 
Settlement Date
 
Notional Amount
 
Exchange Rate
4/18/2018
 
7/5/2018
 
$5,379
 
0.78
5/2/2018
 
11/5/2018
 
$4,315
 
0.75
5/2/2018
 
12/21/2018
 
$5,753
 
0.75
The fair values of the Company's foreign currency forward contracts were estimated based on Level 2 inputs. Based on the Company's fair value assumptions as of June 30, 2018, it expects to realize $0.4 million of existing net gains that are reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings within the next 12 months. See Note 13, Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, for additional information regarding the Company's cash flow hedges.
On March 25, 2015, the Company closed on the Freightliner acquisition and paid cash consideration of £492.1 million (or $733.0 million at the exchange rate on March 25, 2015). The Company financed the acquisition through a combination of available cash and borrowings under the Company's Credit Agreement. A portion of the funds were transferred from the United States to the U.K. through an intercompany loan with a notional amount of £120.0 million (or $181.0 million at the exchange rate on the effective date of the loan) and accrued interest as of June 30, 2018 of £25.9 million (or $34.2 million at the exchange rate on June 30, 2018), each of which are expected to remain until maturity of the loan. To mitigate the foreign currency exchange rate risk related to this non-functional currency intercompany loan and the related interest, the Company entered into British pound forward contracts, which are accounted for as cash flow hedges.

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Table of Contents             GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


The fair values of the Company's British pound forward contracts were estimated based on Level 2 inputs. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, $0.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of net gains were recorded as interest income in the consolidated statements of operations. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively, of net gains were recorded as interest income in the consolidated statements of operations. Based on the Company's fair value assumptions as of June 30, 2018, it expects to realize $0.7 million of existing net gains that are reported in accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings within the next 12 months. See Note 13, Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss, for additional information regarding the Company's cash flow hedges.
The following table summarizes the Company's outstanding British pound forward contracts (British pounds in thousands):
Effective Date
 
Settlement Date
 
Notional Amount
 
Exchange Rate
3/25/2015
 
3/31/2020
 
£60,000
 
1.51
3/25/2015
 
3/31/2020
 
£60,000
 
1.50
6/30/2015
 
3/31/2020
 
£2,035
 
1.57
9/30/2015
 
3/31/2020
 
£1,846
 
1.51
12/31/2015
 
3/31/2020
 
£1,873
 
1.48
3/31/2016
 
3/31/2020
 
£1,881
 
1.45
6/30/2016
 
3/31/2020
 
£1,909
 
1.35
9/30/2016
 
3/31/2020
 
£1,959
 
1.33
12/30/2016
 
3/31/2020
 
£1,989
 
1.28
3/31/2017
 
3/31/2020
 
£1,975
 
1.30
6/30/2017
 
3/31/2020
 
£2,026
 
1.34
10/2/2017
 
3/31/2020
 
£2,079
 
1.36
12/29/2017
 
3/31/2020
 
£2,111
 
1.39
3/31/2018
 
3/31/2020
 
£2,096
 
1.44
6/29/2018
 
3/31/2020
 
£2,151
 
1.36
On December 1, 2016, GWAHLP and the Company's subsidiary, GWI Holding B.V. (GWBV), entered into an A$248.9 million non-recourse subordinated partner loan agreement (GRail Intercompany Loan), which is eliminated in consolidation. GWAHLP used the proceeds from this loan to fund a portion of the acquisition of GRail. To mitigate the foreign currency exchange rate risk related to the non-functional currency intercompany loan, the Company entered into two Euro/Australian dollar floating-to-floating cross-currency swap agreements (the Swaps) on December 22, 2016, which effectively convert the A$248.9 million intercompany loan receivable in the Netherlands into a €171.7 million loan receivable. These agreements do not qualify as hedges for accounting purposes and, accordingly, mark-to-market changes in the fair value of the Swaps relative to the underlying GRail Intercompany Loan will be recorded over the life of the agreements, which expire on June 30, 2019.
The first swap requires the Company to pay Australian dollar BBR plus 4.50% based on a notional amount of A$123.9 million and allows the Company to receive EURIBOR plus 2.68% based on a notional amount of €85.5 million on a semi-annual basis. BBR is the Bankers Buyers Rate and EURIBOR is the Euro Interbank Offered Rate, which the Company believes are generally considered equivalents to LIBOR. The second swap requires the Company to pay Australian dollar BBR plus 4.50% based on a notional amount of A$125.0 million and allows the Company to receive EURIBOR plus 2.90% based on a notional amount of €86.3 million on a semi-annual basis. The Swaps require semi-annual net settlement payments. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, $0.3 million of net income and $2.5 million of net expense, respectively, was realized within other income/(loss), net in the consolidated statement of operations as a result of the mark-to-market impact of the GRail Intercompany Loan compared to the mark-to-market of the Swaps.
During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, $0.8 million and $3.7 million, respectively, of net expense was realized within other income/(loss), net in the consolidated statements of operations as a result of the mark-to-market impact of the GRail Intercompany Loan compared to the mark-to-market of the Swaps. Over the life of the Swaps, the Company expects the cumulative impact of net gains and losses from the mark-to-market of the GRail Intercompany Loan and Swaps to be approximately zero.

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Table of Contents             GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


The following table summarizes the fair value of the Company's derivative instruments recorded in the consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
 
 
Fair Value
 
Balance Sheet Location
 
June 30,
2018
 
December 31, 2017
Asset Derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives designated as hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swap agreements
Prepaid expenses and other
 
$
69

 
$

Foreign currency forward contracts
Prepaid expenses and other
 
411

 

Interest rate swap agreements
Other assets
 
500

 

British pound forward contracts
Other assets
 
18,133

 
13,657

Total derivatives designated as hedges
 
 
$
19,113

 
$
13,657

Derivatives not designated as hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
Cross-currency swap contract
Prepaid expenses and other
 
$
14,289

 
$
5,775

Cross-currency swap contract
Other assets
 

 
2,887

Total derivatives not designated as hedges
 
 
$
14,289

 
$
8,662

 
 
 
 
 
 
Liability Derivatives:
 
 
 
 
 
Derivatives designated as hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swap agreements
Accrued expenses
 
$
641

 
$
1,972

Interest rate swap agreements
Other long-term liabilities
 
1,611

 
12,410

British pound forward contracts
Other long-term liabilities
 
419

 
829

Total derivatives designated as hedges
 
 
$
2,671

 
$
15,211

The following table shows the effect of the Company's derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 in other comprehensive income (OCI) (dollars in thousands):
 
 
Total Cash Flow Hedge OCI Activity,
Net of Tax
 
 
Three Months Ended
 
Six Months Ended
 
 
June 30,
 
June 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Derivatives Designated as Cash Flow Hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Effective portion of net changes in fair value recognized in OCI, net of tax:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate swap agreements
 
$
2,688

 
$
(1,647
)
 
$
9,580

 
$
(1,770
)
Foreign currency forward contracts
 
288

 

 
288

 

British pound forward contracts, net (a)
 
(274
)
 
1,043

 
(265
)
 
1,672

 
 
$
2,702

 
$
(604
)
 
$
9,603

 
$
(98
)
(a)
The three and six months ended June 30, 2018 represented a net gain of $9.0 million and $3.5 million, respectively, for the mark-to-market of the British pound forward contracts, partially offset by a net loss of $9.2 million and $3.7 million, respectively, for the mark-to-market of the U.K. intercompany loan. The three and six months ended June 30, 2017 represented a net gain of $3.8 million and $5.4 million, respectively, for the mark-to-market of the U.K. intercompany loan, partially offset by a net loss of $2.8 million and $3.8 million, respectively, for the mark-to-market of the British pound forward contracts.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


The following table shows the effect of the Company's derivative instruments not designated as hedges for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 in the consolidated statements of operations (dollars in thousands):
 
 
 
 
Amount Recognized in Earnings
 
 
Location of Amount Recognized in Earnings
 
Three Months Ended
 
Six Months Ended
 
 
 
June 30,
 
June 30,
 
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Derivative Instruments Not Designated as Hedges:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cross-currency swap agreements, net (a)
 
Other income/(loss), net
 
$
272

 
$
(809
)
 
$
(2,490
)
 
$
(3,667
)
(a)
The three months ended June 30, 2018 represented a net loss of $2.8 million for the mark-to-market of the Swaps, partially offset by a net gain of $3.0 million for the mark-to-market of the GRail Intercompany Loan. The six months ended June 30, 2018 represented a net gain of $2.6 million for the mark-to-market of the Swaps, partially offset by a net loss of $5.1 million for the mark-to-market of the GRail Intercompany Loan. The three and six months ended June 30, 2017 represented a net gain of $11.2 million and $0.3 million, respectively, for the mark-to-market of the Swaps, partially offset by a net loss of $12.0 million and $4.0 million, respectively, for the mark-to-market of the GRail Intercompany Loan.
9. FAIR VALUE OF FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS:
The Company applies the following three-level hierarchy of valuation inputs for measuring fair value:
Level 1 - Quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date.
Level 2 - Quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; and model-derived valuations in which all significant inputs are observable market data.
Level 3 - Valuations derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs are unobservable.
The following methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair value of each class of financial instruments held by the Company:
Financial Instruments Carried at Fair Value: Derivative instruments are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets as either assets or liabilities measured at fair value. During the reporting period, the Company's derivative financial instruments consisted of interest rate swap agreements, foreign currency forward contracts and cross-currency swap agreements. The Company estimated the fair value of its interest rate swap agreements based on Level 2 valuation inputs, including fixed interest rates, LIBOR and BBR implied forward interest rates and the remaining time to maturity. The Company estimated the fair value of its British pound forward contracts based on Level 2 valuation inputs, including LIBOR implied forward interest rates, British pound LIBOR implied forward interest rates and the remaining time to maturity. The Company estimated the fair value of its foreign currency forward contracts based on Level 2 valuation inputs, including BBR implied forward interest rates and the remaining time to maturity. The Company estimated the fair value of its cross-currency swap agreements based on Level 2 valuation inputs, including EURIBOR implied forward interest rates, BBR implied forward interest rates and the remaining time to maturity.
The Company's recurring fair value measurements using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) relate to the Company's deferred consideration from the HOG acquisition in 2017. The fair value of the deferred consideration liabilities were estimated by discounting, to present value, contingent payments expected to be made.
Financial Instruments Carried at Historical Cost: Since the Company's long-term debt is not actively traded, fair value was estimated using a discounted cash flow analysis based on Level 2 valuation inputs, including borrowing rates the Company believes are currently available to it for loans with similar terms and maturities.

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Table of Contents             GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


The following table presents the Company's financial instruments carried at fair value using Level 2 inputs as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
June 30,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
Financial instruments carried at fair value using Level 2 inputs:
 
 
 
Financial assets carried at fair value:
 
 
 
Interest rate swap agreements
$
569

 
$

Foreign currency forward contracts
411

 

British pound forward contracts
18,133

 
13,657

Cross-currency swap contracts
14,289

 
8,662

Total financial assets carried at fair value
$
33,402

 
$
22,319

Financial liabilities carried at fair value:
 
 
 
Interest rate swap agreements
$
2,252

 
$
14,382

British pound forward contracts
419

 
829

Total financial liabilities carried at fair value
$
2,671

 
$
15,211

The following table presents the Company's financial instrument carried at fair value using Level 3 inputs as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (amounts in thousands):
 
June 30,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
Financial instrument carried at fair value using Level 3 inputs:
 
 
 
Financial liabilities carried at fair value:
 
 
 
Accrued deferred consideration - HOG
$
6,231

 
$
5,974

At the date of acquisition of HOG in 2017, the contingent liability represented the fair value of the deferred consideration payable to the sellers upon satisfaction of certain conditions, which the Company expects to be paid in 2021. See Note 2, Changes in Operations, for additional information regarding HOG.
The Company's contingent liability is adjusted each period to represent the fair value of the deferred consideration as of the balance sheet date. To do so, the Company recalculates HOG's deferred consideration based on the contractual formula as defined in the stock purchase agreement. This calculation effectively represents the present value of the expected payment to be made upon settlement of the deferred consideration. Accordingly, such recalculations will reflect both the impact of the time value of money and the impact of changes in the expected future performance of the acquired business, as applicable. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recognized $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively, as other expenses, net within the Company's consolidated statements of operations as a result of the change in the estimated fair value of the deferred consideration, which represented the time value of money. The Company expects to recognize future changes in the contingent liability for the estimated fair value of the deferred consideration through other expenses, net within the Company's consolidated statement of operations. This future change in the estimated fair value of the deferred consideration is not expected to be deductible for tax purposes.
The following table presents the carrying value and fair value using Level 2 inputs of the Company's financial instruments carried at historical cost as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
 
Carrying Value
 
Fair Value
 
Carrying Value
 
Fair Value
Financial liabilities carried at historical cost:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
United States term loan
 
$
1,307,365

 
$
1,310,829

 
$
1,204,714

 
$
1,208,657

U.K. term loan
 
338,358

 
340,276

 
124,747

 
126,480

Australian credit agreement
 
479,060

 
487,230

 
513,192

 
528,105

Australia subordinated shareholder loan from MIRA
 
176,083

 
172,500

 
186,085

 
184,750

Revolving credit facility
 
4,935

 
5,562

 
225,155

 
229,483

Other debt
 
2,381

 
2,362

 
2,419

 
2,426

Total
 
$
2,308,182

 
$
2,318,759

 
$
2,256,312

 
$
2,279,901


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Table of Contents             GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


10. U.K. PENSION PLAN:
Through its Freightliner subsidiary, the Company has a defined benefit pension plan for Freightliner's eligible U.K. employees through a standalone shared cost arrangement within the Railways Pension Scheme (Pension Program). The Pension Program is managed and administered by a professional pension administration company and is overseen by trustees with professional advice from independent actuaries and other advisers. The Pension Program is a shared cost arrangement with required contributions shared between Freightliner and its participating members, with Freightliner contributing 60% and the remaining 40% contributed by active employees. The Company engages independent actuaries to compute the amounts of liabilities and expenses relating to the Pension Program subject to the assumptions that the Company selects.
The following tables summarize the components of the Pension Program related to the net benefit costs recognized in labor and benefits and other income/(loss), net in the Company's consolidated statements of operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (amounts in thousands):
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Operating expense:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Service cost(a)
$
3,770

 
$
3,823

 
$
7,625

 
$
7,526

Nonoperating income, net:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Interest cost
2,488

 
2,531

 
5,033

 
4,982

 
Expected return on plan assets
(4,775
)
 
(4,232
)
 
(9,659
)
 
(8,329
)
 
Total nonoperating income, net(b)
(2,287
)
 
(1,701
)
 
(4,626
)
 
(3,347
)
Net periodic benefit cost
$
1,483

 
$
2,122

 
$
2,999

 
$
4,179

(a) Included in labor and benefits within the Company’s consolidated statement of operations
(b) Included in other income/(loss), net within the Company’s consolidated statement of operations
During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company contributed £3.0 million (or $4.0 million at the June 30, 2018 exchange rate) to fund the Pension Program. The Company expects to contribute £4.2 million (or $5.6 million at the June 30, 2018 exchange rate) to the Pension Program for the remainder of 2018. The Pension Program's assets may undergo significant changes over time as a result of market conditions, and its assets and liabilities are formally valued on an independent actuarial basis every three years to assess the adequacy of funding levels. A key element of the valuation process is an assessment of the creditworthiness of the participating employer. In March 2018, the Company completed its triennial valuation based on the program's funding position as of December 31, 2016, which did not have and is not expected to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements. In the event that the Pension Program's projected assets and liabilities reveal additional funding requirements, the shared cost arrangement generally means that the Company will be required to pay 60% of any additional contributions, with active members contributing the remaining 40%, in each case over an agreed recovery period. If the Pension Program was to be terminated and wound up, any deficit would fall entirely on the Company and could not be shared with active members. Currently, the Company has no intention of terminating the Pension Program.
11. INCOME TAXES:
The Company's provision for income taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was $26.4 million, compared with $29.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Based on developments during the three months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded a reserve for uncertain tax positions of $4.8 million related to tax deductions on intercompany financing arrangements in the U.K., of which $0.7 million related to the three months ended June 30, 2018, $0.4 million related to the three months ended March 31, 2018 and $3.7 million related to the period from March 25, 2015, the date of the Freightliner acquisition when the arrangements were established, through December 31, 2017. The reserve for uncertain tax positions was included in the Company's provision for income taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2018. Excluding the prior period portion of the reserve for uncertain tax positions, the Company's effective income tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was 29.8%. The Company's effective income tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2017 was 38.1%. The decrease in the Company's effective income tax rate was primarily a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA), which decreased the United States federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%. In addition, the Company's provision for income taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2017 included an increase to a valuation allowance of €0.7 million (or $0.6 million at the average exchange rate for the period) primarily associated with losses at ERS.

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Table of Contents             GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


The Company's provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was $10.6 million, compared with $51.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. The provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2018 included a $31.6 million benefit from the retroactive extension of the United States Short Line Tax Credit. Based on developments during the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded a reserve for uncertain tax positions of $4.8 million related to tax deductions on intercompany financing arrangements in the U.K., of which $3.7 million related to the period from March 25, 2015, the date of the Freightliner acquisition when the arrangements were established, through December 31, 2017. Excluding the benefit from the retroactive extension and the prior period portion of the reserve for uncertain tax positions, the effective income tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was 28.5%. The Company's effective income tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2017 was 40.6%. The decrease in the effective income tax rate was primarily a result of the TCJA, which decreased the United States federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%. In addition, the provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2017 included an increase to a valuation allowance of €0.9 million (or $1.0 million at the average exchange rate for the period) primarily associated with losses at ERS.
The United States Short Line Tax Credit is an income tax track maintenance credit for Class II and Class III railroads to reduce their federal income tax based on qualified railroad track maintenance expenditures. Qualified expenditures include amounts incurred for maintaining track, including roadbed, bridges and related track structures owned or leased by a Class II or Class III railroad. The credit is equal to 50% of the qualified expenditures, subject to an annual limitation of $3,500 multiplied by the number of miles of railroad track owned or leased by the Class II or Class III railroad as of the end of its tax year. The United States Short Line Tax Credit was initially enacted for a three-year period, 2005 through 2007, and was subsequently extended a series of times with the last extension enacted in February 2018. The February 2018 extension provided a retroactive credit, solely for fiscal year 2017. Legislation is currently pending that seeks to make the United States Short Line Tax Credit permanent for fiscal year 2018 and beyond.
On December 22, 2017, the TCJA was enacted into law and the SEC's staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin No.118 (SAB 118) to address the application of the TCJA on accounting for income taxes in the period which includes the enactment date. Specifically, when the initial accounting for items under the TCJA is incomplete, SAB 118 allows the Company to include provisional amounts when reasonable estimates can be made. SAB 118 provides for an up to one-year measurement period during which the tax effect of the TCJA can be recomputed based on additional guidance and analysis. Any adjustment will be recorded as a tax expense or benefit in the reporting period during which the amounts are determined. As of June 30, 2018, the Company believed that the provisional calculations for year-end 2017 resulted in a reasonable estimate of the one-time transition (toll) tax and therefore, has not made any measurement period adjustments. The Company will continue to refine its estimates as additional guidance and information is available including deferred taxes related to certain equity compensation arrangements.
12. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES:
From time to time, the Company is a defendant in certain lawsuits and a party to certain arbitrations resulting from the Company's operations in the ordinary course as the nature of the Company's business exposes it to the potential for various claims and litigation, including those related to property damage, personal injury, freight loss, labor and employment, environmental and other matters. The Company maintains insurance policies to mitigate the financial risk associated with such claims. However, any material changes to pending litigation or a catastrophic rail accident or series of accidents involving material freight loss or property damage, personal injuries or environmental liability or other claims or disputes that are not covered by insurance could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Management believes there are adequate provisions in the financial statements for any probable liabilities that may result from disposition of the pending lawsuits and arbitrations.
In November 2014, the Company received a notice from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requesting information under the Clean Water Act related to the discharge of crude oil as a result of a derailment of an Alabama & Gulf Coast Railway LLC (AGR) freight train in November 2013 in the vicinity of Aliceville, Alabama. In May 2018, the EPA notified the AGR of a maximum civil payment of up to $14.1 million, based on the amount of oil allegedly discharged and other relevant factors considered under the applicable regulation. The Company is evaluating its defenses, settlement options and the availability of insurance.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


The Company is also involved in several arbitrations related to contractual disputes that are not covered by insurance. In March 2017, CSX Transportation, Inc. (CSXT) initiated arbitration against several of the Company’s subsidiaries associated with freight revenue factors (or divisions) under certain operating agreements associated with leased railroads. CSXT is seeking to reduce certain of the Company's freight revenue factors for the time period after August 21, 2016. While the arbitration is not complete, the arbitration panel issued a Partial Final Award dated July 19, 2018 denying CSXT’s request that the freight revenue factors at issue be reduced. The Company continues to believe that it has meritorious defenses against CSXT’s remaining claims. In an unrelated matter, on May 3, 2017, the AGR initiated arbitration related to the collection of approximately $13 million of outstanding liquidated damages under a volume commitment (or take-or-pay) contract with a customer. The Company believes it will prevail in the collection of the outstanding liquidated damages. Although the Company expects to attain successful outcomes in each of these matters, arbitration is inherently uncertain, and it is possible that an unfavorable ruling could have an adverse effect on the Company's results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
13. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS:
The following tables set forth the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss attributable to Genesee & Wyoming Inc. included in the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of comprehensive income (dollars in thousands):
 
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment
 
Defined Benefit Plans
 
Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance, December 31, 2017
$
(74,617
)
 
$
(19,601
)
 
$
(11,316
)
 
$
(105,534
)
Other comprehensive (loss)/income before reclassifications
(36,698
)
 

 
9,736

 
(26,962
)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax (provision)/benefit of ($28) and $115, respectively

 
86

(a)
(290
)
(b)
(204
)
Current period change
(36,698
)
 
86

 
9,446

 
(27,166
)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings related to the United States Tax Cuts and Jobs Act

 
(132
)
 
(2,838
)
 
(2,970
)
Balance, June 30, 2018
$
(111,315
)
 
$
(19,647
)
 
$
(4,708
)
 
$
(135,670
)
 
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment
 
Defined Benefit Plans
 
Net Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Cash Flow Hedges
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
Balance, December 31, 2016
$
(163,642
)
 
$
(19,948
)
 
$
(13,726
)
 
$
(197,316
)
Other comprehensive income/(loss) before reclassifications
53,482

 
(2,263
)
 
(4,448
)
 
46,771

Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax (provision) of ($40) and ($3,381), respectively

 
76

(a)
5,029

(b)
5,105

Current period change
53,482

 
(2,187
)
 
581

 
51,876

Balance, June 30, 2017
$
(110,160
)
 
$
(22,135
)
 
$
(13,145
)
 
$
(145,440
)
(a)
Existing net gains realized were recorded in labor and benefits on the consolidated statements of operations.
(b)
Existing net gains/(losses) realized were recorded in interest expense on the consolidated statements of operations (see Note 8, Derivative Financial Instruments).

25

Table of Contents             GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


Comprehensive Income/(Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest
The following table sets forth comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest
$
4,443

 
$
2,121

 
$
5,370

 
$
3,172

Other comprehensive income/(loss):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign currency translation adjustment
(8,825
)
 
1,047

 
(12,843
)
 
13,670

Net unrealized gain/(loss) on qualifying cash flow hedges, net of tax (provision)/benefit of ($67), $39, ($67), and $291, respectively
157

 
(90
)
 
157

 
(679
)
Comprehensive (loss)/income attributable to noncontrolling interest
$
(4,225
)
 
$
3,078

 
$
(7,316
)
 
$
16,163

14. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY:
The following tables reconcile the beginning and ending equity balance for the periods attributable to Genesee & Wyoming Inc. and to noncontrolling interest (dollars in thousands):
 
Genesee & Wyoming Inc. Stockholders' Equity
 
Noncontrolling Interest
 
Total Equity
Balance, December 31, 2017
$
3,650,466

 
$
245,626

 
$
3,896,092

Net income
119,266

 
5,370

 
124,636

Other comprehensive loss
(27,166
)
 
(12,686
)
 
(39,852
)
Value of shares repurchased under repurchase plan - 2,666,043 shares
(192,324
)
 

 
(192,324
)
Distribution to noncontrolling interest

 
(14,898
)
 
(14,898
)
Other
8,675

 
49

 
8,724

Balance, June 30, 2018
$
3,558,917

 
$
223,461

 
$
3,782,378

 
Genesee & Wyoming Inc. Stockholders' Equity
 
Noncontrolling Interest
 
Total Equity
Balance, December 31, 2016
$
2,966,514

 
$
220,607

 
$
3,187,121

Net income
72,245

 
3,172

 
75,417

Other comprehensive income
51,876

 
12,991

 
64,867

Other
11,192

 
(27
)
 
11,165

Balance, June 30, 2017
$
3,101,827

 
$
236,743

 
$
3,338,570

15. SIGNIFICANT NON-CASH INVESTING AND FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company had outstanding accounts receivable from outside parties for the funding of capital expenditures of $10.9 million and $10.0 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company also had $9.2 million and $10.5 million, respectively, of purchases of property and equipment that were not paid and, accordingly, were accrued in accounts payable in the normal course of business.
16. SEGMENT INFORMATION:
The Company presents the financial results of its nine operating regions as three reportable segments: North American Operations, Australian Operations and U.K./European Operations. The Company's seven North American regions are aggregated into one segment as a result of having similar economic and operating characteristics. Each of the Company's segments generates the following three categories of revenues from external customers: freight revenues, freight-related revenues and all other revenues.

26

Table of Contents             GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


The Company's Australian business underwent a transformational change on December 1, 2016, with the acquisition of GRail and the formation of the Australia Partnership, which the Company controls through its 51.1% interest. The GRail acquisition significantly expanded the Company's operations in New South Wales. In conjunction with the GRail acquisition, the Company issued a 48.9% equity stake in its Australian subsidiary, GWAHLP, to MIRA. The Company retained a 51.1% controlling interest in GWAHLP and continues to consolidate 100% of its Australian Operations in the Company's financial statements and reports a noncontrolling interest for MIRA’s 48.9% equity ownership. As a result, (1) 100% of the assets and liabilities of the Company's Australian Operations, after the elimination of intercompany balances, were included in the Company's consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, with MIRA's 48.9% noncontrolling interest reflected in the equity section, (2) the Company's operating revenues and operating income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 included 100% of the Australian Operations, while net income attributable to G&W reflected the Company's 51.1% ownership position in the Australian Operations since the formation of the partnership on December 1, 2016 and (3) 100% of the cash flows of the Australian Operations, after the elimination of intercompany items, were included in the Company's consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. Accordingly, any payments between the Company's Australian Operations and its other businesses are eliminated in consolidation, while the Company's cash flows reflect 100% of any cash flows between the Australian Operations and MIRA. 
In accordance with the Australia Partnership agreement, the cash and cash equivalents of the Company's Australian Operations can be used to make payments in the usual and regular course of business, to pay down debt of the Australia Partnership and to make distributions to the partners in proportion to their investments. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Australia Partnership made a A$40.0 million distribution, of which A$20.4 million (or $15.6 million at the exchange rate on June 5, 2018) and A$19.6 million (or $14.9 million at the exchange rate on June 5, 2018) were distributed to the Company and MIRA, respectively, while no such distributions were made for the six months ended June 30, 2017.
The results of operations of the Company's foreign entities are maintained in the respective local currency (the Australian dollar, the British pound, the Canadian dollar and the Euro) and then translated into United States dollars at the applicable exchange rates for inclusion in the consolidated financial statements. As a result, any appreciation or depreciation of these currencies against the United States dollar will impact the Company's results of operations.
The following tables reflect the balance sheet exchange rates as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 and the average exchange rates for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 used to translate the foreign entities respective local currency balance sheet and results of operations into United States dollars for the respective period:
 
 
 
 
 
June 30,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
United States dollar per Australian dollar
 
 
 
 
$
0.74

 
$
0.78

United States dollar per British pound
 
 
 
 
$
1.32

 
$
1.35

United States dollar per Canadian dollar
 
 
 
 
$
0.76

 
$
0.80

United States dollar per Euro
 
 
 
 
$
1.17

 
$
1.20

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
United States dollar per Australian dollar
$
0.76

 
$
0.75

 
$
0.77

 
$
0.75

United States dollar per British pound
$
1.36

 
$
1.28

 
$
1.38

 
$
1.26

United States dollar per Canadian dollar
$
0.77

 
$
0.74

 
$
0.78

 
$
0.75

United States dollar per Euro
$
1.19

 
$
1.10

 
$
1.21

 
$
1.08


27

Table of Contents             GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


The following tables set forth select financial data for the Company's reportable segments, including operating revenues by commodity group, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands) (prior period revenue amounts have not been adjusted under the modified retrospective method):
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
North American Operations
 
Australian Operations
 
U.K./European Operations
 
Total
Operations
Operating revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Freight revenues by commodity group:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agricultural Products
$
29,693

 
$
6,006

 
$
785

 
$
36,484

Autos & Auto Parts
5,806

 

 

 
5,806

Chemicals & Plastics
38,972

 

 

 
38,972

Coal & Coke
19,087

 
32,570

 
2,687

 
54,344

Food & Kindred Products
8,476

 

 

 
8,476

Intermodal
380

 
17,102

 
66,483

 
83,965

Lumber & Forest Products
23,810

 

 

 
23,810

Metallic Ores
3,670

 
8,125

 

 
11,795

Metals
32,493

 

 

 
32,493

Minerals & Stone
38,034

 
2,087

 
22,326

 
62,447

Petroleum Products
16,151

 
185

 
8

 
16,344

Pulp & Paper
29,514

 

 

 
29,514

Waste
7,339

 

 

 
7,339

Other
6,443

 

 

 
6,443

Total freight revenues
259,868

 
66,075

 
92,289

 
418,232

Freight-related revenues
63,467

 
11,515

 
67,420

 
142,402

All other revenues
16,222

 
1,439

 
16,695

 
34,356

Total operating revenues
$
339,557

 
$
79,029

 
$
176,404

 
$
594,990

Operating income/(loss)
$
80,274

 
$
25,896

 
$
(3,045
)
 
$
103,125

Depreciation and amortization
$
41,247

 
$
15,288

 
$
9,210

 
$
65,745

Interest expense, net
$
11,778

 
$
12,893

 
$
3,685

 
$
28,356

Provision for income taxes
$
20,091

 
$
3,901

 
$
2,454

 
$
26,446

Cash expenditures for additions to property & equipment, net of grants from outside parties
$
48,924

 
$
14,489

 
$
4,726

 
$
68,139


28

Table of Contents             GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2017
 
North American Operations
 
Australian Operations
 
U.K./European Operations
 
Total
Operations
Operating revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Freight revenues by commodity group:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agricultural Products
$
31,279

 
$
5,932

 
$
829

 
$
38,040

Autos & Auto Parts
5,730

 

 

 
5,730

Chemicals & Plastics
37,400

 

 

 
37,400

Coal & Coke
15,382

 
27,758

 
1,719

 
44,859

Food & Kindred Products
8,325

 

 

 
8,325

Intermodal
238

 
17,234

 
60,793

 
78,265

Lumber & Forest Products
22,323

 

 

 
22,323

Metallic Ores
2,920

 
10,659

 

 
13,579

Metals
26,079

 

 

 
26,079

Minerals & Stone
34,562

 
2,016

 
17,688

 
54,266

Petroleum Products
15,844

 
154

 

 
15,998

Pulp & Paper
26,077

 

 

 
26,077

Waste
7,144

 

 

 
7,144

Other
5,070

 

 

 
5,070

Total freight revenues
238,373

 
63,753

 
81,029

 
383,155

Freight-related revenues
61,183

 
11,500

 
54,938

 
127,621

All other revenues
16,118

 
1,556

 
11,983

 
29,657

Total operating revenues
$
315,674

 
$
76,809

 
$
147,950

 
$
540,433

Operating income/(loss)
$
79,679

 
$
20,250

 
$
(196
)
 
$
99,733

Depreciation and amortization
$
38,919

 
$
14,970

 
$
7,624

 
$
61,513

Interest expense, net
$
9,560

 
$
13,835

 
$
1,809

 
$
25,204

Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes
$
27,789

 
$
1,931

 
$
(123
)
 
$
29,597

Cash expenditures for additions to property & equipment, net of grants from outside parties
$
40,012

 
$
3,714

 
$
6,175

 
$
49,901


29

Table of Contents             GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
North American Operations
 
Australian Operations
 
U.K./European Operations
 
Total Operations
Operating revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Freight revenues by commodity group:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agricultural Products
$
61,065

 
$
11,489

 
$
2,020

 
$
74,574

Autos & Auto Parts
11,173

 

 

 
11,173

Chemicals & Plastics
75,189

 

 

 
75,189

Coal & Coke
39,032

 
64,149

 
6,163

 
109,344

Food & Kindred Products
16,826

 

 

 
16,826

Intermodal
689

 
33,075

 
133,804

 
167,568

Lumber & Forest Products
46,249

 

 

 
46,249

Metallic Ores
7,243

 
15,856

 

 
23,099

Metals
60,887

 

 

 
60,887

Minerals & Stone
68,552

 
4,181

 
41,505

 
114,238

Petroleum Products
34,634

 
336

 
8

 
34,978

Pulp & Paper
58,385

 

 

 
58,385

Waste
13,227

 

 

 
13,227

Other
12,134

 

 

 
12,134

Freight revenues
505,285

 
129,086

 
183,500

 
817,871

Freight-related revenues
127,299

 
22,078

 
134,222

 
283,599

All other revenues
32,603

 
2,699

 
32,879

 
68,181

Total operating revenues
$
665,187

 
$
153,863

 
$
350,601

 
$
1,169,651

Operating income/(loss)
$
153,434

 
$
41,872

 
$
(5,268
)
 
$
190,038

Depreciation and amortization
$
81,878

 
$
31,295

 
$
18,562

 
$
131,735

Interest expense, net
$
20,233

 
$
26,134

 
$
6,727

 
$
53,094

Provision for income taxes
$
606

 
$
4,722

 
$
5,228

 
$
10,556

Cash expenditures for additions to property & equipment, net of grants from outside parties
$
87,487

 
$
19,751

 
$
13,189

 
$
120,427


30

Table of Contents             GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
 
North American Operations
 
Australian Operations
 
U.K./European Operations
 
Total Operations
Operating revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Freight revenues by commodity group:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Agricultural Products
$
64,257

 
$
11,678

 
$
2,568

 
$
78,503

Autos & Auto Parts
10,940

 

 

 
10,940

Chemicals & Plastics
74,915

 

 

 
74,915

Coal & Coke
37,115

 
57,279

 
5,119

 
99,513

Food & Kindred Products
16,599

 

 

 
16,599

Intermodal
415

 
33,101

 
122,789

 
156,305

Lumber & Forest Products
42,699

 

 

 
42,699

Metallic Ores
6,816

 
18,290

 

 
25,106

Metals
52,673

 

 

 
52,673

Minerals & Stone
62,677

 
3,995

 
29,143

 
95,815

Petroleum Products
34,271

 
284

 

 
34,555

Pulp & Paper
51,555

 

 

 
51,555

Waste
12,338

 

 

 
12,338

Other
9,384

 

 

 
9,384

Freight revenues
$
476,654

 
$
124,627

 
$
159,619

 
$
760,900

Freight-related revenues
126,528

 
23,209

 
97,221

 
246,958

All other revenues
31,968

 
2,880

 
16,835

 
51,683

Total operating revenues
$
635,150

 
$
150,716

 
$
273,675

 
$
1,059,541

Operating income/(loss)
$
147,342

 
$
37,409

 
$
(9,118
)
 
$
175,633

Depreciation and amortization
$
77,786

 
$
30,162

 
$
14,339

 
$
122,287

Interest expense, net
$
20,111

 
$
27,822

 
$
3,409

 
$
51,342

Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes
$
49,863

 
$
2,792

 
$
(1,130
)
 
$
51,525

Cash expenditures for additions to property & equipment, net of grants from outside parties
$
64,227

 
$
5,176

 
$
10,465

 
$
79,868

The following tables set forth select balance sheet data for the Company's reportable segments as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands): 
 
June 30, 2018
 
North American Operations
 
Australian Operations
 
U.K./European Operations
 
Total
Operations
Cash and cash equivalents
$
14,458

 
$
37,606

 
$
17,638

 
$
69,702

Property and equipment, net
$
3,657,483

 
$
631,919

 
$
324,447

 
$
4,613,849

 
December 31, 2017
 
North American Operations
 
Australian Operations
 
U.K./European Operations
 
Total
Operations
Cash and cash equivalents
$
13,584

 
$
52,407

 
$
14,481

 
$
80,472

Property and equipment, net
$
3,657,801

 
$
664,367

 
$
334,753

 
$
4,656,921


31

Table of Contents             GENESEE & WYOMING INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Unaudited)


17. RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING STANDARDS:
Accounting Standards Not Yet Effective
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which will require lessees to recognize leases on their balance sheets as a right-of-use asset with a corresponding liability. Lessees are permitted to make an accounting policy election to not recognize an asset and liability for leases with a term of 12 months or less. Additional qualitative and quantitative disclosures, including significant judgments made by management, will also be required.
The new standard will become effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2019, and previously required the use of a modified retrospective adoption approach. In July 2018, the FASB approved another, optional, transition method that would instead allow companies to initially apply the new lease standard at the adoption date and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the period of adoption. The Company plans to elect the cumulative-effect adjustment transition method. The Company is currently implementing lease accounting software to assist in its assessment of the impact of adopting this guidance on its consolidated financial statements. At December 31, 2017, the Company disclosed approximately $615 million in aggregate future minimum operating lease payments and continues to evaluate those contracts as well as other existing arrangements to determine whether a right-of-use asset or lease liability will need to be recognized under the new standard and will assess new contracts entered into prior to the adoption of the new standard. The adoption of the new standard will result in a material increase to right of use assets and lease liabilities on the Company's consolidated balance sheet, primarily as a result of operating leases currently not recognized on the balance sheet. The Company, however, does not anticipate a material impact to net income as a result of the adoption of this new standard and is currently evaluating disclosure requirements.
In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles-Goodwill and Other (Topic 350), Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill by eliminating Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. The amendments will become effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2020. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In January 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-01, Leases (Topic 842), Land Easement Practical Expedient for Transition to Topic 842, which permits an entity to make an election not to apply Topic 842 to land easements that existed or expired before the effective date of Topic 842 provided that they were not previously assessed under ASC 840, Leases. Effective January 1, 2019, Topic 842 will be applied to new and modified land easements to determine whether the arrangement should be accounted for as a lease. The Company will apply this guidance upon the adoption of Topic 842 effective January 1, 2019. The Company is evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosure.

32

Table of Contents

ITEM 2.MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes set forth in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our consolidated financial statements were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP).
When comparing our results of operations from one reporting period to another, it is important to consider that we have historically experienced fluctuations in revenues and expenses due to acquisitions, changing economic conditions, commodity prices, competitive forces, changes in foreign currency exchange rates, rail network congestion, one-time freight moves, fuel price fluctuations, customer plant expansions and shutdowns, sales of property and equipment, derailments and weather-related conditions, such as hurricanes, cyclones, tornadoes, high winds, droughts, heavy snowfall, unseasonably hot or cold weather, freezing and flooding, among other factors. In periods when these events occur, our results of operations are not easily comparable from one period to another. Finally, certain of our railroads have commodity shipments that are sensitive to general economic conditions, global commodity prices and foreign exchange rates, such as steel products, iron ore, paper products, lumber and forest products and agricultural products, as well as product specific market conditions, such as the availability of lower priced alternative sources of power generation (coal) and energy commodity price differentials (crude oil and natural gas liquids) or congestion at ports (intermodal). Other shipments are relatively less affected by economic conditions and are more closely affected by other factors, such as winter weather (salt) and seasonal rainfall (agricultural products). As a result of these and other factors, our results of operations in any reporting period may not be directly comparable to our results of operations in other reporting periods.
When we discuss foreign exchange impact, we are referring to the change in our results due to the change in foreign currency exchange rates. We calculate foreign exchange impact by comparing the prior period results translated from local currency to United States dollars using current period exchange rates to the prior period results in United States dollars as reported. Constant currency, which is a non-GAAP measure, reflects the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates. When we discuss results from existing operations or same railroad operations, we are referring to the change in our results, period-over-period, associated with operations that we managed in both periods (i.e., excluding the impact of acquisitions and divestitures).
Overview
We own or lease 121 freight railroads organized in nine locally managed operating regions with 8,000 employees serving 3,000 customers.
The financial results of our nine operating regions are reported in the following three reportable segments:
North American Operations: Our seven North American regions serve 41 U.S. states and four Canadian provinces and include 115 short line and regional freight railroads with more than 13,000 track-miles.
Australian Operations: Our Australia Region serves New South Wales, the Northern Territory, and South Australia and operates the 1,400-mile Tarcoola-to-Darwin rail line. The Australia Region is 51.1% owned by us and 48.9% owned by a consortium of funds and clients managed by Macquarie Infrastructure and Real Assets (MIRA).
U.K./European Operations: Our U.K./European Region includes the United Kingdom's (U.K.) largest rail maritime intermodal operator and the second-largest freight rail provider, as well as regional rail services in Continental Europe.
Our subsidiaries and joint ventures also provide rail service at more than 40 major ports, rail-ferry service between the U.S. Southeast and Mexico, transload services, contract coal loading, and industrial railcar switching and repair.
Overview of Three-Month Results
Consolidated Results
Our operating revenues increased $54.6 million, or 10.1%, to $595.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $540.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Operating income for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was $103.1 million, compared with $99.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $3.4 million, or 3.4%. Our operating ratio, defined as operating expenses divided by operating revenues, was 82.7% for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with 81.5% for the three months ended June 30, 2017.

33

Table of Contents

Net income attributable to G&W for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was $44.2 million, compared with net income of $46.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Our diluted earnings per common share (EPS) for the three months ended June 30, 2018 were $0.73 with 60.9 million weighted average shares outstanding, compared with diluted EPS of $0.74 with 62.4 million weighted average shares outstanding for the three months ended June 30, 2017.
Our provision for income taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was $26.4 million, compared with our provision for income taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2017 of $29.6 million. Based on developments during the three months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded a reserve for uncertain tax positions of $4.8 million related to tax deductions on intercompany financing arrangements in the U.K., of which $0.7 million related to the three months ended June 30, 2018, $0.4 million related to the three months ended March 31, 2018 and $3.7 million related to the period from March 25, 2015, the date of the Freightliner Group Limited (Freightliner) acquisition when the arrangements were established, through December 31, 2017. The reserve for uncertain tax positions was included in our provision for income taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2018. Excluding the prior period portion of the reserve for uncertain tax positions, our effective income tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was 29.8%. Our effective income tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2017 was 38.1%. The decrease in our effective income tax rate was primarily a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA), which decreased the United States federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%. See Note 11, Income Taxes, to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in "Part I Item 1. Financial Statements" of this quarterly report for additional information regarding the TCJA.
Items Affecting Comparability
Our results for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 included certain items affecting comparability between the periods that are set forth below (dollars in millions, except per share amounts):
 
 
Income/(Loss) Before Taxes Impact
 
After-Tax Net Income/(Loss) Attributable to G&W Impact
 
Diluted Earnings/(Loss) Per Common Share Impact
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corporate development and related costs
 
$
(0.4
)
 
$
(0.3
)
 
$

Restructuring costs
 
$
(9.4
)
 
$
(7.6
)
 
$
(0.12
)
Loss on sale of ERS
 
$
(1.4
)
 
$
(1.4
)
 
$
(0.02
)
Gain on settlement
 
$
6.3

 
$
2.3

 
$
0.04

Credit facility refinancing-related costs
 
$
(2.7
)
 
$
(2.0
)
 
$
(0.03
)
Prior period portion of tax adjustment
 
$

 
$
(4.1
)
 
$
(0.07
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corporate development and related costs
 
$
(3.7
)
 
$
(2.7
)
 
$
(0.04
)
Restructuring costs
 
$
(2.4
)
 
$
(2.2
)
 
$
(0.03
)
Gain on sale of investment
 
$
1.6

 
$
1.0

 
$
0.02

For the three months ended June 30, 2018, our results included corporate development and related costs of $0.4 million, restructuring and related costs of $9.4 million, primarily driven by our optimization activities in the U.K., a $1.4 million loss on the sale of our Continental Europe intermodal business, ERS Railways B.V. (ERS), and a gain on settlement of $6.3 million from the recovery of pre-petition claims associated with Arrium Limited's (Arrium) voluntary administration in the second quarter of 2016. The results for the three months ended June 30, 2018 also included credit facility refinancing-related costs of $2.7 million and the $4.1 million income tax expense associated with uncertain tax deductions on intercompany financing arrangements in the U.K. previously recorded from March 25, 2015, the date of the Freightliner acquisition when the arrangements were established, through March 31, 2018.
For the three months ended June 30, 2017, our results included corporate development and related costs of $3.7 million, primarily related to the acquisition and integration of Pentalver Transport Limited (Pentalver), as well as restructuring costs of $2.4 million, primarily related to severance costs associated with our 2017 restructuring of ERS. The results for the three months ended June 30, 2017 also included a $1.6 million gain on the sale of an investment in the U.S.

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Table of Contents

Results by Segment
North America
Operating revenues from our North American Operations increased $23.9 million, or 7.6%, to $339.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $315.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Excluding a $1.0 million increase due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation and $0.8 million of revenues from new operations, North American Operations same railroad revenues increased $22.1 million, or 7.0%.
North American Operations traffic increased 33,306 carloads, or 8.4%, to 430,353 carloads for the three months ended June 30, 2018. Excluding 1,243 carloads from new operations, same railroad traffic increased 32,063 carloads, or 8.1%. The same railroad traffic increase was principally due to increases of 12,845 carloads of coal and coke traffic (primarily in the Central, Midwest and Northeast regions), 6,111 carloads of metals traffic (primarily in the Southern, Midwest and Central regions), 5,383 carloads of minerals and stone products traffic (primarily in the Northeast and Coastal regions), 2,841 carloads of other commodity traffic (primarily in the Southern, Central and Midwest regions), 1,949 carloads of pulp and paper products traffic (primarily in the Coastal and Central regions), 1,449 carloads of intermodal traffic (primarily in the Northeast Region) and 1,438 carloads of lumber and forest products traffic (primarily in the Western and Central regions), partially offset by a decrease of 1,256 carloads of agricultural products traffic (primarily in the Central Region). All remaining traffic increased by a net 1,303 carloads.
Operating income from our North American Operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was $80.3 million, compared with $79.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. The operating ratio for our North American Operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was 76.4%, compared with 74.8% for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Although our same railroad traffic increased 8.1% for the three months ended June 30, 2018, our operating ratio was adversely impacted by several variables including the mix of business, the lag in fuel surcharge recovery and legal fees associated with arbitration proceedings.
Australia
Operating revenues from our Australian Operations increased $2.2 million, or 2.9%, to $79.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $76.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Excluding a $0.6 million increase due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation, Australian Operations operating revenues increased $1.6 million, or 2.1%, primarily due to an increase in freight revenues.
Australian Operations traffic increased 1,876 carloads, or 1.3%, to 147,965 carloads for the three months ended June 30, 2018. The traffic increase was principally due to increases of 4,623 carloads of coal and coke traffic and 2,913 carloads of minerals and stone traffic, partially offset by a decrease of 3,268 carloads of metallic ores traffic, 1,202 carloads of intermodal traffic and 1,200 carloads of agricultural products traffic. All remaining traffic increased by 10 carloads.
Operating income from our Australian Operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was $25.9 million, compared with $20.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. The operating ratio for our Australian Operations was 67.2% for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with an operating ratio of 73.6% for the three months ended June 30, 2017. The operating income for the three months ended June 30, 2018 included a gain on settlement of $6.3 million related to Arrium's voluntary administration in the second quarter of 2016.
U.K./Europe
Operating revenues from our U.K./European Operations increased $28.5 million, or 19.2%, to $176.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $148.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Excluding $12.0 million from new operations, a $9.2 million increase due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation and a decrease of $3.8 million from the divested ERS operations, U.K./European same railroad revenues increased $11.0 million, or 7.7%, primarily due to an increase in freight revenues in the U.K. and Poland.
U.K./European Operations traffic decreased 10,901 carloads, or 4.1%, to 256,045 carloads for the three months ended June 30, 2018. Excluding a decrease of 6,825 carloads from the divested ERS operations, the traffic decrease was principally due to decreases of 9,208 carloads of intermodal traffic in the U.K., partially offset by an increase of 5,187 carloads of minerals and stone traffic (primarily in the U.K.). All remaining traffic decreased by a net 55 carloads.

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Operating loss from our U.K./European Operations was $3.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with an operating loss of $0.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. The operating ratio for our U.K./European Operations was 101.7% for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with an operating ratio of 100.1% for the three months ended June 30, 2017. The operating loss for the three months ended June 30, 2018 included restructuring and related costs of $9.4 million, primarily driven by our optimization activities in the U.K. The operating loss for the three months ended June 30, 2017 included restructuring costs of $2.4 million, primarily related to severance costs associated with our 2017 restructuring of ERS.
Overview of Six-Month Results
Our operating revenues increased $110.1 million, to $1,169.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $1,059.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Operating income for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was $190.0 million, compared with $175.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $14.4 million, or 8.2%. Our operating ratio was 83.8% for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with 83.4% for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Our same railroad operating ratio for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was 83.0%, compared with 82.3% for the six months ended June 30, 2017. When we discuss either operating ratios from existing operations or same railroad operating ratios, we are referring to the change in our operating ratio, period-over-period, associated with operations that we managed in both periods (i.e., excluding the impact of acquisitions and divestitures).
Net income for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was $124.6 million, compared with net income of $75.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Our diluted EPS for the six months ended June 30, 2018 were $1.93 with 61.8 million weighted average shares outstanding, compared with diluted EPS of $1.16 with 62.4 million weighted average shares outstanding for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Our results for the six months ended June 30, 2018 included an income tax benefit of $31.6 million associated with the retroactive extension of the United States Short Line Tax Credit for fiscal year 2017, which was enacted in February 2018. Based on developments during the six months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded a reserve for uncertain tax positions of $4.8 million related to tax deductions on intercompany financing arrangements in the U.K., of which $3.7 million related to the period from March 25, 2015, the date of the Freightliner acquisition when the arrangements were established, through December 31, 2017. The reserve for uncertain tax positions was included in our provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2018.
During the six months ended June 30, 2018, we generated $231.3 million in cash flows from operating activities. During the same period, we purchased $133.3 million of property and equipment, including $22.7 million for new business investments, partially offset by $12.9 million in cash received from government grants and other outside parties for capital spending. We also repurchased 2.7 million shares of our common stock for $192.3 million, Genesee & Wyoming Australia (GWA) made a distribution of $14.9 million to its noncontrolling interest holders and we received $88.3 million in net proceeds from the net increase in outstanding debt.

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Table of Contents

Items Affecting Comparability
Our results for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 included certain items affecting comparability between the periods that are set forth below (dollars in millions, except per share amounts):
 
 
Income/(Loss) Before Taxes Impact
 
After-Tax Net Income/(Loss) Attributable to G&W Impact
 
Diluted Earnings/(Loss) Per Common Share Impact
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corporate development and related costs
 
$
(0.5
)
 
$
(0.4
)
 
$
(0.01
)
Restructuring costs
 
$
(9.6
)
 
$
(7.8
)
 
$
(0.13
)
Loss on sale of ERS
 
$
(1.4
)
 
$
(1.4
)
 
$
(0.02
)
Gain on settlement
 
$
6.3

 
$
2.3

 
$
0.04

Credit facility refinancing-related costs
 
$
(2.7
)
 
$
(2.0
)
 
$
(0.03
)
2017 Short Line Tax Credit
 
$

 
$
31.6

 
$
0.51

Prior period portion of tax adjustment
 
$

 
$
(3.7
)
 
$
(0.06
)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corporate development and related costs
 
$
(9.1
)
 
$
(5.9
)
 
$
(0.1
)
Restructuring costs
 
$
(6.1
)
 
$
(5.6
)
 
$
(0.09
)
Gain on sale of investment
 
$
1.6

 
$
1.0

 
$
0.02

Changes in Operations
North American Operations
Heart of Georgia Railroad, Inc.: On May 31, 2017, we completed the acquisition of all the outstanding shares of Atlantic Western Transportation, Inc., the parent company of Heart of Georgia Railroad, Inc. (HOG), for $5.6 million in cash and contingent consideration of $5.7 million. The contingent consideration is payable to the sellers upon satisfaction of certain conditions, which we expect to be paid in 2021. The results of operations from HOG have been included in our consolidated statements of operations since the acquisition date. For additional information regarding HOG, see Note 2, Changes in Operations, to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in "Part I Item 1. Financial Statements" of this quarterly report.
Australian Operations
Arrium Limited: On April 7, 2016, GWA's customer, Arrium announced it had entered into voluntary administration. As a result, during the first quarter of 2016, we recorded a $13.0 million non-cash charge related to the impairment of GWA's idle rolling-stock maintenance facility and an allowance for doubtful accounts charge of $8.1 million. Also, as a result of the voluntary administration, all payments to GWA associated with the rail haulage agreement for Arrium's Southern Iron mine ceased.
On August 31, 2017, Arrium was sold to GFG Alliance. The steel making business was rebranded as Liberty OneSteel and the mining business was rebranded as SIMEC Mining (SIMEC). Although the Southern Iron mine is still mothballed, GWA continues to provide services and receive payments under the rail haulage agreement for the SIMEC's Middleback Range operations. Pursuant to that rail haulage agreement, GWA serves several iron ore mines in the Middleback Range and the Whyalla steelworks operations.
In December 2017, GWA recovered $0.9 million of cash in relation to our previous agreements with Arrium. In June 2018, GWA recorded a gain on settlement of $6.3 million from an additional cash recovery of pre-petition claims associated with Arrium, which was recognized as an offset to other expenses, net in our consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018.

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Table of Contents

U.K./European Operations
Continental Europe Intermodal Business: In 2017, we ceased all "open" train services from the port of Rotterdam, closed our Continental Europe intermodal business, ERS Railways B.V. (ERS), offices in Rotterdam and Frankfurt, and the ERS customer services function in Warsaw. We recorded restructuring charges of $1.3 million and $4.5 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively, primarily related to severance costs and costs associated with surplus locomotives and railcar leases.
On June 5, 2018, we finalized the sale of ERS for gross cash proceeds of €11.2 million (or $13.1 million at the exchange rate on June 5, 2018) or €6.8 million (or $7.9 million at the exchange rate on June 5, 2018) net of €4.4 million (or $5.2 million at the exchange rate on June 5, 2018) of cash on hand that transferred to the buyer. The sale resulted in a net loss of $1.4 million recognized in our consolidated statement of operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018 within other income/(loss), net.
Pentalver Transport Limited: On May 3, 2017, our subsidiary, GWI UK Acquisition Company Limited, purchased for cash all of the issued share capital of Pentalver from a subsidiary of APM Terminals (a subsidiary of AP Møller-Maersk A/S) for £97.8 million (or $126.2 million at the exchange rate on May 3, 2017) or £77.5 million (or $100.1 million at the exchange rate on May 3, 2017) net of £20.2 million (or $26.1 million at the exchange rate on May 3, 2017) of cash received in connection with the sale. We funded the acquisition with borrowings under our Second Amended and Restated Senior Secured Syndicated Credit Facility Agreement (the Credit Agreement). The foreign exchange rate used to translate the total consideration to United States dollars was $1.29 for one British pound.
Headquartered in Southampton, U.K., Pentalver operates off-dock container terminals (most under long-term leases) strategically placed at each of the three major seaports of Felixstowe, Southampton and London Gateway, as well as an inland terminal located at Cannock, in the Midlands, near many of the nation’s largest distribution centers. In addition to providing storage for loaded and empty containers on over 100 acres of land, Pentalver also operates a trucking haulage service with more than 150 trucks, primarily providing daily service between the seaports of Felixstowe and Southampton and its inland terminal at Cannock. Pentalver also provides services related to container customization, maintenance and repair (including refrigerated containers) and is one of the largest sellers of new and used containers in the U.K.
The results of operations from Pentalver have been included in our consolidated statements of operations since the May 3, 2017 acquisition date. For additional information regarding the acquisition of Pentalver, see Note 2, Changes in Operations, to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in "Part I Item 1. Financial Statements" of this quarterly report.
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018 Compared with Three Months Ended June 30, 2017
Consolidated Operating Results
Operating Revenues
During the three months ended June 30, 2018, we sold our Continental Europe intermodal business, ERS. The following table reflects the calculation of our total ongoing operations by subtracting the revenues and carloads from the divested ERS operations from our total operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Increase/(Decrease) in Total Operations
 
Currency Impact
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
Total Operations
 
Divested Operations
 
Total Ongoing Operations
 
Total Operations
 
Divested Operations
 
Total Ongoing Operations
 
Amount
 
%
 
Freight revenues
$
418,232

 
$
6,674

 
$
411,558

 
$
383,155

 
$
9,207

 
$
373,948

 
$
35,077

 
9.2
%
 
$
6,516

Freight-related revenues
142,402

 
2,685

 
139,717

 
127,621

 
2,849

 
124,772

 
14,781

 
11.6
%
 
3,534

All other revenues
34,356

 
9

 
34,347

 
29,657

 
6

 
29,651

 
4,699

 
15.8
%
 
691

Total operating revenues
$
594,990

 
$
9,368

 
$
585,622

 
$
540,433

 
$
12,062

 
$
528,371

 
$
54,557

 
10.1
%
 
$
10,741

Carloads
834,363

 
20,823

 
813,540

 
810,082

 
27,648

 
782,434

 
24,281

 
3.0
%
 
 


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Table of Contents

The following table sets forth our total ongoing operating revenues and carloads by new operations and existing operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Increase/(Decrease) in
Existing/Ongoing
Operations
 
Currency Impact on Total Ongoing Operations
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
Total Ongoing Operations
 
New Operations
 
Existing Operations
 
Total Ongoing Operations
 
Amount
 
%
 
Freight revenues
$
411,558

 
$
705

 
$
410,853

 
$
373,948

 
$
36,905

 
9.9
%
 
$
5,732

Freight-related revenues
139,717

 
8,151

 
131,566

 
124,772

 
6,794

 
5.4
%
 
3,261

All other revenues
34,347

 
3,970

 
30,377

 
29,651

 
726

 
2.4
%
 
690

Total operating revenues
$
585,622

 
$
12,826

 
$
572,796

 
$
528,371

 
$
44,425

 
8.4
%
 
$
9,683

Carloads
813,540

 
1,243

 
812,297

 
782,434

 
29,863

 
3.8
%
 
 
Operating Expenses
Total operating expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2018 increased $51.2 million, or 11.6%, to $491.9 million, compared with $440.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. The increase consisted of $12.2 million from new operations and $42.5 million from existing operations, partially offset by a $3.5 million decrease from divested operations. The increase from existing operations included a $9.6 million increase from the net appreciation of foreign currencies relative to the United States dollar, as well as increases of $11.7 million in diesel fuel used in train operations, $10.2 million in labor and benefits expense, $7.0 million in restructuring and related costs, $2.9 million in depreciation and amortization, $2.9 million in casualties and insurance expense, $1.5 million in materials expense and $1.1 million in trackage rights expense, partially offset by a decrease of $4.0 million in other expenses, net.
The following table sets forth our total operating expenses for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Increase/(Decrease)
 
Currency
Impact
 
2017 Constant Currency*
 
Increase/(Decrease)Constant Currency*
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
 
 
Amount
 
% of
Operating
Revenues
 
Amount
 
% of
Operating
Revenues
 
 
 
Labor and benefits
$
179,838

 
30.2
 %
 
$
164,222

 
30.4
 %
 
$
15,616

 
$
3,288

 
$
167,510

 
$
12,328

Equipment rents
34,802

 
5.9
 %
 
33,237

 
6.2
 %
 
1,565

 
1,307

 
34,544

 
258

Purchased services
61,045

 
10.3
 %
 
56,795

 
10.5
 %
 
4,250

 
2,244

 
59,039

 
2,006

Depreciation and amortization
65,745

 
11.0
 %
 
61,513

 
11.4
 %
 
4,232

 
839

 
62,352

 
3,393

Diesel fuel used in train operations
45,623

 
7.7
 %
 
33,030

 
6.1
 %
 
12,593

 
818

 
33,848

 
11,775

Electricity used in train operations
2,044

 
0.3
 %
 
2,134

 
0.4
 %
 
(90
)
 
153

 
2,287

 
(243
)
Casualties and insurance
12,984

 
2.2
 %
 
10,179

 
1.9
 %
 
2,805

 
79

 
10,258

 
2,726

Materials
32,376

 
5.4
 %
 
26,651

 
4.9
 %
 
5,725

 
611

 
27,262

 
5,114

Trackage rights
23,303

 
3.9
 %
 
21,797

 
4.0
 %
 
1,506

 
642

 
22,439

 
864

Net gain on sale and impairment of assets
(823
)
 
(0.1
)%
 
(354
)
 
(0.1
)%
 
(469
)
 

 
(354
)
 
(469
)
Restructuring costs
9,362

 
1.6
 %
 
2,361

 
0.4
 %
 
7,001

 
130

 
2,491

 
6,871

Other expenses, net
25,566

 
4.3
 %
 
29,135

 
5.4
 %
 
(3,569
)
 
492

 
29,627

 
(4,061
)
Total operating expenses
$
491,865

 
82.7
 %
 
$
440,700

 
81.5
 %
 
$
51,165

 
$
10,603

 
$
451,303

 
$
40,562

* Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates.
Operating Income/Operating Ratio
Operating income was $103.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $99.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Operating income for the three months ended June 30, 2018 included restructuring and related costs of $9.4 million, primarily driven by our optimization activities in the U.K. and a gain on settlement of $6.3 million related to Arrium's voluntary administration. Operating income for the three months ended June 30, 2017 included corporate development and related costs of $3.7 million, as well as restructuring costs of $2.4 million, primarily related to severance costs associated with our 2017 restructuring of ERS. Our operating ratio was 82.7% for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with 81.5% for the three months ended June 30, 2017.

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Interest Expense
Interest expense was $28.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $25.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Interest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2018 included $2.2 million of expense from the write-off of deferred financing fees associated with our credit facility refinancing. The remaining increase in interest expense was primarily driven by an increase in interest rates.
Provision for Income Taxes
Our provision for income taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was $26.4 million, compared with $29.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Based on developments during the three months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded a reserve for uncertain tax positions of $4.8 million related to tax deductions on intercompany financing arrangements in the U.K., of which $0.7 million related to the three months ended June 30, 2018, $0.4 million related to the three months ended March 31, 2018, and $3.7 million related to the period from March 25, 2015, the date of the Freightliner acquisition when the arrangements were established, through December 31, 2017. Excluding the prior period portion of the reserve for uncertain tax positions, our effective income tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was 29.8%. Our effective income tax rate for the three months ended June 30, 2017 was 38.1%. The decrease in our effective income tax rate was primarily a result of the TCJA, which decreased the United States federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%. In addition, our provision for income taxes for the three months ended June 30, 2017 included an increase to a valuation allowance of €0.7 million (or $0.6 million at the average exchange rate on June 30, 2017) primarily associated with losses at ERS. For additional information regarding our provision for income taxes, see Note 11, Income Taxes, to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in "Part I Item 1. Financial Statements" of this quarterly report.
Net Income Attributable to G&W and Earnings Per Common Share
Net income attributable to G&W for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was $44.2 million, compared with $46.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Our basic EPS were $0.74 with 60.0 million weighted average shares outstanding for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with basic EPS of $0.75 with 61.6 million weighted average shares outstanding for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Our diluted EPS for the three months ended June 30, 2018 were $0.73 with 60.9 million weighted average shares outstanding, compared with diluted EPS of $0.74 with 62.4 million weighted average shares outstanding for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Our results for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 included certain items affecting comparability between the periods as previously presented in the "Overview—Overview of Three-Month Results—Items Affecting Comparability."
Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interest
We own a 51.1% controlling interest in our Australian Operations. As such, we include 100% of the revenues and expenses from our Australian Operations within our consolidated financial statements and report a noncontrolling interest for MIRA’s 48.9% equity ownership. Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest for the three months ended June 30, 2018 was $4.4 million, compared with $2.1 million for three months ended June 30, 2017.
Operating Results by Segment
Our various rail operations are organized into nine operating regions. We present our financial information as three reportable segments: North American Operations, Australian Operations and U.K./European Operations. Our seven North American regions are aggregated into one segment as a result of having similar economic and operating characteristics. Each of our segments generates the following three categories of revenues from external customers: freight revenues, freight-related revenues and all other revenues.

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Our Australian business underwent a transformational change on December 1, 2016, with the acquisition of Glencore Rail (NSW) Pty Limited (GRail) and the formation of a partnership with MIRA, which we control through our 51.1% interest (the Australia Partnership). The GRail acquisition significantly expanded our operations in New South Wales. In conjunction with the GRail acquisition, we issued a 48.9% equity stake in our Australian subsidiary, G&W Australia Holdings LP (GWAHLP), to MIRA, which formed the Australia Partnership. We retained a 51.1% controlling interest in GWAHLP and continue to consolidate 100% of our Australian Operations in our financial statements and report a noncontrolling interest for MIRA’s 48.9% equity ownership. As a result, (1) 100% of the assets and liabilities of our Australian Operations, after the elimination of intercompany balances, were included in our consolidated balance sheets as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, with MIRA's 48.9% noncontrolling interest reflected in the equity section, (2) our operating revenues and operating income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 included 100% of our Australian Operations, while net income attributable to G&W reflected our 51.1% ownership position in our Australian Operations since the formation of the partnership on December 1, 2016 and (3) 100% of the cash flows of our Australian Operations, after the elimination of intercompany items, were included in our consolidated statements of cash flows for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. Accordingly, any payments between our Australian Operations and our other businesses are eliminated in consolidation, while our cash flows reflect 100% of any cash flows between our Australian Operations and MIRA. 
The results of operations of our foreign entities are maintained in the respective local currency (the Australian dollar, the British pound, the Canadian dollar and the Euro) and then translated into United States dollars at the applicable exchange rates for inclusion in our consolidated financial statements. As a result, any appreciation or depreciation of these currencies against the United States dollar can impact our results of operations.
The following tables set forth results from our North American Operations, Australian Operations and U.K./European Operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
 
North
American
Operations
 
Australian
Operations
 
U.K./European Operations
 
Total
Operations
Operating revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Freight revenues
 
$
259,868

 
$
66,075

 
$
92,289

 
$
418,232

Freight-related revenues
 
63,467

 
11,515

 
67,420

 
142,402

All other revenues
 
16,222

 
1,439

 
16,695

 
34,356

Total operating revenues
 
339,557

 
79,029

 
176,404

 
594,990

Operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Labor and benefits
 
109,289

 
18,886

 
51,663

 
179,838

Equipment rents
 
13,633

 
1,183

 
19,986

 
34,802

Purchased services
 
14,652

 
6,895

 
39,498

 
61,045

Depreciation and amortization
 
41,247

 
15,288

 
9,210

 
65,745

Diesel fuel used in train operations
 
23,253

 
8,173

 
14,197

 
45,623

Electricity used in train operations
 

 

 
2,044

 
2,044

Casualties and insurance
 
10,156

 
1,766

 
1,062

 
12,984

Materials
 
13,163

 
2,761

 
16,452

 
32,376

Trackage rights
 
10,527

 
2,364

 
10,412

 
23,303

Net gain on sale and impairment of assets
 
(706
)
 
(67
)
 
(50
)
 
(823
)
Restructuring costs
 
7

 

 
9,355

 
9,362

Other expenses, net
 
24,062

 
(4,116
)
 
5,620

 
25,566

Total operating expenses
 
259,283

 
53,133

 
179,449


491,865

Operating income/(loss)
 
$
80,274

 
$
25,896

 
$
(3,045
)

$
103,125

Operating ratio
 
76.4
%
 
67.2
%
 
101.7
%
 
82.7
%
Interest expense, net
 
$
11,778

 
$
12,893

 
$
3,685

 
$
28,356

Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes
 
$
20,091

 
$
3,901

 
$
2,454

 
$
26,446

Expenditures for additions to property & equipment, net of grants from outside parties
 
$
48,924

 
$
14,489

 
$
4,726

 
$
68,139

Carloads
 
430,353

 
147,965

 
256,045

 
834,363


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Table of Contents

 
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2017
 
 
North
American
Operations
 
Australian
Operations
 
U.K./European Operations
 
Total
Operations
Operating revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Freight revenues
 
$
238,373

 
$
63,753

 
$
81,029

 
$
383,155

Freight-related revenues
 
61,183

 
11,500

 
54,938

 
127,621

All other revenues
 
16,118

 
1,556

 
11,983

 
29,657

Total operating revenues
 
315,674

 
76,809

 
147,950

 
540,433

Operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Labor and benefits
 
102,082

 
17,775

 
44,365

 
164,222

Equipment rents
 
13,380

 
1,334

 
18,523

 
33,237

Purchased services
 
15,423

 
6,470

 
34,902

 
56,795

Depreciation and amortization
 
38,919

 
14,970

 
7,624

 
61,513

Diesel fuel used in train operations
 
16,546

 
6,320

 
10,164

 
33,030

Electricity used in train operations
 

 

 
2,134

 
2,134

Casualties and insurance
 
7,811

 
1,379

 
989

 
10,179

Materials
 
13,061

 
2,517

 
11,073

 
26,651

Trackage rights
 
9,189

 
3,484

 
9,124

 
21,797

Net gain on sale and impairment of assets
 
(328
)
 
(20
)
 
(6
)
 
(354
)
Restructuring costs
 
14

 

 
2,347

 
2,361

Other expenses, net
 
19,898

 
2,330

 
6,907

 
29,135

Total operating expenses
 
235,995

 
56,559

 
148,146


440,700

Operating income/(loss)
 
$
79,679

 
$
20,250

 
$
(196
)

$
99,733

Operating ratio
 
74.8
%
 
73.6
%
 
100.1
%
 
81.5
%
Interest expense, net
 
$
9,560

 
$
13,835

 
$
1,809

 
$
25,204

Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes
 
$
27,789

 
$
1,931

 
$
(123
)
 
$
29,597

Expenditures for additions to property & equipment, net of grants from outside parties
 
$
40,012

 
$
3,714

 
$
6,175

 
$
49,901

Carloads
 
397,047

 
146,089

 
266,946

 
810,082

North American Operations
Operating Revenues
The following table sets forth our North American Operations operating revenues and carloads by new operations and existing operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Increase/(Decrease) in Total Operations
 
Increase/(Decrease) in Existing Operations
 
Currency Impact
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
 
Total Operations
 
New Operations
 
Existing Operations
 
 
Amount
 
%
 
Amount
 
%
 
Freight revenues
$
259,868

 
$
705

 
$
259,163

 
$
238,373

 
$
21,495

 
9.0
%
 
$
20,790

 
8.7
%
 
$
667

Freight-related revenues
63,467

 
101

 
63,366

 
61,183

 
2,284

 
3.7
%
 
2,183

 
3.6
%
 
192

All other revenues
16,222

 
4

 
16,218

 
16,118

 
104

 
0.6
%
 
100

 
0.6
%
 
123

Total operating revenues
$
339,557

 
$
810

 
$
338,747

 
$
315,674

 
$
23,883

 
7.6
%
 
$
23,073

 
7.3
%
 
$
982

Carloads
430,353

 
1,243

 
429,110

 
397,047

 
33,306

 
8.4
%
 
32,063

 
8.1
%
 
 

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Table of Contents

Freight Revenues
The following table sets forth the changes in our North American Operations freight revenues by commodity group segregated into new operations and existing operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
 
 
Increase/(Decrease) in Total Operations
 
New Operations
 
Currency Impact
 
2017 Constant Currency*
 
Increase/(Decrease) in Existing Operations Constant Currency*
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
 
Commodity Group
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
 
 
Agricultural Products
$
29,693

 
$
31,279

 
$
(1,586
)
 
$
41

 
$
33

 
$
31,312

 
$
(1,660
)
Autos & Auto Parts
5,806

 
5,730

 
76

 

 
33

 
5,763

 
43

Chemicals & Plastics
38,972

 
37,400

 
1,572

 
224

 
138

 
37,538

 
1,210

Coal & Coke
19,087

 
15,382

 
3,705

 

 
23

 
15,405

 
3,682

Food & Kindred Products
8,476

 
8,325

 
151

 

 
10

 
8,335

 
141

Intermodal
380

 
238

 
142

 

 
1

 
239

 
141

Lumber & Forest Products
23,810

 
22,323

 
1,487

 
415

 
51

 
22,374

 
1,021

Metallic Ores
3,670

 
2,920

 
750

 

 
37

 
2,957

 
713

Metals
32,493

 
26,079

 
6,414

 

 
94

 
26,173

 
6,320

Minerals & Stone
38,034

 
34,562

 
3,472

 
1

 
36

 
34,598

 
3,435

Petroleum Products
16,151

 
15,844

 
307

 
1

 
55

 
15,899

 
251

Pulp & Paper
29,514

 
26,077

 
3,437

 

 
122

 
26,199

 
3,315

Waste
7,339

 
7,144

 
195

 

 
8

 
7,152

 
187

Other
6,443

 
5,070

 
1,373

 
23

 
26

 
5,096

 
1,324

Total freight revenues
$
259,868

 
$
238,373

 
$
21,495

 
$
705

 
$
667

 
$
239,040

 
$
20,123

* Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates.
The following table sets forth our North American Operations freight revenues, carloads and average freight revenues per carload for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands, except average freight revenues per carload):
 
 
Freight Revenues
 
Carloads
 
Average Freight Revenues Per
Carload
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017 Constant Currency*
 
 
Commodity Group
Amount
 
% of
Total
 
Amount
 
% of
Total
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
2017 Constant Currency*
Agricultural Products
$
29,693

 
11.4
%
 
$
31,312

 
13.1
%
 
51,762

 
52,953

 
$
574

 
$
591

 
$
591

Autos & Auto Parts
5,806

 
2.2
%
 
5,763

 
2.4
%
 
9,106

 
9,184

 
638

 
624

 
628

Chemicals & Plastics
38,972

 
15.0
%
 
37,538

 
15.7
%
 
45,285

 
44,814

 
861

 
835

 
838

Coal & Coke
19,087

 
7.4
%
 
15,405

 
6.4
%
 
59,346

 
46,501

 
322

 
331

 
331

Food & Kindred Products
8,476

 
3.3
%
 
8,335

 
3.5
%
 
14,907

 
14,806

 
569

 
562

 
563

Intermodal
380

 
0.1
%
 
239

 
0.1
%
 
3,816

 
2,367

 
100

 
101

 
101

Lumber & Forest Products
23,810

 
9.2
%
 
22,374

 
9.4
%
 
37,733

 
35,619

 
631

 
627

 
628

Metallic Ores
3,670

 
1.4
%
 
2,957

 
1.2
%
 
4,448

 
4,249

 
825

 
687

 
696

Metals
32,493

 
12.5
%
 
26,173

 
10.9
%
 
40,806

 
34,695

 
796

 
752

 
754

Minerals & Stone
38,034

 
14.6
%
 
34,598

 
14.5
%
 
62,156

 
56,768

 
612

 
609

 
609

Petroleum Products
16,151

 
6.2
%
 
15,899

 
6.7
%
 
24,340

 
23,912

 
664

 
663

 
665

Pulp & Paper
29,514

 
11.4
%
 
26,199

 
11.0
%
 
41,762

 
39,813

 
707

 
655

 
658

Waste
7,339

 
2.8
%
 
7,152

 
3.0
%
 
14,837

 
14,387

 
495

 
497

 
497

Other
6,443

 
2.5
%
 
5,096

 
2.1
%
 
20,049

 
16,979

 
321

 
299

 
300

Total
$
259,868

 
100.0
%
 
$
239,040

 
100.0
%
 
430,353

 
397,047

 
$
604

 
$
600

 
$
602

* Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates.

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Table of Contents

Total traffic from our North American Operations increased 33,306 carloads, or 8.4%, to 430,353 carloads for the three months ended June 30, 2018. Excluding 1,243 carloads from new operations, same railroad traffic increased 32,063 carloads, or 8.1%. The same railroad traffic increase was principally due to increases of 12,845 carloads of coal and coke traffic, 6,111 carloads of metals traffic, 5,383 carloads of mineral and stone traffic, 2,841 carloads of other commodity traffic, 1,949 carloads of pulp and paper traffic, 1,449 carloads of intermodal traffic and 1,438 carloads of lumber and forest products traffic, partially offset by a decrease of 1,256 carloads of agricultural products traffic. All remaining traffic increased by a net 1,303 carloads.
Changes in average freight revenues per carload in a commodity group may be impacted by changes in customer rates, fuel surcharges, commodity mix and the mix of customer traffic within a commodity group. Excluding a 0.4% impact of foreign currency, average freight revenues per carload from our North American Operations increased 0.3% to $604 for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with the same period in 2017. Average freight revenues per carload from existing operations, excluding the impact of foreign currency, increased 0.3% to $604 for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with the same period in 2017. Higher fuel surcharges increased average freight revenues per carload by 1.7% and a change in the mix of commodities decreased average freight revenues per carload by 1.5%. Excluding these factors, average freight revenues per carload increased 0.1%. The change in average freight revenues per carload was also driven by changes in customer mix primarily within the coal and coke and agricultural products commodity groups.
The following information discusses the significant changes in our North American Operations freight revenues from existing operations by commodity group excluding the impact of foreign currency.
Agricultural products revenues decreased $1.7 million, or 5.3%. Agricultural products average freight revenues per carload decreased 2.9%, which decreased revenues by $0.9 million, while traffic decreased 1,256 carloads, or 2.4%, which decreased revenues by $0.7 million. The decrease in average freight revenues per carload was primarily due to a change in customer mix. The carload decrease was primarily due to unfavorable grain market conditions and the residual impact of the 2017 drought on current harvests in the central United States, partially offset by increased export soybean meal shipments in the western United States.
Chemicals and plastics revenues increased $1.2 million, or 3.2%. Chemicals and plastics average freight revenues per carload increased 2.7%, which increased revenues by $1.0 million and traffic increased 205 carloads, or 0.5%, which increased revenues by $0.2 million.
Coal and coke revenues increased $3.7 million, or 23.9%. Coal and coke traffic increased 12,845 carloads, which increased revenues by $4.1 million, while average freight revenues per carload decreased 2.7%, which decreased revenues by $0.4 million. The increase in carloads was primarily due to increased demand in the northeastern, midwestern and central United States, including a maintenance outage at a customer facility in 2017 and new business. The decrease in average freight revenues per carload was due to a change in customer mix.
Lumber and forest products revenues increased $1.0 million, or 4.6%. Lumber and forest products traffic increased 1,438 carloads, or 4.0%, which increased revenues by $0.9 million, and average freight revenues per carload increased 0.5%, which increased revenues by $0.1 million. The increase in carloads was primarily due to increased shipments of lumber in the western United States.
Metals revenues increased $6.3 million, or 24.1%. Metals traffic increased 6,111 carloads, or 17.6%, which increased revenues by $4.9 million, and average freight revenues per carload increased 5.6%, which increased revenues by $1.4 million. The increase in carloads was primarily due to increased scrap steel, pig iron and coil shipments in the southern United States and increased scrap steel shipments in the midwestern United States.
Minerals and stone revenues increased $3.4 million, or 9.9%, primarily due to an increase in traffic of 5,383 carloads, or 9.5%. The increase in carloads was primarily due to an increase in construction aggregates shipments across North America and frac sand shipments in the northeastern United States.
Pulp and paper revenues increased $3.3 million, or 12.7%. Pulp and paper average freight revenues per carload increased 7.4%, which increased revenues by $1.9 million, and traffic increased 1,949 carloads, or 4.9%, which increased revenues by $1.4 million. The increase in carloads was primarily due to increased containerboard shipments across North America. The increase in average freight revenues per carload was primarily due to increased fuel surcharge revenue and a change in the mix of business.

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Table of Contents

Other revenues increased $1.3 million, or 26.0%. Other revenues traffic increased 2,841 carloads, or 16.7%, which increased revenues by $0.9 million, and average freight revenues per carload increased 8.0%, which increased revenues by $0.4 million. The increase in carloads was primarily due to increased shipments of empty car traffic in the southern and central United States. The increase in average freight revenues per carload was primarily due to shipments of wind towers in the midwestern United States and Canada.
Freight revenues from all remaining commodities combined increased by $1.5 million.
Freight-Related Revenues
Excluding a $0.2 million increase due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation, freight-related revenues from our North American Operations, which includes revenues from railcar switching, track access fees, storage and other ancillary revenues related to the movement of freight, increased $2.1 million, or 3.4%, to $63.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $61.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. The increase was primarily due to increased switching revenues primarily related to a new iron ore customer in Canada and stronger intermodal and grain volumes in the southern United States.
All Other Revenues
Excluding a $0.1 million increase due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation, all other revenues from our North American Operations, which includes revenues from third-party railcar and locomotive repairs, property rentals and other ancillary revenues not directly related to the movement of freight, were flat at $16.2 million for both the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.
Operating Expenses
Total operating expenses from our North American Operations increased $23.3 million, or 9.9%, to $259.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $236.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. The increase included $22.6 million from existing operations and $0.7 million from new operations. The following table sets forth operating expenses from our North American Operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands): 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Increase/(Decrease) Constant Currency*
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
Currency
Impact
 
2017 Constant Currency*
 
 
Amount
 
% of
Operating
Revenues
 
Amount
 
% of
Operating
Revenues
 
Increase/(Decrease)
 
 
 
Labor and benefits
$
109,289

 
32.2
 %
 
$
102,082

 
32.4
 %
 
$
7,207

 
$
351

 
$
102,433

 
$
6,856

Equipment rents
13,633

 
4.0
 %
 
13,380

 
4.3
 %
 
253

 
40

 
13,420

 
213

Purchased services
14,652

 
4.3
 %
 
15,423

 
4.9
 %
 
(771
)
 
52

 
15,475

 
(823
)
Depreciation and amortization
41,247

 
12.2
 %
 
38,919

 
12.3
 %
 
2,328

 
242

 
39,161

 
2,086

Diesel fuel used in train operations
23,253

 
6.8
 %
 
16,546

 
5.2
 %
 
6,707

 
89

 
16,635

 
6,618

Casualties and insurance
10,156

 
3.0
 %
 
7,811

 
2.5
 %
 
2,345

 
13

 
7,824

 
2,332

Materials
13,163

 
3.9
 %
 
13,061

 
4.1
 %
 
102

 
43

 
13,104

 
59

Trackage rights
10,527

 
3.1
 %
 
9,189

 
2.9
 %
 
1,338

 
8

 
9,197

 
1,330

Net gain on sale and impairment of assets
(706
)
 
(0.2
)%
 
(328
)
 
(0.1
)%
 
(378
)
 

 
(328
)
 
(378
)
Restructuring costs
7

 
 %
 
14

 
 %
 
(7
)
 

 
14

 
(7
)
Other expenses, net
24,062

 
7.1
 %
 
19,898

 
6.3
 %
 
4,164

 
65

 
19,963

 
4,099

Total operating expenses
$
259,283

 
76.4
 %
 
$
235,995

 
74.8
 %
 
$
23,288

 
$
903

 
$
236,898

 
$
22,385

* Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates.
The following information discusses the significant changes in operating expenses of our North American Operations excluding an increase of $0.9 million due to the impact from foreign currency appreciation.
Labor and benefits expense was $109.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $102.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $6.9 million, or 6.7%. The increase was primarily due to annual wage increases and an increase in headcount.

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Table of Contents

Depreciation and amortization expense was $41.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $39.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $2.1 million, or 5.3%. The increase was primarily attributable to a larger depreciable asset base in 2018 compared with 2017, reflecting capital spending in 2017.
The cost of diesel fuel used in train operations was $23.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $16.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $6.6 million, or 39.8%. The increase consisted of $5.7 million due to a 34.6% increase in average fuel cost per gallon and $0.8 million due to a 3.7% increase in diesel fuel consumption.
Casualties and insurance expense was $10.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $7.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $2.3 million, or 29.8%. The increase was primarily attributable to higher derailment expense in 2018 resulting primarily from a derailment in our Western Region that exceeded our insurance deductible of $2.5 million.
Trackage rights expense, which represents fees charged by another railroad to use their track as well as port access fees, was $10.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $9.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $1.3 million, or 14.5%. The increase was primarily attributable to increased rail traffic and port switching activities.
Other expenses, net were $24.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $20.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $4.1 million, or 20.5%. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in legal fees associated with arbitration proceedings.
Operating Income/Operating Ratio
Operating income from our North American Operations was $80.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $79.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Operating income for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 included corporate development and related costs of $0.3 million and $1.5 million, respectively. The operating ratio was 76.4% for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with 74.8% for the three months ended June 30, 2017.
Australian Operations
Operating Revenues
As previously disclosed, we own a controlling 51.1% interest in our Australian Operations. Therefore, we include 100% of our Australian Operations within revenues and expenses within our consolidated financial statements with an after-tax net impact allocated to noncontrolling interest to reflect MIRA's 48.9% ownership. The following table sets forth our Australian Operations operating revenues and carloads for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Increase/(Decrease) in Total Operations
 
Currency Impact
 
2018
 
2017
 
Amount
 
%
 
Freight revenues
$
66,075

 
$
63,753

 
$
2,322

 
3.6
 %
 
$
507

Freight-related revenues
11,515

 
11,500

 
15

 
0.1
 %
 
80

All other revenues
1,439

 
1,556

 
(117
)
 
(7.5
)%
 
13

Total operating revenues
$
79,029

 
$
76,809

 
$
2,220

 
2.9
 %
 
$
600

Carloads
147,965

 
146,089

 
1,876

 
1.3
 %
 
 

46

Table of Contents

Freight Revenues
The following table sets forth the changes in our Australian Operations freight revenues by commodity group for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands): 
 
 
 
Increase/(Decrease) in Total Operations
 
Currency Impact
 
2017 Constant Currency*
 
Increase/(Decrease) Constant Currency*
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
Commodity Group
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
 
Agricultural Products
$
6,006

 
$
5,932

 
$
74

 
$
47

 
$
5,979

 
$
27

Coal & Coke
32,570

 
27,758

 
4,812

 
231

 
27,989

 
4,581

Intermodal
17,102

 
17,234

 
(132
)
 
131

 
17,365

 
(263
)
Metallic Ores
8,125

 
10,659

 
(2,534
)
 
79

 
10,738

 
(2,613
)
Minerals & Stone
2,087

 
2,016

 
71

 
18

 
2,034

 
53

Petroleum Products
185

 
154

 
31

 
1

 
155

 
30

Total freight revenues
$
66,075

 
$
63,753

 
$
2,322

 
$
507

 
$
64,260

 
$
1,815

* Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates.
The following table sets forth our Australian Operations freight revenues, carloads and average freight revenues per carload for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands, except average freight revenues per carload):
 
 
Freight Revenues
 
Carloads
 
Average Freight Revenues Per
Carload
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017 Constant Currency*
 
 
Commodity Group
Amount
 
% of
Total
 
Amount
 
% of
Total
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
2017 Constant Currency*
Agricultural Products
$
6,006

 
9.1
%
 
$
5,979

 
9.3
%
 
14,175

 
15,375

 
$
424

 
$
386

 
$
389

Coal & Coke
32,570

 
49.3
%
 
27,989

 
43.6
%
 
97,282

 
92,659

 
335

 
300

 
302

Intermodal
17,102

 
25.9
%
 
17,365

 
27.0
%
 
13,957

 
15,159

 
1,225

 
1,137

 
1,146

Metallic Ores
8,125

 
12.3
%
 
10,738

 
16.7
%
 
5,586

 
8,854

 
1,455

 
1,204

 
1,213

Minerals & Stone
2,087

 
3.1
%
 
2,034

 
3.2
%
 
16,891

 
13,978

 
124

 
144

 
146

Petroleum Products
185

 
0.3
%
 
155

 
0.2
%
 
74

 
64

 
2,500

 
2,406

 
2,422

Total
$
66,075

 
100.0
%
 
$
64,260

 
100.0
%
 
147,965

 
146,089

 
$
447

 
$
436

 
$
440

* Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates.
Total traffic from our Australian Operations increased 1,876 carloads, or 1.3%, to 147,965 carloads for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with the same period in 2017. The traffic increase was principally due to increases of 4,623 carloads of coal and coke traffic and 2,913 carloads of minerals and stone traffic, partially offset by decreases of metallic ores traffic of 3,268 carloads, intermodal traffic of 1,202 carloads and agricultural products traffic of 1,200 carloads. All remaining traffic increased by 10 carloads.
Changes in average freight revenues per carload in a commodity group may be impacted by changes in customer rates, fuel surcharges, commodity mix and the mix of customer traffic within a commodity group. Excluding a 0.9% impact of foreign currency, average freight revenues per carload from our Australian Operations increased 1.6% to $447 for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with the same period in 2017. A change in the mix of commodities decreased average freight revenues per carload by 8.8% and higher fuel surcharges increased average freight revenues per carload by 0.6%. Excluding these factors, average freight revenues per carload increased 9.8%.
The following information discusses the significant changes in our Australian Operations freight revenues by commodity group excluding the impact of foreign currency.
Coal and coke revenues increased $4.6 million, or 16.4%. Coal and coke average freight revenues per carload increased 10.9%, which increased revenues by $3.0 million and traffic increased 4,623 carloads, or 5.0%, which increased revenues by $1.6 million. The increase in average freight revenues per carload was primarily due to annual rate increases and favorable mix. The carload increase was primarily due to increased spot shipments.

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Table of Contents

Metallic ores revenues decreased $2.6 million, or 24.3%. Metallic ores traffic decreased 3,268 carloads, or 36.9%, which decreased revenues by $4.8 million, while average freight revenues per carload increased 20.0%, which increased revenues by $2.2 million. The carload decrease was primarily due to a planned shutdown of an iron ore customer's mine in October 2017. The increase in average freight revenues per carload was primarily due to a change in business mix.
Freight revenues from all remaining commodities decreased $0.2 million.
Freight-Related Revenues
Excluding the impact of foreign currency appreciation, freight-related revenues from our Australian Operations for the three months ended June 30, 2017, which includes revenues from railcar switching, track access rights, crewing services, storage and other ancillary revenues related to the movement of freight, remained relatively flat compared with the three months ended June 30, 2017, primarily due to decreased agricultural products related switching revenues as a result of a smaller harvest in 2018.
All Other Revenues
Excluding the impact of foreign currency appreciation, all other revenues from our Australian Operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018, which includes revenues from third-party railcar and locomotive repairs, property rentals and other ancillary revenues not directly related to the movement of freight, remained relatively flat compared with the three months ended June 30, 2017.
Operating Expenses
Total operating expenses from our Australian Operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018 decreased $3.4 million, or 6.1%, to $53.1 million, compared with $56.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. The decrease in operating expenses included an increase of $0.4 million from the impact of foreign currency appreciation. The following table sets forth operating expenses from our Australian Operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands): 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Increase/(Decrease)
 
Currency Impact
 
2017 Constant Currency*
 
Increase/(Decrease)
Constant Currency*
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
 
 
Amount
 
% of
Operating
Revenues
 
Amount
 
% of
Operating
Revenues
 
 
 
 
Labor and benefits
$
18,886

 
23.9
 %
 
$
17,775

 
23.1
%
 
$
1,111

 
$
145

 
$
17,920

 
$
966

Equipment rents
1,183

 
1.5
 %
 
1,334

 
1.7
%
 
(151
)
 
10

 
1,344

 
(161
)
Purchased services
6,895

 
8.7
 %
 
6,470

 
8.4
%
 
425

 
45

 
6,515

 
380

Depreciation and amortization
15,288

 
19.4
 %
 
14,970

 
19.5
%
 
318

 
119

 
15,089

 
199

Diesel fuel used in train operations
8,173

 
10.3
 %
 
6,320

 
8.2
%
 
1,853

 
51

 
6,371

 
1,802

Casualties and insurance
1,766

 
2.2
 %
 
1,379

 
1.8
%
 
387

 
11

 
1,390

 
376

Materials
2,761

 
3.5
 %
 
2,517

 
3.3
%
 
244

 
18

 
2,535

 
226

Trackage rights
2,364

 
3.0
 %
 
3,484

 
4.6
%
 
(1,120
)
 
26

 
3,510

 
(1,146
)
Net gain on sale and impairment of assets
(67
)
 
(0.1
)%
 
(20
)
 
%
 
(47
)
 

 
(20
)
 
(47
)
Other expenses, net
(4,116
)
 
(5.2
)%
 
2,330

 
3.0
%
 
(6,446
)
 
17

 
2,347

 
(6,463
)
Total operating expenses
$
53,133

 
67.2
 %
 
$
56,559

 
73.6
%
 
$
(3,426
)
 
$
442

 
$
57,001

 
$
(3,868
)
* Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates.
The following information discusses the significant changes in operating expenses of our Australian Operations excluding a $0.4 million increase from the impact of foreign currency appreciation.
Labor and benefits expense was $18.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $17.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $1.0 million, or 5.4%. The increase was primarily attributable to annual wage increases and increased headcount to support growth initiatives.
The cost of diesel fuel used in train operations was $8.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $6.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $1.8 million, or 28.3%, primarily due to a 27.5% increase in average fuel cost per gallon.

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Table of Contents

Trackage rights expense was $2.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $3.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, a decrease of $1.1 million, or 32.6%. The decrease was primarily due to the planned shutdown of an iron ore mine in October 2017.
Other expenses, net for the three months ended June 30, 2018 included a $6.3 million gain on settlement related to Arrium's voluntary administration.
Operating Income/Operating Ratio
Our Australian Operations had operating income of $25.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $20.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Operating income for the three months ended June 30, 2018 included a $6.3 million gain on settlement related to Arrium's voluntary administration. The operating ratio was 67.2% for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with 73.6% for the three months ended June 30, 2017.
U.K./European Operations
Operating Revenues
The following table reflects the calculation of our ongoing U.K./European Operations by subtracting the revenues and carloads from the divested ERS operations from our U.K./European total operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Increase/(Decrease) in Total Operations
 
Currency Impact
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
Total Operations
 
Divested Operations
 
Total Ongoing Operations
 
Total Operations
 
Divested Operations
 
Total Ongoing Operations
 
Amount
 
%
 
Freight revenues
$
92,289

 
$
6,674

 
$
85,615

 
$
81,029

 
$
9,207

 
$
71,822

 
$
11,260

 
13.9
 %
 
$
5,342

Freight-related revenues
67,420

 
2,685

 
64,735

 
54,938

 
2,849

 
52,089

 
12,482

 
22.7
 %
 
3,262

All other revenues
16,695

 
9

 
16,686

 
11,983

 
6

 
11,977

 
4,712

 
39.3
 %
 
555

Total operating revenues
$
176,404

 
$
9,368

 
$
167,036

 
$
147,950

 
$
12,062

 
$
135,888

 
$
28,454

 
19.2
 %
 
$
9,159

Carloads
256,045

 
20,823

 
235,222

 
266,946

 
27,648

 
239,298

 
(10,901
)
 
(4.1
)%
 
 
The following table sets forth our ongoing U.K./European Operations total operating revenues and total carloads by new operations and existing operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Increase/(Decrease) in
Existing/Ongoing
Operations
 
Currency Impact on Total Ongoing Operations
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
Total Ongoing Operations
 
New Operations
 
Existing Operations
 
Total Ongoing Operations
 
Amount
 
%
 
Freight revenues
$
85,615

 
$

 
$
85,615

 
$
71,822

 
$
13,793

 
19.2
 %
 
$
4,558

Freight-related revenues
64,735

 
8,050

 
56,685

 
52,089

 
4,596

 
8.8
 %
 
2,989

All other revenues
16,686

 
3,966

 
12,720

 
11,977

 
743

 
6.2
 %
 
554

Total operating revenues
$
167,036

 
$
12,016

 
$
155,020

 
$
135,888

 
$
19,132

 
14.1
 %
 
$
8,101

Carloads
235,222

 

 
235,222

 
239,298

 
(4,076
)
 
(1.7
)%
 
 


49

Table of Contents

Freight Revenues
The following table sets forth our U.K./European Operations ongoing operations freight revenues by commodity group by subtracting the revenues from the divested ERS operations from our U.K./European total operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Increase/(Decrease) in Existing Operations
 
Currency Impact Existing Operations
 
2017 Constant Currency Existing Operations*
 
Increase/(Decrease) in Existing Operations Constant Currency*
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
 
Commodity Group
Total Operations
 
Divested Operations
 
Total Ongoing/ Existing Operations
 
Total Operations
 
Divested Operations
 
Total Ongoing Operations
 
 
 
 
Agricultural Products
$
785

 
$

 
$
785

 
$
829

 
$

 
$
829

 
$
(44
)
 
$
71

 
$
900

 
$
(115
)
Coal & Coke
2,687

 

 
2,687

 
1,719

 

 
1,719

 
968

 
138

 
$
1,857

 
830

Intermodal
66,483

 
6,674

 
59,809

 
60,793

 
9,207

 
51,586

 
8,223

 
3,174

 
$
54,760

 
5,049

Minerals & Stone
22,326

 

 
22,326

 
17,688

 

 
17,688

 
4,638

 
1,175

 
$
18,863

 
3,463

Petroleum Products
8

 

 
8

 

 

 

 
8

 

 
$

 
8

Total operating revenues
$
92,289

 
$
6,674

 
$
85,615

 
$
81,029

 
$
9,207

 
$
71,822

 
$
13,793

 
$
4,558

 
$
76,380

 
$
9,235

*Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period Total Ongoing Operations translated at the current period exchange rates.

The following table sets forth our U.K./European Operations freight revenues, carloads and average freight revenues per carload for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands, except average freight revenues per carload):
 
 
Freight Revenues
 
Carloads
 
Average Freight Revenues Per
Carload
 
 
 
 
 
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017 Constant Currency*
 
 
Commodity Group
Amount
 
% of
Total
 
Amount
 
% of
Total
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
2017 Constant Currency*
Agricultural Products
$
785

 
0.9
%
 
$
900

 
1.0
%
 
607

 
746

 
$
1,293

 
$
1,111

 
$
1,206

Coal & Coke
2,687

 
2.9
%
 
1,857

 
2.2
%
 
4,038

 
3,974

 
665

 
433

 
467

Intermodal
66,483

 
72.0
%
 
64,751

 
75.0
%
 
201,058

 
217,091

 
331

 
280

 
298

Minerals & Stone
22,326

 
24.2
%
 
18,863

 
21.8
%
 
50,322

 
45,135

 
444

 
392

 
418

Petroleum Products
8

 
%
 

 
%
 
20

 

 
400

 

 

Total
$
92,289

 
100.0
%
 
$
86,371

 
100.0
%
 
256,045

 
266,946

 
$
360

 
$
304

 
$
324

* Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates.
Total traffic from our U.K./European Operations decreased 10,901 carloads, or 4.1%, to 256,045 carloads for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with the same period in 2017. Excluding traffic from ERS, existing operations traffic decreased 4,076 carloads, or 1.7%, to 235,222. The decrease in traffic from existing operations was primarily due to decreases of 9,208 carloads of intermodal traffic, partially offset by an increase of 5,187 carloads of minerals and stone traffic. All remaining traffic decreased by a net 55 carloads.
Changes in average freight revenues per carload in a commodity group may be impacted by changes in customer rates, fuel surcharges, commodity mix and the mix of customer traffic within a commodity group. Excluding a 7.3% impact of foreign currency, average freight revenues per carload from our U.K./European Operations increased 11.1% to $360 for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with the same period in 2017. Average freight revenues per carload from existing operations, excluding the impact of foreign currency, increased 14.1% to $364 for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with the same period in 2017. A change in the mix of commodities increased average freight revenues per carload by 0.8% and higher fuel surcharges increased average freight revenues per carload by 0.3%. Excluding these factors, average freight revenues per carload increased 13.0%.
The following information discusses the significant changes in our U.K./European Operations freight revenues by commodity group excluding the impact of foreign currency and the divested ERS operations.

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Table of Contents

Intermodal revenues increased $5.0 million, or 9.2%. Intermodal average freight revenues per carload increased 14.9%, which increased revenues by $8.1 million, while traffic decreased 9,208 carloads, or 4.9%, which decreased revenues by $3.1 million. The increase in average freight revenues per carload was primarily due to rate increases and port and route mix resulting from changes in shipping alliances. The decrease in carloads was primarily due to congestion at the Port of Felixstowe amidst the port's information technology system conversion.
Minerals and stone revenues increased $3.5 million, or 18.4%. Minerals and stone traffic increased 5,187 carloads, or 11.5%, which increased revenues by $2.3 million, and average freight revenues per carload increased 6.2%, which increased revenues by $1.2 million. The increase in carloads was primarily due to higher construction aggregates shipments in the U.K. The increase in average freight revenues per carload was primarily due to a change in the mix of business in Poland.
Freight revenues from all remaining commodities combined increased by a net $0.7 million.
Freight-Related Revenues
Freight-related revenues from our U.K./European Operations includes trucking haulage services, container storage and switching services, as well as infrastructure services where we operate work trains for the track infrastructure owner. Freight-related revenues from our U.K./European Operations also include traction service (or hook and pull), which requires us to provide locomotives and drivers to move a customer's train between specified origin and destination points, and other ancillary revenues related to the movement of freight.
Freight-related revenues from our U.K./European Operations were $67.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $54.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $12.5 million, or 22.7%. Excluding $8.1 million from new operations, a decrease of $0.4 million from the divested ERS operations and a $3.3 million increase due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation, freight-related revenues from our existing operations increased $1.6 million, or 2.9%, for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $52.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017.
All Other Revenues
All other revenues from our U.K./European Operations includes revenues from container sales and conversions, third-party car and locomotive repairs, property rentals and other ancillary revenues not directly related to the movement of freight. All other revenues from our U.K./European Operations were $16.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $12.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $4.7 million, or 39.3%. Excluding $4.0 million from new operations and a $0.6 million increase due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation, all other revenues from our existing operations increased $0.2 million, or 1.5%, for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $12.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017.

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Table of Contents

Operating Expenses
Total operating expenses from our U.K./European Operations increased $31.3 million, or 21.1%, to $179.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $148.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. The increase consisted of $11.5 million from new operations and $23.3 million from existing operations, partially offset by a $3.5 million decrease from divested operations. Total operating expenses from existing operations included an increase of $8.2 million due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation, as well as increases of $7.0 million in restructuring and related costs, $3.4 million in diesel fuel used in train operations, $2.6 million in labor and benefits expense and $1.2 million in materials expense, partially offset by a decrease of $1.6 million in other expenses, net. The following table sets forth operating expenses from our U.K./European Operations for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Increase/(Decrease)
 
Currency Impact
 
2017 Constant Currency*
 
Increase/(Decrease)
Constant Currency*
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
 
 
Amount
 
% of
Operating
Revenues
 
Amount
 
% of
Operating
Revenues
 
 
 
 
Labor and benefits
$
51,663

 
29.3
%
 
$
44,365

 
29.9
%
 
$
7,298

 
$
2,792

 
$
47,157

 
$
4,506

Equipment rents
19,986

 
11.3
%
 
18,523

 
12.5
%
 
1,463

 
1,257

 
19,780

 
206

Purchased services
39,498

 
22.4
%
 
34,902

 
23.6
%
 
4,596

 
2,147

 
37,049

 
2,449

Depreciation and amortization
9,210

 
5.2
%
 
7,624

 
5.1
%
 
1,586

 
478

 
8,102

 
1,108

Diesel fuel used in train operations
14,197

 
8.0
%
 
10,164

 
6.9
%
 
4,033

 
678

 
10,842

 
3,355

Electricity used in train operations
2,044

 
1.2
%
 
2,134

 
1.4
%
 
(90
)
 
153

 
2,287

 
(243
)
Casualties and insurance
1,062

 
0.6
%
 
989

 
0.7
%
 
73

 
55

 
1,044

 
18

Materials
16,452

 
9.3
%
 
11,073

 
7.5
%
 
5,379

 
550

 
11,623

 
4,829

Trackage rights
10,412

 
5.9
%
 
9,124

 
6.2
%
 
1,288

 
608

 
9,732

 
680

Net gain on sale and impairment of assets
(50
)
 
%
 
(6
)
 
%
 
(44
)
 

 
(6
)
 
(44
)
Restructuring costs
9,355

 
5.3
%
 
2,347

 
1.6
%
 
7,008

 
130

 
2,477

 
6,878

Other expenses, net
5,620

 
3.2
%
 
6,907

 
4.7
%
 
(1,287
)
 
410

 
7,317

 
(1,697
)
Total operating expenses
$
179,449

 
101.7
%
 
$
148,146

 
100.1
%
 
$
31,303

 
$
9,258

 
$
157,404

 
$
22,045

* Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates.
The following information discusses the significant changes in operating expenses from our U.K./European Operations excluding an increase of $9.3 million due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation.
Labor and benefits expense was $51.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $47.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $4.5 million, or 9.6%. The increase consisted of $2.6 million from existing operations and $2.4 million from new operations, partially offset by a $0.5 million decrease from divested operations. The increase from existing operations was primarily due to annual wage increases and an increase in headcount.
The cost of diesel fuel used in train operations was $14.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $10.8 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $3.4 million, or 30.9%. The increase from existing operations consisted of $2.3 million due to a 20.8% increase in average fuel cost per gallon and $1.1 million due to an 8.5% increase in diesel fuel consumption.
Materials expense, which primarily consists of costs of containers sold to third parties, materials purchased for use in repairing and maintaining our locomotives, railcars and other equipment, as well as costs for general tools and supplies used in our business, was $16.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $11.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $4.8 million, or 41.5%. The increase consisted of $3.6 million from new operations and $1.2 million from existing operations. The increase from existing operations was primarily due to timing of equipment maintenance in the U.K.
Restructuring costs for the three months ended June 30, 2018 of $9.4 million were primarily related to our optimization activities in the U.K. Restructuring costs for the three months ended June 30, 2017 of $2.5 million were primarily related to the restructuring of ERS.

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Other expenses, net were $5.6 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $7.3 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, a decrease of $1.7 million, or 23.2%. The decrease consisted of $1.6 million from existing operations and $0.7 million from divested operations, partially offset by an increase of $0.6 million from new operations. The decrease in existing operations was primarily due to corporate development and related costs recorded in 2017 associated with the acquisition and integration of Pentalver.
Operating Income/Operating Ratio
Our U.K./European Operations had an operating loss of $3.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with an operating loss of $0.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. The operating loss for the three months ended June 30, 2018 included $9.4 million of restructuring and related costs primarily driven by our optimization activities in the U.K. The operating loss for the three months ended June 30, 2017 included $2.3 million of restructuring costs, or $2.5 million excluding the impact from foreign currency appreciation. The operating ratio was 101.7% for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared with 100.1% for the three months ended June 30, 2017.
U.K. Operations Optimization
In 2018, we reorganized our U.K. business into three service platforms: Rail (Intermodal and Heavy Haul), Road (former Freightliner and Pentalver road operations) and Terminals (former Freightliner and Pentalver terminals), with a single combined commercial organization responsible for selling all three services. We also announced a program to restructure and further optimize our operations in the U.K. that began in May 2018 and we intend to complete by early 2019. The program includes the rationalization of the locomotive and railcar fleet, management restructuring (following the U.K. consultative process) and technology investments to upgrade systems to enhance productivity and service quality. Restructuring and related expenses associated with the optimization are expected to be approximately $55 million (assuming the adjustment described in footnote (a) below does not occur and an exchange rate of $1.40 for one British pound) which we expect to recover through improved profitability over the next approximately three years. The restructuring and related expenses are comprised of the following, including our current estimate of the timing of the related charges, which is subject to change (dollars in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
Outlook for Six Months Ended December 31, 2018
 
Outlook for Six Months Ended June 30, 2019
 
Estimated Total Restructuring and Related Costs
Rationalization of locomotive and railcar fleet(a)
$
5,938

 
$
23,000

 
$

 
$
29,000

Management restructuring(b)
2,129

 
4,900

 
2,000

 
9,000

Productivity and automation investments
1,288

 
6,700

 
9,000

 
17,000

Total
$
9,355

 
$
34,600

 
$
11,000

 
$
55,000

(a)
Strengthening commercial demand for bulk commodity shipments may result in less restructuring and related expense if new business is contracted for a higher profit using the excess equipment.
(b)
Subject to requisite U.K. consultative process.
Restructuring and related activity for the U.K. Operations Optimization program for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was as follows (dollars in thousands):
 
Rationalization of Locomotive and Railcar Fleet
 
Management Restructuring
 
Productivity and Automation Investments
 
Total
Restructuring and related liability as of December 31, 2017
$

 
$

 
$

 
$

Restructuring and related costs incurred
5,938

 
2,129

 
1,288

 
9,355

Cash payments
(307
)
 
(620
)
 
(1,065
)
 
(1,992
)
Non-cash settlements
(897
)
 

 
(223
)
 
(1,120
)
Restructuring and related liability as of June 30, 2018
$
4,734

 
$
1,509

 
$

 
$
6,243


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Six Months Ended June 30, 2018 Compared with Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
Consolidated Operating Results
Operating Revenues
The following table reflects the calculation of our total ongoing operations by subtracting the revenues and carloads from the divested ERS operations from our total operations for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
Increase/(Decrease) in
Total Operations
 
Currency Impact
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
Total Operations
 
Divested Operations
 
Total Ongoing Operations
 
Total Operations
 
Divested Operations
 
Total Ongoing Operations
 
Amount
 
%
 
Freight revenues
$
817,871

 
$
17,086

 
$
800,785

 
$
760,900

 
$
21,968

 
$
738,932

 
$
56,971

 
7.5
%
 
$
20,220

Freight-related revenues
283,599

 
7,006

 
276,593

 
246,958

 
8,664

 
238,294

 
36,641

 
14.8
%
 
9,752

All other revenues
68,181

 
21

 
68,160

 
51,683

 
18

 
51,665

 
16,498

 
31.9
%
 
1,485

Total operating revenues
$
1,169,651

 
$
24,113

 
$
1,145,538

 
$
1,059,541

 
$
30,650

 
$
1,028,891

 
$
110,110

 
10.4
%
 
$
31,457

Carloads
1,645,676

 
50,949

 
1,594,727

 
1,631,330

 
63,882

 
1,567,448

 
14,346

 
0.9
%
 
 

The following table sets forth our total ongoing operating revenues and carloads by new operations and existing operations for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
Increase/(Decrease) in
Existing/Ongoing
Operations
 
Currency Impact on Total Ongoing Operations
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
Total Ongoing Operations
 
New Operations
 
Existing Operations
 
Total Ongoing Operations
 
Amount
 
%
 
Freight revenues
$
800,785

 
$
1,580

 
$
799,205

 
$
738,932

 
$
60,273

 
8.2
%
 
$
17,477

Freight-related revenues
276,593

 
32,532

 
244,061

 
238,294

 
5,767

 
2.4
%
 
8,604

All other revenues
68,160

 
14,440

 
53,720

 
51,665

 
2,055

 
4.0
%
 
1,483

Total operating revenues
$
1,145,538

 
$
48,552

 
$
1,096,986

 
$
1,028,891

 
$
68,095

 
6.6
%
 
$
27,564

Carloads
1,594,727

 
2,813

 
1,591,914

 
1,567,448

 
24,466

 
1.6
%
 
 
Operating Expenses
Total operating expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2018 increased $95.7 million, or 10.8%, to $979.6 million, compared with $883.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. The increase consisted of $63.3 million from existing operations and $46.8 million from new operations, partially offset by a $14.4 million decrease from divested operations. The increase from existing operations included a $27.3 million increase from the net appreciation of foreign currencies relative to the United States dollar, as well as increases in diesel fuel used in train operations of $17.8 million, labor and benefits expense of $17.1 million, $5.0 million in depreciation and amortization, $3.5 million in restructuring costs and $2.9 million in materials expense. These increases were partially offset by decreases of $5.1 million in other expenses, net and $3.0 million in equipment rents.

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The following table sets forth our total operating expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands): 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
Increase/(Decrease)
 
Currency
Impact
 
2017 Constant Currency*
 
Increase/(Decrease)
Constant Currency*
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
 
 
Amount
 
% of
Operating
Revenues
 
Amount
 
% of
Operating
Revenues
 
 
 
Labor and benefits
$
363,554

 
31.1
 %
 
$
331,360

 
31.3
 %
 
$
32,194

 
$
9,398

 
$
340,758

 
$
22,796

Equipment rents
68,889

 
5.9
 %
 
67,108

 
6.3
 %
 
1,781

 
4,041

 
71,149

 
(2,260
)
Purchased services
125,147

 
10.7
 %
 
107,796

 
10.2
 %
 
17,351

 
6,708

 
114,504

 
10,643

Depreciation and amortization
131,735

 
11.3
 %
 
122,287

 
11.5
 %
 
9,448

 
2,539

 
124,826

 
6,909

Diesel fuel used in train operations
91,774

 
7.9
 %
 
71,183

 
6.7
 %
 
20,591

 
2,687

 
73,870

 
17,904

Electricity used in train operations
4,278

 
0.4
 %
 
5,307

 
0.5
 %
 
(1,029
)
 
606

 
5,913

 
(1,635
)
Casualties and insurance
22,950

 
2.0
 %
 
22,722

 
2.1
 %
 
228

 
358

 
23,080

 
(130
)
Materials
64,845

 
5.5
 %
 
47,197

 
4.5
 %
 
17,648

 
1,338

 
48,535

 
16,310

Trackage rights
44,281

 
3.8
 %
 
44,020

 
4.2
 %
 
261

 
2,106

 
46,126

 
(1,845
)
Net gain on sale and impairment of assets
(1,859
)
 
(0.2
)%
 
(781
)
 
(0.1
)%
 
(1,078
)
 
1

 
(780
)
 
(1,079
)
Restructuring costs
9,645

 
0.8
 %
 
6,116

 
0.6
 %
 
3,529

 
652

 
6,768

 
2,877

Other expenses, net
54,374

 
4.6
 %
 
59,593

 
5.6
 %
 
(5,219
)
 
1,701

 
61,294

 
(6,920
)
Total operating expenses
$
979,613

 
83.8
 %
 
$
883,908

 
83.4
 %
 
$
95,705

 
$
32,135

 
$
916,043

 
$
63,570

* Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates.
Operating Income/Operating Ratio
Operating income was $190.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $175.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Operating income for the six months ended June 30, 2018 included restructuring and related costs of $9.6 million, primarily driven by our optimization activities in the U.K., and corporate development and related costs of $0.5 million, partially offset by a $6.3 million gain on settlement related to Arrium's voluntary administration. Operating income for the six months ended June 30, 2017 included corporate development and related costs of $9.1 million, primarily associated with the GRail and Providence and Worcester Railroad transactions, and restructuring costs of $6.1 million, primarily related to the restructuring of ERS. Our operating ratio was 83.8% for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with 83.4% for the six months ended June 30, 2017.
Interest Expense
Interest expense was $54.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $52.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2018 included $2.2 million of expense from the write-off of deferred financing fees associated with the refinancing of our credit facility.
Provision for Income Taxes
Our provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was $10.6 million, compared with $51.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Our provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2018 included a $31.6 million benefit from the retroactive extension of the United States Short Line Tax Credit. Based on developments during the six months ended June 30, 2018, we recorded a reserve for uncertain tax positions of $4.8 million related to tax deductions on intercompany financing arrangements in the U.K., of which $3.7 million related to the period from March 25, 2015, the date of the Freightliner acquisition when the arrangements were established, through December 31, 2017. Excluding the benefit from the retroactive extension and the prior period portion of the reserve for uncertain tax positions, our effective income tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was 28.5%. Our effective income tax rate for the six months ended June 30, 2017 was 40.6%. The decrease in our effective income tax rate was primarily a result of the TCJA, which decreased the United States federal corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21%. In addition, our provision for income taxes for the six months ended June 30, 2017 also included an increase to a valuation allowance of €0.9 million (or $1.0 million at the average exchange rate for the period) primarily associated with losses at ERS. For additional information regarding our provision for income taxes, see Note 11, Income Taxes, to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in "Part I Item 1. Financial Statements" of this quarterly report.

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Net Income Attributable to G&W and Earnings Per Common Share
Net income attributable to G&W for the six months ended June 30, 2018 was $119.3 million, compared with $72.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Our basic EPS were $1.96 with 60.9 million weighted average shares outstanding for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with basic EPS of $1.18 with 61.5 million weighted average shares outstanding for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Our diluted EPS for the six months ended June 30, 2018 were $1.93 with 61.8 million weighted average shares outstanding, compared with diluted EPS of $1.16 with 62.4 million weighted average shares outstanding for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Our results for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 included certain items affecting comparability between the periods as previously presented in the "Overview—Overview of Six-Month Results—Items Affecting Comparability."
Operating Results by Segment
The following tables set forth results from our North American Operations, Australian Operations and U.K./European Operations for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands): 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
 
North
American
Operations
 
Australian
Operations
 
U.K./European Operations
 
Total
Operations
Operating revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Freight revenues
 
$
505,285

 
$
129,086

 
$
183,500

 
$
817,871

Freight-related revenues
 
127,299

 
22,078

 
134,222

 
283,599

All other revenues
 
32,603

 
2,699

 
32,879

 
68,181

Total operating revenues
 
665,187

 
153,863

 
350,601

 
1,169,651

Operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Labor and benefits
 
221,206

 
37,918

 
104,430

 
363,554

Equipment rents
 
26,133

 
2,498

 
40,258

 
68,889

Purchased services
 
28,582

 
13,284

 
83,281

 
125,147

Depreciation and amortization
 
81,878

 
31,295

 
18,562

 
131,735

Diesel fuel used in train operations
 
48,733

 
15,483

 
27,558

 
91,774

Electricity used in train operations
 

 

 
4,278

 
4,278

Casualties and insurance
 
16,613

 
3,547

 
2,790

 
22,950

Materials
 
26,353

 
5,722

 
32,770

 
64,845

Trackage rights
 
19,639

 
4,578

 
20,064

 
44,281

Net gain on sale and impairment of assets
 
(1,618
)
 
(113
)
 
(128
)
 
(1,859
)
Restructuring costs
 
41

 

 
9,604

 
9,645

Other expenses, net
 
44,193

 
(2,221
)
 
12,402

 
54,374

Total operating expenses
 
511,753

 
111,991

 
355,869

 
979,613

Operating income/(loss)
 
$
153,434

 
$
41,872

 
$
(5,268
)
 
$
190,038

Operating ratio
 
76.9
%
 
72.8
%
 
101.5
%
 
83.8
%
Interest expense, net
 
$
20,233

 
$
26,134

 
$
6,727

 
$
53,094

Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes
 
$
606

 
$
4,722

 
$
5,228

 
$
10,556

Expenditures for additions to property & equipment, net of grants from outside parties
 
$
87,487

 
$
19,751

 
$
13,189

 
$
120,427

Carloads
 
836,366

 
291,480

 
517,830

 
1,645,676



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Table of Contents

 
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
 
 
North
American
Operations
 
Australian
Operations
 
U.K./European Operations
 
Total
Operations
Operating revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Freight revenues
 
$
476,654

 
$
124,627

 
$
159,619

 
$
760,900

Freight-related revenues
 
126,528

 
23,209

 
97,221

 
246,958

All other revenues
 
31,968

 
2,880

 
16,835

 
51,683

Total operating revenues
 
635,150

 
150,716

 
273,675

 
1,059,541

Operating expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Labor and benefits
 
212,240

 
34,829

 
84,291

 
331,360

Equipment rents
 
27,370

 
2,735

 
37,003

 
67,108

Purchased services
 
30,096

 
12,682

 
65,018

 
107,796

Depreciation and amortization
 
77,786

 
30,162

 
14,339

 
122,287

Diesel fuel used in train operations
 
37,104

 
12,910

 
21,169

 
71,183

Electricity used in train operations
 

 

 
5,307

 
5,307

Casualties and insurance
 
18,044

 
2,852

 
1,826

 
22,722

Materials
 
26,524

 
5,231

 
15,442

 
47,197

Trackage rights
 
18,707

 
6,892

 
18,421

 
44,020

Net (gain)/loss on sale and impairment of assets
 
(760
)
 
(22
)
 
1

 
(781
)
Restructuring costs
 
68

 
338

 
5,710

 
6,116

Other expenses, net
 
40,629

 
4,698

 
14,266

 
59,593

Total operating expenses
 
487,808

 
113,307

 
282,793

 
883,908

Operating income/(loss)
 
$
147,342

 
$
37,409

 
$
(9,118
)
 
$
175,633

Operating ratio
 
76.8
%
 
75.2
%
 
103.3
%
 
83.4
%
Interest expense, net
 
$
20,111

 
$
27,822

 
$
3,409

 
$
51,342

Provision for/(benefit from) income taxes
 
$
49,863

 
$
2,792

 
$
(1,130
)
 
$
51,525

Expenditures for additions to property & equipment, net of grants from outside parties
 
$
64,227

 
$
5,176

 
$
10,465

 
$
79,868

Carloads
 
800,063

 
295,505

 
535,762

 
1,631,330

North American Operations
Operating Revenues
The following table sets forth our North American Operations operating revenues and carloads by new operations and existing operations for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
Increase/(Decrease) in
Total Operations
 
Increase/(Decrease) in Existing Operations
 
Currency Impact
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
 
Total Operations
 
New
Operations
 
Existing
Operations
 
Total Operations
 
Amount
 
%
 
Amount
 
%
 
Freight revenues
$
505,285

 
$
1,580

 
$
503,705

 
$
476,654

 
$
28,631

 
6.0
%
 
$
27,051

 
5.7
%
 
$
1,438

Freight-related revenues
127,299

 
240

 
127,059

 
126,528

 
771

 
0.6
%
 
531

 
0.4
%
 
395

All other revenues
32,603

 
10

 
32,593

 
31,968

 
635

 
2.0
%
 
625

 
2.0
%
 
250

Total operating revenues
$
665,187

 
$
1,830

 
$
663,357

 
$
635,150

 
$
30,037

 
4.7
%
 
$
28,207

 
4.4
%
 
$
2,083

Carloads
836,366

 
2,813

 
833,553

 
800,063

 
36,303

 
4.5
%
 
33,490

 
4.2
%
 
 

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Table of Contents

Freight Revenues
The following table sets forth the changes in our North American Operations freight revenues by commodity group segregated into new operations and existing operations for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
 
 
Increase/(Decrease) in Total Operations
 
New Operations
 
Currency
Impact
 
2017 Constant Currency*
 
Increase/(Decrease) in Existing Operations Constant Currency*
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
 
Commodity Group
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
 
 
Agricultural Products
$
61,065

 
$
64,257

 
$
(3,192
)
 
113

 
$
133

 
64,390

 
(3,438
)
Autos & Auto Parts
11,173

 
10,940

 
233

 

 
56

 
10,996

 
177

Chemicals & Plastics
75,189

 
74,915

 
274

 
362

 
279

 
75,194

 
(367
)
Coal & Coke
39,032

 
37,115

 
1,917

 

 
52

 
37,167

 
1,865

Food & Kindred Products
16,826

 
16,599

 
227

 

 
23

 
16,622

 
204

Intermodal
689

 
415

 
274

 

 
1

 
416

 
273

Lumber & Forest Products
46,249

 
42,699

 
3,550

 
1,050

 
100

 
42,799

 
2,400

Metallic Ores
7,243

 
6,816

 
427

 

 
80

 
6,896

 
347

Metals
60,887

 
52,673

 
8,214

 

 
204

 
52,877

 
8,010

Minerals & Stone
68,552

 
62,677

 
5,875

 
7

 
77

 
62,754

 
5,791

Petroleum Products
34,634

 
34,271

 
363

 
2

 
115

 
34,386

 
246

Pulp & Paper
58,385

 
51,555

 
6,830

 

 
264

 
51,819

 
6,566

Waste
13,227

 
12,338

 
889

 

 
11

 
12,349

 
878

Other
12,134

 
9,384

 
2,750

 
46

 
43

 
9,427

 
2,661

Total freight revenues
$
505,285

 
$
476,654

 
$
28,631

 
1,580

 
$
1,438

 
$
478,092

 
$
25,613

* Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates.

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Table of Contents

The following table sets forth our North American Operations freight revenues, carloads and average freight revenues per carload for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands, except average freight revenues per carload):
 
 
Freight Revenues
 
Carloads
 
Average Freight Revenues Per
Carload
 
 
 
 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017 Constant Currency*
 
 
Commodity Group
Amount
 
% of
Total
 
Amount
 
% of
Total
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
2017 Constant Currency*
Agricultural Products
$
61,065

 
12.1
%
 
$
64,390

 
13.5
%
 
105,526

 
110,204

 
$
579

 
$
583

 
$
584

Autos & Auto Parts
11,173

 
2.2
%
 
10,996

 
2.3
%
 
17,822

 
17,977

 
627

 
609

 
612

Chemicals & Plastics
75,189

 
14.9
%
 
75,194

 
15.7
%
 
88,627

 
90,822

 
848

 
825

 
828

Coal & Coke
39,032

 
7.7
%
 
37,167

 
7.8
%
 
121,312

 
109,800

 
322

 
338

 
338

Food & Kindred Products
16,826

 
3.3
%
 
16,622

 
3.5
%
 
30,090

 
29,676

 
559

 
559

 
560

Intermodal
689

 
0.1
%
 
416

 
0.1
%
 
6,900

 
4,168

 
100

 
100

 
100

Lumber & Forest Products
46,249

 
9.1
%
 
42,799

 
9.0
%
 
73,983

 
69,174

 
625

 
617

 
619

Metallic Ores
7,243

 
1.4
%
 
6,896

 
1.4
%
 
8,844

 
9,173

 
819

 
743

 
752

Metals
60,887

 
12.1
%
 
52,877

 
11.0
%
 
76,044

 
70,493

 
801

 
747

 
750

Minerals & Stone
68,552

 
13.6
%
 
62,754

 
13.1
%
 
109,852

 
103,813

 
624

 
604

 
604

Petroleum Products
34,634

 
6.9
%
 
34,386

 
7.2
%
 
50,000

 
49,049

 
693

 
699

 
701

Pulp & Paper
58,385

 
11.6
%
 
51,819

 
10.8
%
 
83,119

 
78,587

 
702

 
656

 
659

Waste
13,227

 
2.6
%
 
12,349

 
2.6
%
 
26,818

 
25,131

 
493

 
491

 
491

Other
12,134

 
2.4
%
 
9,427

 
2.0
%
 
37,429

 
31,996

 
324

 
293

 
295

Total
$
505,285

 
100.0
%
 
$
478,092

 
100.0
%
 
836,366

 
800,063

 
$
604

 
$
596

 
$
598

* Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates.
Total traffic from our North American Operations increased 36,303 carloads, or 4.5%, for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with the same period in 2017. The increase consisted of 33,490 carloads from existing operations and 2,813 carloads from new operations. The increase in traffic from existing operations was principally due to increases of 11,512 carloads of coal and coke traffic, 6,009 carloads of minerals and stone traffic, 5,551 carloads of metals traffic, 4,972 carloads of other commodity traffic, 4,532 carloads of pulp and paper traffic, 3,100 carloads of lumber and forest products traffic, 2,732 carloads of intermodal traffic and 1,687 carloads of waste traffic, partially offset by decreases of 4,853 carloads of agricultural products traffic and 2,630 carloads of chemicals and plastics traffic. All remaining traffic increased by a net 878 carloads.
Changes in average freight revenues per carload in a commodity group may be impacted by changes in customer rates, fuel surcharges, commodity mix and the mix of customer traffic within a commodity group. Excluding a 0.3% impact of foreign currency, average freight revenues per carload from our North American Operations increased 1.0% to $604 for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with the same period in 2017. Average freight revenues per carload from existing operations increased 1.0% to $604 for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with the same period in 2017. Higher fuel surcharges increased average freight revenues per carload by 1.6%, while a change in the mix of commodities decreased average freight revenues per carload by 1.0%. Excluding these factors, average freight revenues per carload from our existing operations increased 0.4%. The change in average freight revenues per carload was also driven by changes in customer mix primarily within the coal and coke and agricultural products commodity groups.
The following information discusses the significant changes in our North American Operations freight revenues from existing operations by commodity group excluding the impact of foreign currency.
Agricultural products revenues decreased $3.4 million, or 5.3%. Agricultural products traffic decreased 4,853 carloads, or 4.4%, which decreased revenues by $2.8 million, and average freight revenues per carload decreased 0.9%, which decreased revenues by $0.6 million. The decrease in carloads was primarily due to unfavorable grain market conditions and the residual impact of the 2017 drought on current harvests in the central and midwestern United States, partially offset by increased export soybean meal shipments in the western United States.

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Coal and coke revenues increased $1.9 million, or 5.0%, primarily due to a traffic increase of 11,512 carloads, or 10.5%, which increased revenues by $3.7 million, while average freight revenues per carload decreased 5.0%, which decreased revenues by $1.8 million. The increase in carloads was primarily due to increased demand in the central and northeastern United States, including a maintenance outage at a customer facility in 2017, partially offset by reduced demand in the midwestern United States. The decrease in average freight revenues per carload was primarily due to a change in the mix of business.
Lumber and forest products revenues increased $2.4 million, or 5.6%. Lumber and forest products traffic increased 3,100 carloads, or 4.5%, which increased revenues by $1.9 million, while average freight revenues per carload increased 1.0%, which increased revenues by $0.5 million. The increase in carloads was primarily due to increased shipments of lumber in the western United States.
Metals revenues increased $8.0 million, or 15.1%. Metals traffic increased 5,551 carloads, or 7.9%, which increased revenues by $4.4 million, and average freight revenues per carload increased 6.8%, which increased revenues by $3.6 million. The increase in carloads was primarily due to increased coil and pig iron shipments in the southern United States and increased scrap steel shipments in the midwestern and southern United States. The increase in average freight revenues per carload was primarily due to the mix of business and increased fuel surcharge revenues.
Minerals and stone revenues increased $5.8 million, or 9.2%. Minerals and stone traffic increased 6,009 carloads, or 5.8%, which increased revenues by $3.8 million and average freight revenues per carload increased 3.3%, which increased revenues by $2.0 million. The increase in carloads was primarily due to increased aggregates shipments across North America and frac sand shipments in the northeastern United States.
Pulp and paper revenues increased $6.6 million, or 12.7%. Pulp and paper average freight revenues per carload increased 6.5%, which increased revenues by $3.4 million, and traffic increased 4,532 carloads, or 5.8%, which increased revenues by $3.2 million. The increase in average freight revenues per carload was primarily due to increased fuel surcharge revenues and a change in the mix of business. The increase in carloads was primarily due to increased containerboard shipments across North America.
Other revenues increased $2.7 million, or 28.2%. Other traffic increased 4,972 carloads, or 15.5%, which increased revenues by $1.6 million, and average freight revenues per carload increased 10.8%, which increased revenues by $1.1 million. The increase in carloads was primarily due to increased shipments of empty car traffic in the central, midwestern and southern United States. The increase in average freight revenues per carload was primarily due to shipments of wind towers in the midwestern United States and Canada.
Freight revenues from all remaining commodities combined increased by a net $1.8 million.
Freight-Related Revenues
Excluding a $0.4 million increase due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation, freight-related revenues from our North American Operations, which includes revenues from railcar switching, track access rights, crewing services, storage and other ancillary revenues related to the movement of freight, increased $0.4 million, or 0.3%, to $127.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $126.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. The increase was primarily due to increased switching revenues primarily related to a new iron ore customer in Canada and stronger intermodal and grain volumes in the southern United States.
All Other Revenues
Excluding a $0.3 million increase due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation, all other revenues from our North American Operations, which includes revenues from third-party railcar and locomotive repairs, property rentals, railroad construction and other ancillary revenues not directly related to the movement of freight, increased $0.4 million, or 1.2%, to $32.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $32.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. The increase was primarily from existing operations.

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Operating Expenses
Total operating expenses from our North American Operations increased $23.9 million, or 4.9%, to $511.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $487.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. The increase consisted of $22.4 million from existing operations and $1.5 million from new operations. The increase from existing operations was primarily due to an increase of $11.3 million in diesel fuel used in train operations, $7.8 million in labor and benefits, $3.3 million in depreciation and amortization and $3.4 million in other expenses, net, partially offset by decreases of $1.8 million in purchased services, $1.7 million in equipment rents and $1.6 million in casualties and insurance. In addition, the change from existing operations included a $2.0 million increase due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation.
The following table sets forth operating expenses from our North American Operations for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Increase/(Decrease) Constant Currency*
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
Currency
Impact
 
2017 Constant Currency*
 
 
Amount
 
% of
Operating
Revenues
 
Amount
 
% of
Operating
Revenues
 
Increase/(Decrease)
 
 
 
Labor and benefits
$
221,206

 
33.3
 %
 
$
212,240

 
33.4
 %
 
$
8,966

 
$
721

 
$
212,961

 
$
8,245

Equipment rents
26,133

 
3.9
 %
 
27,370

 
4.3
 %
 
(1,237
)
 
80

 
27,450

 
(1,317
)
Purchased services
28,582

 
4.3
 %
 
30,096

 
4.7
 %
 
(1,514
)
 
104

 
30,200

 
(1,618
)
Depreciation and amortization
81,878

 
12.3
 %
 
77,786

 
12.3
 %
 
4,092

 
509

 
78,295

 
3,583

Diesel fuel used in train operations
48,733

 
7.3
 %
 
37,104

 
5.8
 %
 
11,629

 
227

 
37,331

 
11,402

Casualties and insurance
16,613

 
2.5
 %
 
18,044

 
2.8
 %
 
(1,431
)
 
135

 
18,179

 
(1,566
)
Materials
26,353

 
4.0
 %
 
26,524

 
4.2
 %
 
(171
)
 
99

 
26,623

 
(270
)
Trackage rights
19,639

 
2.9
 %
 
18,707

 
3.0
 %
 
932

 
17

 
18,724

 
915

Net gain on sale and impairment of assets
(1,618
)
 
(0.2
)%
 
(760
)
 
(0.1
)%
 
(858
)
 

 
(760
)
 
(858
)
Restructuring costs
41

 
 %
 
68

 
 %
 
(27
)
 

 
68

 
(27
)
Other expenses, net
44,193

 
6.6
 %
 
40,629

 
6.4
 %
 
3,564

 
131

 
40,760

 
3,433

Total operating expenses
$
511,753

 
76.9
 %
 
$
487,808

 
76.8
 %
 
$
23,945

 
$
2,023

 
$
489,831

 
$
21,922

* Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates.
The following information discusses the significant changes in operating expenses of our North American Operations excluding an increase of $2.0 million due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation.
Labor and benefits expense was $221.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $213.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $8.2 million, or 3.9%. The increase consisted of $7.8 million, or 3.7%, from existing operations and $0.4 million from new operations. The increase from new operations was primarily due to annual wage increases and increases in headcount.
Equipment rents expense was $26.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $27.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, a decrease of $1.3 million, or 4.8%. The decrease consisted of $1.7 million from existing operations, partially offset by $0.4 million from new operations. The decrease from existing operations was primarily due to the effect of buyouts of locomotive and railcar leases during 2017.
Purchased services expense, which consists of the costs of services provided by outside contractors for repairs and
maintenance of track property, locomotives, railcars and other equipment, as well as contract labor costs for crewing services, was $28.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $30.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, a decrease of $1.6 million, or 5.4%. The decrease was primarily due to the timing of railroad maintenance and a reduction in the use of third party contractors.
Depreciation and amortization expense was $81.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $78.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $3.6 million, or 4.6%. The increase was primarily attributable to a larger depreciable asset base in 2018 compared with 2017, reflecting capital spending in 2017.

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The cost of diesel fuel used in train operations was $48.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $37.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $11.4 million, or 30.5%. The increase consisted of $10.1 million due to a 27.2% increase in average fuel cost per gallon and $1.2 million due to a 2.4% increase in diesel fuel consumption.
Casualties and insurance expense was $16.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $18.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, a decrease of $1.6 million, or 8.6%. The decrease was primarily attributable to less weather related property damage, partially offset by higher derailment expense in 2018.
Other expenses, net were $44.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $40.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $3.4 million, or 8.4%. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in legal fees associated with arbitration proceedings.
Operating Income/Operating Ratio
Operating income from our North American Operations was $153.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $147.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Operating income for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 included corporate development and related costs of $0.5 million and $6.8 million, respectively. The operating ratio was 76.9% for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with 76.8% for the six months ended June 30, 2017.
Australian Operations
Operating Revenues
The following table sets forth our Australian Operations operating revenues and carloads for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
Increase/(Decrease) in Total Operations
 
Currency Impact
 
2018
 
2017
 
Amount
 
%
 
Freight revenues
$
129,086

 
$
124,627

 
$
4,459

 
3.6
 %
 
$
2,722

Freight-related revenues
22,078

 
23,209

 
(1,131
)
 
(4.9
)%
 
511

All other revenues
2,699

 
2,880

 
(181
)
 
(6.3
)%
 
55

Total operating revenues
$
153,863

 
$
150,716

 
$
3,147

 
2.1
 %
 
$
3,288

Carloads
291,480

 
295,505

 
(4,025
)
 
(1.4
)%
 
 
Freight Revenues
The following table sets forth the changes in our Australian Operations freight revenues by commodity group for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands): 
 
 
 
Increase/(Decrease) in Total Operations
 
Currency Impact
 
2017 Constant Currency*
 
Increase/(Decrease) Total Operations Constant Currency*
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
Commodity Group
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
 
Agricultural Products
$
11,489

 
$
11,678

 
$
(189
)
 
$
261

 
$
11,939

 
$
(450
)
Coal and Coke
64,149

 
57,279

 
6,870

 
1,333

 
58,612

 
5,537

Intermodal
33,075

 
33,101

 
(26
)
 
706

 
33,807

 
(732
)
Metallic Ores
15,856

 
18,290

 
(2,434
)
 
326

 
18,616

 
(2,760
)
Minerals & Stone
4,181

 
3,995

 
186

 
91

 
4,086

 
95

Petroleum Products
336

 
284

 
52

 
5

 
289

 
47

Total freight revenues
$
129,086

 
$
124,627

 
$
4,459

 
$
2,722

 
127,349

 
$
1,737

* Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates.

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The following table sets forth our Australian Operations freight revenues, carloads and average freight revenues per carload for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands, except average freight revenues per carload):
 
 
Freight Revenues
 
Carloads
 
Average Freight Revenues Per
Carload
 
 
 
 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017 Constant Currency*
 
 
Commodity Group
Amount
 
% of
Total
 
Amount
 
% of
Total
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
2017 Constant Currency*
Agricultural Products
$
11,489

 
8.9
%
 
$
11,939

 
9.4
%
 
27,287

 
30,641

 
$
421

 
$
381

 
$
390

Coal & Coke
64,149

 
49.7
%
 
58,612

 
46.0
%
 
194,138

 
190,343

 
330

 
301

 
308

Intermodal
33,075

 
25.6
%
 
33,807

 
26.6
%
 
26,711

 
28,737

 
1,238

 
1,152

 
1,176

Metallic Ores
15,856

 
12.3
%
 
18,616

 
14.6
%
 
10,457

 
15,760

 
1,516

 
1,161

 
1,181

Minerals & Stone
4,181

 
3.2
%
 
4,086

 
3.2
%
 
32,754

 
29,906

 
128

 
134

 
137

Petroleum Products
336

 
0.3
%
 
289

 
0.2
%
 
133

 
118

 
2,526

 
2,407

 
2,449

Total
$
129,086

 
100.0
%
 
$
127,349

 
100.0
%
 
291,480

 
295,505

 
$
443

 
$
422

 
$
431

* Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates.
Total traffic from our Australian Operations decreased 4,025 carloads or 1.4%, to 291,480 carloads for the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared with the same period in 2017. The traffic decrease was principally due to decreases of 5,303 carloads of metallic ores traffic, 3,354 carloads of agricultural products traffic and 2,026 carloads of intermodal traffic, partially offset by increases of 3,795 carloads of coal and coke traffic and 2,848 carloads of minerals and stone traffic. All remaining traffic increased by 15 carloads.
Changes in average freight revenues per carload in a commodity group may be impacted by changes in customer rates, fuel surcharges, commodity mix and the mix of customer traffic within a commodity group. Excluding a 2.2% impact of foreign currency, average freight revenues per carload from our Australian Operations increased 2.8% to $443 for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with the same period in 2017. A change in the mix of commodities decreased average freight revenues per carload by 6.7%, while higher fuel surcharges increased average freight revenues per carload by 0.6%. Excluding these factors, average freight revenues per carload increased 8.9%.
The following information discusses the significant changes in our Australian Operations freight revenues by commodity group excluding the impact of foreign currency.
Coal and coke revenues increased $5.5 million, or 9.4%. Coal and coke average freight revenues per carload increased 7.1%, which increased revenues by $4.3 million, while traffic increased 3,795 carloads, or 2.0%, which increased revenues by $1.2 million. The increase in average freight revenues per carload was primarily due to annual rate increases and favorable mix. The carload increase was primarily due to increased spot shipments.
Metallic ores revenues decreased $2.8 million, or 14.8%. Metallic ores traffic decreased 5,303 carloads, or 33.6%, which decreased revenues by $8.0 million, while average freight revenues per carload increased 28.4%, which increased revenues by $5.2 million. The increase in average freight revenues per carload was primarily due to a change in business mix. The carload decrease was primarily due to a planned shutdown of an iron ore customer's mine in October 2017.
Freight revenues from all remaining commodities combined decreased by $1.0 million.
Freight-Related Revenues
Excluding a $0.5 million increase due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation, freight-related revenues from our Australian Operations, which includes revenues from railcar switching, track access rights, crewing services, storage and other ancillary revenues related to the movement of freight, decreased $1.6 million, or 6.9%, to $22.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $23.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. The decrease in freight-related revenues was primarily due to decreased switching revenues as a result of a smaller harvest in 2018.
All Other Revenues
Excluding the impact of foreign currency appreciation, all other revenues from our Australian Operations, which includes revenues from third-party railcar and locomotive repairs, property rentals and other ancillary revenues not directly related to the movement of freight, decreased to $2.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $2.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017.

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Operating Expenses
Total operating expenses from our Australian Operations for the six months ended June 30, 2018 decreased $1.3 million, or 1.2%, to $112.0 million, compared with $113.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in other expenses, net of $7.0 million, principally due to a $6.3 million gain on settlement related to Arrium's voluntary administration, and a decrease in trackage rights expense of $2.5 million, partially offset by increases in labor and benefits expense of $2.3 million and diesel fuel used in train operations of $2.3 million. In addition, the change from existing operations included a $2.5 million increase due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation.
The following table sets forth operating expenses from our Australian Operations for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands): 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Increase/(Decrease) Constant Currency*
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
Currency
Impact
 
2017 Constant Currency*
 
 
Amount
 
% of
Operating
Revenues
 
Amount
 
% of
Operating
Revenues
 
Increase/(Decrease)
 
 
 
Labor and benefits
$
37,918

 
24.7
 %
 
$
34,829

 
23.1
%
 
$
3,089

 
$
778

 
$
35,607

 
$
2,311

Equipment rents
2,498

 
1.6
 %
 
2,735

 
1.8
%
 
(237
)
 
61

 
2,796

 
(298
)
Purchased services
13,284

 
8.6
 %
 
12,682

 
8.4
%
 
602

 
260

 
12,942

 
342

Depreciation and amortization
31,295

 
20.3
 %
 
30,162

 
20.0
%
 
1,133

 
675

 
30,837

 
458

Diesel fuel used in train operations
15,483

 
10.1
 %
 
12,910

 
8.6
%
 
2,573

 
292

 
13,202

 
2,281

Casualties and insurance
3,547

 
2.3
 %
 
2,852

 
1.9
%
 
695

 
65

 
2,917

 
630

Materials
5,722

 
3.7
 %
 
5,231

 
3.5
%
 
491

 
115

 
5,346

 
376

Trackage rights
4,578

 
3.0
 %
 
6,892

 
4.6
%
 
(2,314
)
 
151

 
7,043

 
(2,465
)
Net (gain)/loss on sale and impairment of assets
(113
)
 
(0.1
)%
 
(22
)
 
%
 
(91
)
 

 
(22
)
 
(91
)
Restructuring costs

 
 %
 
338

 
0.2
%
 
(338
)
 
9

 
347

 
(347
)
Other expenses, net
(2,221
)
 
(1.4
)%
 
4,698

 
3.1
%
 
(6,919
)
 
100

 
4,798

 
(7,019
)
Total operating expenses
$
111,991

 
72.8
 %
 
$
113,307

 
75.2
%
 
$
(1,316
)
 
$
2,506

 
$
115,813

 
$
(3,822
)
* Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates.
The following information discusses the significant changes in operating expenses of our Australian Operations excluding an increase of $2.5 million due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation.
Labor and benefits expense was $37.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $35.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $2.3 million, or 6.5%. The increase was primarily due to annual wage increases and an increase in headcount to support growth initiatives.
The cost of diesel fuel used in train operations was $15.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $13.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $2.3 million, or 17.3%. The increase consisted of $2.8 million due to a 20.9% increase in average fuel cost per gallon, partially offset by a decrease of $0.5 million due to a 3.1% decrease in diesel fuel consumption.
Trackage rights expense was $4.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $7.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, a decrease of $2.5 million, or 35.0%. The decrease was primarily due to the planned shutdown of an iron ore mine in October 2017.
Other expenses, net for the six months ended June 30, 2018 included a $6.3 million gain on settlement related to Arrium's voluntary administration.
Operating Income/Operating Ratio
Operating income from our Australian Operations was $41.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $37.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Operating income for the six months ended June 30, 2018 included a $6.3 million gain on settlement related to Arrium's voluntary administration. The operating ratio was 72.8% for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with 75.2% for the six months ended June 30, 2017.

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U.K./European Operations
Operating Revenues
The following table reflects the calculation of our ongoing U.K./European Operations by subtracting the revenues and carloads from the divested ERS operations from our U.K./European total operations for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
Increase/(Decrease) in Total Operations
 
Currency Impact
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
Total Operations
 
Divested Operations
 
Total Ongoing Operations
 
Total Operations
 
Divested Operations
 
Total Ongoing Operations
 
Amount
 
%
 
Freight revenues
$
183,500

 
$
17,086

 
$
166,414

 
$
159,619

 
$
21,968

 
$
137,651

 
$
23,881

 
15.0
 %
 
$
16,060

Freight-related revenues
134,222

 
7,006

 
127,216

 
97,221

 
8,664

 
88,557

 
37,001

 
38.1
 %
 
8,846

All other revenues
32,879

 
21

 
32,858

 
16,835

 
18

 
16,817

 
16,044

 
95.3
 %
 
1,180

Total operating revenues
$
350,601

 
$
24,113

 
$
326,488

 
$
273,675

 
$
30,650

 
$
243,025

 
$
76,926

 
28.1
 %
 
$
26,086

Carloads
517,830

 
50,949

 
466,881

 
535,762

 
63,882

 
471,880

 
(17,932
)
 
(3.3
)%
 
 
The following table sets forth our ongoing U.K./European Operations total operating revenues and carloads by new operations and existing operations for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
Increase/(Decrease) in
Existing/Ongoing
Operations
 
Currency Impact
on Total Ongoing
Operations
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
Total Ongoing Operations
 
New Operations
 
Total Existing
 
Total Ongoing Operations
 
Amount
 
%
 
Freight revenues
$
166,414

 
$

 
$
166,414

 
$
137,651

 
$
28,763

 
20.9
 %
 
$
13,317

Freight-related revenues
127,216

 
32,292

 
94,924

 
88,557

 
6,367

 
7.2
 %
 
7,698

All other revenues
32,858

 
14,430

 
18,428

 
16,817

 
1,611

 
9.6
 %
 
1,178

Total operating revenues
$
326,488

 
$
46,722

 
$
279,766

 
$
243,025

 
$
36,741

 
15.1
 %
 
$
22,193

Carloads
466,881

 

 
466,881

 
471,880

 
(4,999
)
 
(1.1
)%
 
 

Freight Revenues
The following table sets forth our U.K./European Operations ongoing operations freight revenues by commodity group by subtracting the revenues from the divested ERS operations from our U.K./European total operations for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands): 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
Increase/(Decrease) in Existing Operations
 
Currency Impact Existing Operations
 
2017 Constant Currency Existing Operations*
 
Increase/(Decrease) in Existing Operations Constant Currency*
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
 
Commodity Group
Total Operations
 
Divested Operations
 
Total Ongoing/Existing Operations
 
Total Operations
 
Divested Operations
 
Total Ongoing Operations
 
 
 
 
Agricultural Products
$
2,020

 
$

 
$
2,020

 
$
2,568

 
$

 
$
2,568

 
$
(548
)
 
$
408

 
$
2,976

 
$
(956
)
Coal & Coke
6,163

 

 
6,163

 
5,119

 

 
5,119

 
1,044

 
620

 
5,739

 
424

Intermodal
133,804

 
17,086

 
116,718

 
122,789

 
21,968

 
100,821

 
15,897

 
9,241

 
110,062

 
6,656

Minerals & Stone
41,505

 

 
41,505

 
29,143

 

 
29,143

 
12,362

 
3,048

 
32,191

 
9,314

Petroleum Products
8

 

 
8

 

 

 

 
8

 

 

 
8

Total operating revenues
$
183,500

 
$
17,086

 
$
166,414

 
$
159,619

 
$
21,968

 
$
137,651

 
$
28,763

 
$
13,317

 
$
150,968

 
$
15,446

*Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period Total Ongoing Operations translated at the current period exchange rates.

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The following table sets forth our U.K./European Operations freight revenues, carloads and average freight revenues per carload for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands, except average freight revenues per carload):
 
 
Freight Revenues
 
Carloads
 
Average Freight Revenues Per
Carload
 
 
 
 
 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
2018
 
2017 Constant Currency*
 
 
Commodity Group
Amount
 
% of
Total
 
Amount
 
% of
Total
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
 
2017 Constant Currency*
Agricultural Products
$
2,020

 
1.1
%
 
$
2,976

 
1.7
%
 
1,573

 
2,259

 
$
1,284

 
$
1,137

 
$
1,317

Coal & Coke
6,163

 
3.4
%
 
5,739

 
3.3
%
 
9,933

 
14,535

 
620

 
352

 
395

Intermodal
133,804

 
72.9
%
 
134,773

 
76.7
%
 
411,838

 
440,904

 
325

 
278

 
306

Minerals & Stone
41,505

 
22.6
%
 
32,191

 
18.3
%
 
94,466

 
78,064

 
439

 
373

 
412

Petroleum Products
8

 
%
 

 
%
 
20

 

 
400

 

 

Total
$
183,500

 
100.0
%
 
$
175,679

 
100.0
%
 
517,830

 
535,762

 
$
354

 
$
298

 
$
328

* Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates.
Total traffic from our U.K./European Operations decreased 17,932 carloads, or 3.3%, for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with the same period in 2017. The traffic decrease was principally due to decreases of 29,066 carloads of intermodal traffic and 4,602 carloads of coal and coke traffic, partially offset by an increases of 16,402 carloads of minerals and stone traffic. All remaining traffic decreased by a net 666 carloads.
Changes in average freight revenues per carload in a commodity group may be impacted by changes in customer rates, fuel surcharges, commodity mix and the mix of customer traffic within a commodity group. Excluding a 10.9% impact of foreign currency, average freight revenues per carload from our U.K./European Operations increased 7.9% to $354 for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with the same period in 2017. Average freight revenues per carload from existing operations, excluding the impact of foreign currency, increased 11.3% to $356 for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with the same period in 2017.
The following information discusses the significant changes in our U.K./European Operations freight revenues by commodity group excluding the impact of foreign currency and the divested ERS operations.
Intermodal revenues increased $6.7 million, or 6.0%. Intermodal average freight revenues per carload increased 10.6%, which increased revenues by $11.9 million, while traffic decreased 16,133 carloads, or 4.3%, which decreased revenues by $5.2 million. The increase in average freight revenues per carload was primarily due to rate increases and port and route mix resulting from changes in shipping alliances. The decrease in carloads was primarily due to weather-related service cancellations and congestion at the Port of Felixstowe amidst the port's information technology system conversion.
Minerals and stone revenues increased $9.3 million, or 28.9%. Minerals and stone traffic increased 16,402 carloads, or 21.0%, which increased revenues by $7.2 million, and average freight revenues per carload increased 6.6%, which increased revenues by $2.1 million. The increase in carloads was primarily due to higher construction aggregates shipments in the U.K and Poland. The increase in average freight revenues per carload was primarily due to a change in the mix of business in Poland.
Freight revenues from all remaining commodities combined decreased by a net $0.5 million.
Freight-Related Revenues
Freight-related revenues from our U.K./European Operations includes trucking haulage services, container storage and switching services, as well as infrastructure services, where we operate work trains for the track infrastructure owner. Freight-related revenues from our U.K./European Operations also include traction service (or hook and pull), which requires us to provide locomotives and drivers to move a customer's train between specified origin and destination points, and other ancillary revenues related to the movement of freight.
Freight-related revenues from our U.K./European Operations were $134.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $97.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $37.0 million, or 38.1%. Excluding $32.3 million from new operations, a decrease of $2.8 million from the divested ERS operations and an $8.8 million increase due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation, freight-related revenues from our existing operations decreased $1.3 million, or 1.4%, for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $96.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. The decrease was primarily due to decreased infrastructure revenue in 2018.

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All Other Revenues
All other revenues from our U.K./European Operations includes revenues from container sales, third-party car and locomotive repairs, property rentals and other ancillary revenues not directly related to the movement of freight. All other revenues from our U.K./European Operations were $32.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $16.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $16.0 million, or 95.3%. Excluding $14.4 million from new operations and a $1.2 million increase due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation, all other revenues from our existing operations increased $0.4 million, or 2.4%, for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $18.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017.
Operating Expenses
Total operating expenses from our U.K./European Operations were $355.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $282.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $73.1 million, or 25.8%. The increase included $45.2 million from new operations and $42.2 million from existing operations, partially offset by a $19.2 million decrease from divested operations. The increase from existing operations included a $22.7 million increase due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation, as well as increases of $6.9 million in labor and benefits expense, $4.2 million in diesel fuel used in train operations, $3.8 million in restructuring costs, $2.9 million in materials expense, $1.7 million in trackage rights expense and $1.2 million in depreciation and amortization expense, partially offset by a decrease of $1.5 million in other expenses, net.
The following table sets forth operating expenses from our U.K./European Operations for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 (dollars in thousands): 
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Increase/(Decrease) Constant Currency*
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
Currency
Impact
 
2017 Constant Currency*
 
 
Amount
 
% of
Operating
Revenues
 
Amount
 
% of
Operating
Revenues
 
Increase/(Decrease)
 
 
 
Labor and benefits
$
104,430

 
29.8
%
 
$
84,291

 
30.8
%
 
$
20,139

 
$
7,899

 
$
92,190

 
$
12,240

Equipment rents
40,258

 
11.5
%
 
37,003

 
13.5
%
 
3,255

 
3,900

 
40,903

 
(645
)
Purchased services
83,281

 
23.8
%
 
65,018

 
23.8
%
 
18,263

 
6,344

 
71,362

 
11,919

Depreciation and amortization
18,562

 
5.3
%
 
14,339

 
5.2
%
 
4,223

 
1,355

 
15,694

 
2,868

Diesel fuel used in train operations
27,558

 
7.9
%
 
21,169

 
7.7
%
 
6,389

 
2,168

 
23,337

 
4,221

Electricity used in train operations
4,278

 
1.2
%
 
5,307

 
2.0
%
 
(1,029
)
 
606

 
5,913

 
(1,635
)
Casualties and insurance
2,790

 
0.8
%
 
1,826

 
0.7
%
 
964

 
158

 
1,984

 
806

Materials
32,770

 
9.3
%
 
15,442

 
5.6
%
 
17,328

 
1,124

 
16,566

 
16,204

Trackage rights
20,064

 
5.7
%
 
18,421

 
6.7
%
 
1,643

 
1,938

 
20,359

 
(295
)
Net loss/(gain) on sale and impairment of assets
(128
)
 
%
 
1

 
%
 
(129
)
 
1

 
2

 
(130
)
Restructuring costs
9,604

 
2.7
%
 
5,710

 
2.1
%
 
3,894

 
643

 
6,353

 
3,251

Other expenses, net
12,402

 
3.5
%
 
14,266

 
5.2
%
 
(1,864
)
 
1,470

 
15,736

 
(3,334
)
Total operating expenses
$
355,869

 
101.5
%
 
$
282,793

 
103.3
%
 
$
73,076

 
$
27,606

 
$
310,399

 
$
45,470

* Constant currency amounts reflect the prior period results translated at the current period exchange rates.
The following information discusses the significant changes in operating expenses of our U.K./European Operations excluding an increase of $27.6 million due to the impact of foreign currency appreciation.
Labor and benefits expense was $104.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $92.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $12.2 million, or 13.3%. The increase consisted of $9.5 million from new operations and $6.9 million from existing operations, partially offset by a decrease of $4.2 million from divested operations. The increase from existing operations was primarily due to annual wage increases and an increase in headcount.
Purchased services expense was $83.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $71.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $11.9 million, or 16.7%. The increase consisted of $13.9 million from new operations and $0.7 million from existing operations, partially offset by a decrease of $2.6 million from divested operations.

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Depreciation and amortization expense was $18.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $15.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $2.9 million, or 18.3%. The increase consisted of $1.7 million from new operations and $1.2 million from existing operations. The increase from existing operations was primarily attributable to a larger depreciable asset base in 2018 compared with 2017, reflecting capital spending in 2017.
The cost of diesel fuel used in train operations was $27.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $23.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $4.2 million, or 18.1%. The increase consisted of $2.7 million due to a 12.0% increase in average fuel cost per gallon and $1.6 million due to a 5.4% increase in diesel fuel consumption.
Materials expense, which primarily consists of costs of containers sold to third parties, materials purchased for use in repairing and maintaining our locomotives, railcars and other equipment, as well as costs for general tools and supplies used in our business, was $32.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $16.6 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $16.2 million, or 97.8%. The increase consisted of $13.4 million from new operations and $2.9 million from existing operations. The increase from existing operations was primarily due to an increase in roadway maintenance in certain of our terminals in the U.K.
Trackage rights expense was $20.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $20.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, a decrease of $0.3 million, or 1.4%. The decrease consisted of $2.0 million from divested operations, partially offset by an increase of $1.7 million from existing operations. The increase from existing operations was primarily due to an increase in freight and switching activity.
Restructuring and related costs for the six months ended June 30, 2018 of $9.6 million were primarily driven by our optimization activities in the U.K. Restructuring costs for the six months ended June 30, 2017 of $6.4 million were primarily related to the restructuring of ERS.
Other expenses, net were $12.4 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with $15.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, a decrease of $3.3 million, or 21.2%. The decrease consisted of $3.8 million from divested operations and $1.5 million from existing operations, partially offset by an increase of $1.9 million from new operations. The decrease from existing operations was primarily due to corporate development and related costs recorded in 2017 associated with the acquisition and integration of Pentalver.
Operating Income/(Loss) and Operating Ratio
Our U.K./European Operations had an operating loss of $5.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with an operating loss of $9.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. The operating loss for the six months ended June 30, 2018 included $9.6 million of restructuring and related costs. The operating loss for the six months ended June 30, 2017 included $5.7 million, or $6.4 million excluding the impact of foreign currency, of restructuring costs. The operating ratio was 101.5% for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared with 103.3% for the six months ended June 30, 2017.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We had cash and cash equivalents of $69.7 million as of June 30, 2018, of which $37.6 million was from our Australian Operations, which we control through a 51.1% ownership interest. In accordance with our Australia Partnership agreement, the cash and cash equivalents of our Australian Operations can be used to make payments in the usual and regular course of business, pay down debt of the Australia Partnership and make distributions to the partners in proportion to their investments. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Australia Partnership made a A$40.0 million (or $30.0 million at the average exchange rate in June 2018) distribution, of which $15.3 million and $14.9 million were distributed to us and MIRA, respectively, and no such distributions were made for the six months ended June 30, 2017.
Based on current expectations, we believe our cash, together with our other liquid assets, anticipated future cash flows from operations, availability under our credit agreement, access to debt and equity capital markets and sources of available financing will be sufficient to fund expected operating, capital and debt service requirements and other financial commitments for the foreseeable future. At June 30, 2018, we had $617.3 million of unused borrowing capacity under the Amended Credit Agreement, as defined below.

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On June 5, 2018 we entered into Amendment No. 3 (the Amendment) to the Credit Agreement, the Third Amended and Restated Senior Secured Syndicated Credit Facility Agreement (the Amended Credit Agreement). At closing, the credit facilities under the Amended Credit Agreement were comprised of a $1,423.0 million United States term loan, a £272.9 million (or $365.2 million at the exchange rate on June 5, 2018) U.K. term loan and a $625.0 million revolving credit facility. The revolving credit facility includes borrowing capacity for letters of credit and swingline loans. The Amendment also extended the maturity date of our credit facilities to June 5, 2023.
Since entering into the Amendment, we made prepayments of $105.0 million on our United States term loan and £15.0 million (or $19.8 million at the exchange rate on the date the payment was made) on our U.K. term loan. For additional information regarding our Amended Credit Agreement, see Note 6, Long-Term Debt, to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in "Part I Item 1. Financial Statements" of this quarterly report.
As of June 30, 2018, we had long-term debt, including current portion, of $2,376.3 million, which comprised 38.6% of our total capitalization. As of December 31, 2017, we had long-term debt, including current portion, of $2,331.3 million, which comprised 37.4% of our total capitalization. Our long-term debt, including current portion, consisted of the following as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 (dollars in thousands):
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Senior secured credit facility
$
1,663,849

 
$
1,567,882

Australian senior secured credit facility(a)
488,836

 
525,101

Australian subordinated shareholder loan from MIRA(b)
176,083

 
186,085

Other debt
70,518

 
77,402

Less: deferred financing fees
(22,967
)
 
(25,175
)
Total debt
$
2,376,319

 
$
2,331,295

(a) Standalone credit agreement is non-recourse to us and MIRA.
(b) Shareholder loan is non-recourse to us.
During the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, we generated $231.3 million and $224.3 million, respectively, of cash from operating activities. Changes in working capital decreased net cash flows by $20.3 million and $15.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
During the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, our cash used in investing activities was $110.8 million and $175.7 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2018, the primary drivers of cash used in investing activities were $133.3 million of cash used for capital expenditures, including $22.7 million for new business investments and $20.1 million related to capital expenditures accrued in 2017, partially offset by $12.9 million of cash received from grants from outside parties for capital spending and $7.9 million of net proceeds from the sale of ERS. For the six months ended June 30, 2017, primary drivers of cash used in investing activities were $105.6 million of net cash paid for acquisitions, including the acquisitions of Pentalver and HOG, and $91.5 million of cash used for capital expenditures, including $12.5 million related to capital expenditures accrued in 2016, partially offset by $11.6 million in cash received from grants from outside parties for capital spending and $2.9 million in cash proceeds received from a working capital adjustment related to the GRail acquisition.
During the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, our cash used in financing activities was $131.4 million and $0.5 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2018, the primary drivers of cash used in financing activities were $192.3 million for common share repurchases, $14.9 million distribution made by the Australia Partnership to its noncontrolling interest holders, $6.3 million for installment payments on deferred consideration related to the Freightliner acquisition and $5.3 million in debt amendment and issuance costs, partially offset by net proceeds of $88.3 million from an increase in outstanding debt. For the six months ended June 30, 2017, the primary driver of cash used in financing activities resulted from net payments on outstanding debt of $2.3 million. For additional information regarding our common share repurchases, see Note 3, Earnings Per Common Share, to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in "Part I Item 1. Financial Statements" of this quarterly report.

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2018 Budgeted Capital Expenditures
The following table sets forth our budgeted capital expenditures for the year ending December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):
 
2018 Budgeted Capital Expenditures
 
North American Operations
 
Australian Operations
 
U.K./European Operations
 
Total
Track and equipment, self-funded
$
150,000

 
$
22,000

 
$
28,000

 
$
200,000

Track and equipment, subject to third-party funding
70,000

 

 

 
70,000

New business investments
15,000

 
20,000

 
5,000

 
40,000

Gross capital expenditures
235,000

 
42,000

 
33,000

 
310,000

Grants from outside parties
(55,000
)
 

 

 
(55,000
)
Net capital expenditures
$
180,000

 
$
42,000

 
$
33,000

 
$
255,000

During the six months ended June 30, 2018, we incurred $122.4 million in aggregate capital expenditures related to current year projects of which we paid $113.2 million in cash and accrued $9.2 million in accounts payable as of June 30, 2018. Of the $9.1 million of grants from outside parties related to these current year projects, we received $4.2 million in cash and we expect to receive an additional $4.9 million, which was included in outstanding grant receivables from outside parties as of June 30, 2018.
The following table sets forth our capital expenditures related to current year projects incurred by segment for the six months ended June 30, 2018 (dollars in thousands):
 
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
 
North American Operations
 
Australian Operations
 
U.K./European Operations
 
Total
Capital Expenditures:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Track and equipment, self-funded
$
73,896

 
$
4,442

 
$
10,395

 
$
88,733

Track and equipment, subject to third-party funding
10,977

 

 

 
10,977

New business investments
3,138

 
16,724

 
2,794

 
22,656

Gross capital expenditures
88,011

 
21,166

 
13,189

 
122,366

Grants from outside parties
(9,126
)
 

 

 
(9,126
)
Net capital expenditures
$
78,885

 
$
21,166

 
$
13,189

 
$
113,240

Cash of $133.3 million paid for purchases of property and equipment during the six months ended June 30, 2018 consisted of $113.2 million for 2018 capital projects and $20.1 million related to capital expenditures accrued in 2017. Grant proceeds from outside parties during the six months ended June 30, 2018 consisted of $4.2 million for grants related to 2018 capital expenditures and $8.7 million for grants related to our capital expenditures from prior years.
We periodically receive grants for the upgrade and construction of rail lines and the upgrade of locomotives from federal, provincial, state and local agencies and other outside parties in the United States, Canada and Australia. These grants typically reimburse us for 50% to 100% of the actual cost of specific projects.
Recently Adopted and Recently Issued Accounting Standards
See Note 1, Principles of Consolidation and Basis of Presentation, and Note 17, Recently Issued Accounting Standards, to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in "Part I Item 1. Financial Statements" of this quarterly report.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
An off-balance sheet arrangement includes any contractual obligation, agreement or transaction involving an unconsolidated entity under which we (1) have made guarantees, (2) have a retained or contingent interest in transferred assets, or a similar arrangement, that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to that entity for such assets, (3) have an obligation under certain derivative instruments or (4) have any obligation arising out of a material variable interest in such an entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit risk support to us, or that engages in leasing or hedging services with us.

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Our off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2017 consisted of operating lease obligations. Effective January 1, 2019, we will adopt Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Accounting Standards Update (ASU) 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842), which will require lessees to recognize leases on their balance sheet as a right-of-use asset with a corresponding liability. See Note 17, Recently Issued Accounting Standards, to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in "Part I Item 1. Financial Statements" of this quarterly report for additional information regarding this standard. There were no material changes in our off-balance sheet arrangements during the six months ended June 30, 2018.
Impact of Foreign Currencies on Consolidated Results
The financial statements of our foreign subsidiaries are prepared in the local currency of the respective subsidiary and translated into United States dollars based on the exchange rate at the end of the period for balance sheet items and, for the statement of operations, at the average rate for the period. Currency translation adjustments are reflected within the equity section of the balance sheet and are included in other comprehensive income. Upon complete or substantially complete liquidation of the underlying investment in the foreign subsidiary, cumulative translation adjustments are recognized in the consolidated statements of operations.
When comparing the effects of average foreign currency exchange rates on operating revenues and operating expenses during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, foreign currency translation had a positive impact on our consolidated operating revenues and a negative impact on our consolidated operating expenses. Currency effects related to operating revenues and operating expenses are presented within the discussion of these respective items included within this Item 2. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
The following tables reflect the exchange rates used to translate the foreign entities respective local currency results into United States dollars as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:
 
June 30, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
United States dollar per Australian dollar
$
0.74

 
$
0.78

United States dollar per British pound
$
1.32

 
$
1.35

United States dollar per Canadian dollar
$
0.76

 
$
0.80

United States dollar per Euro
$
1.17

 
$
1.20

 
Three Months Ended June 30,
 
Six Months Ended June 30,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2018
 
2017
United States dollar per Australian dollar
$
0.76

 
$
0.75

 
$
0.77

 
$
0.75

United States dollar per British pound
$
1.36

 
$
1.28

 
$
1.38

 
$
1.26

United States dollar per Canadian dollar
$
0.77

 
$
0.74

 
$
0.78

 
$
0.75

United States dollar per Euro
$
1.19

 
$
1.10

 
$
1.21

 
$
1.08

ITEM 3.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.
During the six months ended June 30, 2018, there were no material changes to the Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk previously disclosed in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K (see Note 8, Derivative Financial Instruments, to our Consolidated Financial Statements set forth in "Part I Item 1. Financial Statements" of this quarterly report).

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ITEM 4.
CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
Disclosure Controls and Procedures — We maintain disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (Exchange Act)) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission's rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of June 30, 2018. Based upon that evaluation and subject to the foregoing, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of June 30, 2018, the disclosure controls and procedures were effective to accomplish their objectives at the reasonable assurance level.
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting — There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as the term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the three months ended June 30, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II - OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS.
From time to time, we are a defendant in certain lawsuits and a party to certain arbitrations resulting from our operations in the ordinary course as the nature of our business exposes us to the potential for various claims and litigation, including those related to property damage, personal injury, freight loss, labor and employment, environmental and other matters. We maintain insurance policies to mitigate the financial risk associated with such claims. However, any material changes to pending litigation or a catastrophic rail accident or series of accidents involving material freight loss or property damage, personal injuries or environmental liability or other claims or disputes that are not covered by insurance could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity. Management believes there are adequate provisions in the financial statements for any probable liabilities that may result from disposition of the pending lawsuits and arbitrations.
In November 2014, we received a notice from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requesting information under the Clean Water Act related to the discharge of crude oil as a result of a derailment of an Alabama & Gulf Coast Railway LLC (AGR) freight train in November 2013 in the vicinity of Aliceville, Alabama. In May 2018, the EPA notified the AGR of a maximum civil payment of up to $14.1 million, based on the amount of oil allegedly discharged and other relevant factors considered under the applicable regulation. We are evaluating our defenses, settlement options and the availability of insurance.
We are also involved in several arbitrations related to contractual disputes that are not covered by insurance. In March 2017, CSX Transportation, Inc. (CSXT) initiated arbitration against several of our subsidiaries associated with freight revenue factors (or divisions) under certain operating agreements associated with leased railroads. CSXT is seeking to reduce certain of our freight revenue factors for the time period after August 21, 2016. While the arbitration is not complete, the arbitration panel issued a Partial Final Award dated July 19, 2018 denying CSXT’s request that the freight revenue factors at issue be reduced. We continue to believe we have meritorious defenses against CSXT’s remaining claims. In an unrelated matter, on May 3, 2017, the AGR initiated arbitration related to the collection of outstanding liquidated damages under a volume commitment (or take-or-pay) contract with a customer. We believe we will prevail in the collection of approximately $13 million of outstanding liquidated damages. Although we expect to attain successful outcomes in each of these matters, arbitration is inherently uncertain, and it is possible that an unfavorable ruling could have an adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
ITEM 1A.
RISK FACTORS.
For a discussion of our potential risks or uncertainties, please see Risk Factors in Part I Item 1A of the Company's 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
ITEM 2.
UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS.
There were no unregistered sales of equity securities for the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.
Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Period in 2018
(a) Total Number of
Shares (or Units)
Purchased (1)(2)
 
(b) Average Price Paid
per Share (or Unit)
 
(c) Total Number of
Shares (or Units)
Purchased as Part of
Publicly Announced
Plans or Programs (2)
 
(d) Maximum Number
of Shares (or Units)
(or Approximate Dollar Value)
that May Yet Be Purchased
Under the Plans or
Programs (2)
April 1 to April 30
1,112,724

 
$
70.59

 
1,112,724

 
$
164,081,512

May 1 to May 31
709,706

 
$
74.01

 
709,658

 
$
111,556,960

June 1 to June 30
50,740

 
$
76.48

 
50,740

 
$
107,676,240

Total
1,873,170

 
$
72.04

 
1,873,122

 
 
(1) Of the 1,873,170 shares acquired in the three months ended June 30, 2018, 48 shares represent common stock acquired by us from our employees who surrendered shares in lieu of cash either to fund their exercise of stock options or to pay taxes on equity awards granted under our Fourth Amended and Restated 2004 Omnibus Plan.
(2) In September 2015, the Board of Directors (the Board) authorized the repurchase of up to $300 million of our Class A Common Stock and appointed a special committee of the Board to review and approve repurchases proposed by management, which authorization was reaffirmed on by the Board on March 4, 2018. During the three months ended June 30, 2018, we repurchased 1,873,122 shares of our Class A Common Stock under the repurchase program.

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ITEM 3.
DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES.
NONE
ITEM 4.
MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.
Not applicable.
ITEM 5.
OTHER INFORMATION.
NONE
ITEM 6.
EXHIBITS.
For a list of exhibits, see INDEX TO EXHIBITS in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, which is incorporated herein by reference.

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS
The agreements and other documents filed as exhibits to this report are not intended to provide factual information or other disclosure, other than with respect to the terms of the agreements or other documents themselves, and you should not rely on them for that purpose. In particular, any representations and warranties made by us in these agreements or other documents were made solely within the specific context of the relevant agreement or document and may not describe the actual state of affairs as of the date they were made or at any other time.
Exhibit
No.
 
Description of Exhibits
 
 
 
10.1

 
 
 
 
10.2

 
 
 
 
*31.1

 
 
 
 
*31.2

 
 
 
 
*32.1

 
 
 
 
*101

 
The following financial information from Genesee & Wyoming Inc.'s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2018, formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) includes: (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, and (v) the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
*Exhibit filed or furnished with this Report.

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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
 
GENESEE & WYOMING INC.
 
 
 
 
Date:
August 7, 2018
By:
/s/    TIMOTHY J. GALLAGHER
 
 
Name:
Timothy J. Gallagher
 
 
Title:
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial Officer)
 
 
 
 
Date:
August 7, 2018
By:
/s/ CHRISTOPHER F. LIUCCI
 
 
Name:
Christopher F. Liucci
 
 
Title:
Chief Accounting Officer
(Principal Accounting Officer)


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